As enzimas exógenas são mecanismos de redução de custos e otimização da eficiência do uso de ingredientes aumentando a digestão e reduzindo a excreção de nutrientes ao ambiente. Desta forma, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da adição de enzima exógena sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais. O primeiro estudo teve como intuito avaliar os efeitos da dieta com nutrientes reduzidos e suplementados com fitase para poedeiras comerciais de 70 a 86 semanas de idade sobre as características de desempenho, qualidade do ovo e parâmetros econômicos. As poedeiras comerciais Novogen White ® (n = 256) foram distribuídas de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos, com oito repetições de oito galinhas cada: controle positivo (CP): dieta convencional, não suplementada com fitase; dieta com níveis reduzidos de P (-0.12%), Ca (-0.10%) e ME (-14 kcal / kg) e suplementados com 300 FTU fitase / kg (CN300FTU); dieta com níveis reduzidos de P (-0,16%), Ca (-0,13%), ME (-18 kcal / kg), CP (-18%), aminoácidos sintéticos (-0,01%) e suplementados com 600 FTU fitase / kg (RN600FTU); e dieta com níveis reduzidos de P (-0.18% P), Ca (-0.15%), ME (-20 kcal / kg), CP (-20%), aminoácidos sintéticos (-0,01%) e suplementados com 900 FTU fitase / kg (CN900FTU). Durante o experimento foi coletado os dados desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e os dados de análise econômica. As poedeiras alimentadas com a dieta CN300FTU apresentaram uma produção de ovos 2,68% maior que as alimentadas com a dieta CP. As poedeiras alimentadas com CP tiveram os ovos mais pesados (66,80 g). A massa de ovos produzida por poedeiras alimentadas com CP e CN300FTU foi estatisticamente similar. As características de qualidade dos ovos não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos dietéticos, com exceção da espessura da casca do ovo, cujo maior valor foi obtido nas poedeiras alimentadas por CP. O custo da ração da dieta CN900FTU foi aproximadamente 9% menor do que o da dieta CP. Este estudo mostrou que as poedeiras alimentadas com uma dieta de nutrientes reduzidos e suplementados com fitase de 300FTU produziram o melhor desempenho e resultados econômicos. No segundo experimento, foi avaliado os efeitos dos níveis de energia metabolizável e suplementadas com complexo enzimático para poedeiras comerciais, de segundo ciclo, de 84 a 100 semanas de idade em seu desempenho, qualidade do ovo e parâmetros econômicos. As poedeiras comerciais Hy-line White ® (n = 224) foram distribuídas de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 X 2, dois níveis de energia metabolizável (2.626, 2.776 Kcal de energia metabolizável) e com e sem suplementação de carboidrase (5g/t), totalizando quatro tratamentos com sete repetições. Houve interação entre o nível de energia e o complexo enzimático para produção e massa de ovo. Sendo, maior produtividade e massa de ovos foi para as poedeiras alimentadas com maior nível de energia e a suplementada com o complexo enzimático. Conclui-se que a suplementação de enzimas exógenas (fitase e carboidrase) para poedeiras comerciais nos dois experimentos apresentou efeitos satisfatórios para as características zootécnicas e econômicas. / The exogenous enzymes are mechanisms for cost reduction and optimization of the efficiency of the use of ingredients enhancing digestion and reducing the excretion of nutrients. In this way, two independent experiments were performed to evaluate the effect the addition of exogenous enzyme on egg production and quality characteristics of the egg of laying hens. The firty study, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding reduced-nutrient diets supplemented with phytase to commercial laying hens from 70 to 86 weeks of age on their performance, egg quality, and economic parameters. Novogen White ® commercial laying hens (n=256) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments, with eight replicates of eight hens each: Positive control: conventional diet, not supplemented with phytase; diet with reduced levels of P (-0.12%), Ca (-0.10%), and ME (-14 kcal/kg), and supplemented with 300 FTU phytase/kg (RN300FTU); diet with reduced levels of P (-0.16%), Ca (-0.13%), ME (-18 kcal/kg), CP (-18%), synthetic amino acids (-0,01%), and supplemented with 600 FTU phytase/kg (RN600FTU); and diet with reduced levels of P (-0.18% P), Ca (-0.15%), ME (-20 kcal/kg), CP (-20%), synthetic amino acids (-0,01%), and supplemented with 900 FTU phytase/kg (RN900FTU). Performance, egg quality, and economic parameters data were collected during the experiment. The layers fed the RN300FTU diet presented 2.68% higher egg production than those fed the PC diet. PC-fed hens laid the heaviest eggs (66.80g). Egg mass produced by PC- and RN300FTU-fed hens were statistically similar. Egg quality traits were not influenced by the dietary treatments, except for eggshell thickness, which highest value was obtained in the PC-fed hens. The feeding cost of the RN900FTU diet was approximately 9% lower compared with that of the PC diet. This study showed that feeding layers with a reduced-nutrient diet supplemented with 300FTU phytase yielded the best performance and economic results. In the second experiment, study was to evaluate the effects of feeding levels of metabolizable energy diets supplemented with enzymatic complex to commercial laying hens, second cycle, from 84 to 100 weeks of age on their performance, egg quality, and economic parameters. Novogen White ® commercial laying hens (n=256) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments, with eight replicates of eight hens each: Positive control: conventional diet, not supplemented with phytase. Hy-line White ® commercial laying hens (n= 224) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into factorial arrangement 2 X 2, two levels of metabolizable energy (2,626, 2,776 Kcal of metabolizable energy) and with and without supplementation carbohydrase (0, 5 / t), totaling four treatments with seven repetitions. There was interaction between the energy level and the enzymatic complex for production and egg mass. Being, greater productivity and egg mass was for layers that had the highest energy level and the inclusion of the enzyme complex. It was concluded that the supplementation of exogenous enzymes (phytase and carbohydrase) for commercial laying hens in both experiments presented satisfactory effects for the zootechnical and economic characteristics.

As enzimas exógenas são mecanismos de redução de custos e otimização da eficiência do uso de ingredientes aumentando a digestão e reduzindo a excreção de nutrientes ao ambiente. Desta forma, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da adição de enzima exógena sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais. O primeiro estudo teve como intuito avaliar os efeitos da dieta com nutrientes reduzidos e suplementados com fitase para poedeiras comerciais de 70 a 86 semanas de idade sobre as características de desempenho, qualidade do ovo e parâmetros econômicos. As poedeiras comerciais Novogen White ® (n = 256) foram distribuídas de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos, com oito repetições de oito galinhas cada: controle positivo (CP): dieta convencional, não suplementada com fitase; dieta com níveis reduzidos de P (-0.12%), Ca (-0.10%) e ME (-14 kcal / kg) e suplementados com 300 FTU fitase / kg (CN300FTU); dieta com níveis reduzidos de P (-0,16%), Ca (-0,13%), ME (-18 kcal / kg), CP (-18%), aminoácidos sintéticos (-0,01%) e suplementados com 600 FTU fitase / kg (RN600FTU); e dieta com níveis reduzidos de P (-0.18% P), Ca (-0.15%), ME (-20 kcal / kg), CP (-20%), aminoácidos sintéticos (-0,01%) e suplementados com 900 FTU fitase / kg (CN900FTU). Durante o experimento foi coletado os dados desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e os dados de análise econômica. As poedeiras alimentadas com a dieta CN300FTU apresentaram uma produção de ovos 2,68% maior que as alimentadas com a dieta CP. As poedeiras alimentadas com CP tiveram os ovos mais pesados (66,80 g). A massa de ovos produzida por poedeiras alimentadas com CP e CN300FTU foi estatisticamente similar. As características de qualidade dos ovos não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos dietéticos, com exceção da espessura da casca do ovo, cujo maior valor foi obtido nas poedeiras alimentadas por CP. O custo da ração da dieta CN900FTU foi aproximadamente 9% menor do que o da dieta CP. Este estudo mostrou que as poedeiras alimentadas com uma dieta de nutrientes reduzidos e suplementados com fitase de 300FTU produziram o melhor desempenho e resultados econômicos. No segundo experimento, foi avaliado os efeitos dos níveis de energia metabolizável e suplementadas com complexo enzimático para poedeiras comerciais, de segundo ciclo, de 84 a 100 semanas de idade em seu desempenho, qualidade do ovo e parâmetros econômicos. As poedeiras comerciais Hy-line White ® (n = 224) foram distribuídas de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 X 2, dois níveis de energia metabolizável (2.626, 2.776 Kcal de energia metabolizável) e com e sem suplementação de carboidrase (5g/t), totalizando quatro tratamentos com sete repetições. Houve interação entre o nível de energia e o complexo enzimático para produção e massa de ovo. Sendo, maior produtividade e massa de ovos foi para as poedeiras alimentadas com maior nível de energia e a suplementada com o complexo enzimático. Conclui-se que a suplementação de enzimas exógenas (fitase e carboidrase) para poedeiras comerciais nos dois experimentos apresentou efeitos satisfatórios para as características zootécnicas e econômicas. / The exogenous enzymes are mechanisms for cost reduction and optimization of the efficiency of the use of ingredients enhancing digestion and reducing the excretion of nutrients. In this way, two independent experiments were performed to evaluate the effect the addition of exogenous enzyme on egg production and quality characteristics of the egg of laying hens. The firty study, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding reduced-nutrient diets supplemented with phytase to commercial laying hens from 70 to 86 weeks of age on their performance, egg quality, and economic parameters. Novogen White ® commercial laying hens (n=256) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments, with eight replicates of eight hens each: Positive control: conventional diet, not supplemented with phytase; diet with reduced levels of P (-0.12%), Ca (-0.10%), and ME (-14 kcal/kg), and supplemented with 300 FTU phytase/kg (RN300FTU); diet with reduced levels of P (-0.16%), Ca (-0.13%), ME (-18 kcal/kg), CP (-18%), synthetic amino acids (-0,01%), and supplemented with 600 FTU phytase/kg (RN600FTU); and diet with reduced levels of P (-0.18% P), Ca (-0.15%), ME (-20 kcal/kg), CP (-20%), synthetic amino acids (-0,01%), and supplemented with 900 FTU phytase/kg (RN900FTU). Performance, egg quality, and economic parameters data were collected during the experiment. The layers fed the RN300FTU diet presented 2.68% higher egg production than those fed the PC diet. PC-fed hens laid the heaviest eggs (66.80g). Egg mass produced by PC- and RN300FTU-fed hens were statistically similar. Egg quality traits were not influenced by the dietary treatments, except for eggshell thickness, which highest value was obtained in the PC-fed hens. The feeding cost of the RN900FTU diet was approximately 9% lower compared with that of the PC diet. This study showed that feeding layers with a reduced-nutrient diet supplemented with 300FTU phytase yielded the best performance and economic results. In the second experiment, study was to evaluate the effects of feeding levels of metabolizable energy diets supplemented with enzymatic complex to commercial laying hens, second cycle, from 84 to 100 weeks of age on their performance, egg quality, and economic parameters. Novogen White ® commercial laying hens (n=256) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments, with eight replicates of eight hens each: Positive control: conventional diet, not supplemented with phytase. Hy-line White ® commercial laying hens (n= 224) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into factorial arrangement 2 X 2, two levels of metabolizable energy (2,626, 2,776 Kcal of metabolizable energy) and with and without supplementation carbohydrase (0, 5 / t), totaling four treatments with seven repetitions. There was interaction between the energy level and the enzymatic complex for production and egg mass. Being, greater productivity and egg mass was for layers that had the highest energy level and the inclusion of the enzyme complex. It was concluded that the supplementation of exogenous enzymes (phytase and carbohydrase) for commercial laying hens in both experiments presented satisfactory effects for the zootechnical and economic characteristics.

The onarm water storage (OFWS) systems at Metcalf and Pitts farm in Porter Bayou Watershed were monitored for changes in nutrient levels and water withdrawal for irrigation from March 2012 to April 2013. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels were generally higher during the early part of the growing season. The OFWS systems can reduce nitrate and phosphorus in runoff up to 81% and 85%, respectively. However, the systems did not consistently reduce sediment and nutrients especially after significant rainfall and runoff events. The systems provided a total of 130 and 233 acreeet of recycled water for irrigating crops at Metcalf and Pitts, respectively, during the 2012 growing season. These amounts reflect significant savings in terms of groundwater. This study highlights the advantages of OFWS systems as structural BMPs to reduce nutrient loading into the Gulf of Mexico and to minimize groundwater withdrawals from the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer.

No description available.

Cereal rye (CR), the most common and effective nitrogen (N) scavenging cover crop option in the Midwest, is often utilized in cropping systems to reduce nitrate loss for environmental benefits. To increase environmental efficiency in Midwest corn cropping systems, we must increase the overall adoption of CR. However, due to the yield reduction potential (6%) for corn planted after CR termination, CR is primarily recommended before soybean. To increase CR adoption, we must develop adaptive fertilizer management practices that achieve competitive grain yields relative to cropping systems where CR is not adopted. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine (1) the effect of CR and starter nitrogen rate on corn growth and nitrogen content. (2) the optimum starter nitrogen rate to achieve agronomic optimum corn yield following CR. (3) the impact of phosphorus (P) at starter on plant growth, nitrogen content, and yield with the inclusion of CR. For our study, five starter N rates were applied in a 5x5 cm band to both CR and non-CR plots, concentrations ranged from 0-84 kg N ha^-1in 28 kg N ha^-1 intervals. Total N applied was the same for each treatment, relative to its location, and was split between starter N at planting and sidedress applied at growth stage V6 relatively. Although CR termination took place at least two weeks before planting, CR decreased corn grain yield at one of three locations by an average of 8%, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 27%, and R6 total N content by 23%, relative to the conventional control (non-CR 0N), when no starter N was applied. At one of three locations, starter N rates of 56 kg N ha^-1, 56 kg N ha^-1plus 17 kg P ha^-1, and 84 kg N ha^-1 increased corn grain yield, in CR plots, and 56 kg N ha^-1 plus 17 kg P ha^-1 increased corn grain yield in non-CR plots. Phosphorus increased corn grain N content at growth stage R6 in one of three locations and did not impact corn grain yield at all locations. We conclude that the inclusion of starter N at planting has the potential to increase agronomic productivity in CR corn cropping systems in soil environments with a high capacity to mineralize soil N. However, further research is required to refine our starter N results to find an optimum starter N rate to apply before planting corn following CR.