A presente pesquisa estudou a viabilidade do emprego de sais de magnésio em estações de tratamento de esgoto sanitário visando a remoção do fósforo, bem como a produção de estruvita, mineral que pode ser utilizado diretamente no solo como fertilizante. As estações estudadas nesta pesquisa foram a Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto Sanitário de Franca-SP e a Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto Sanitário Jardim das Flores, localizada no município de Rio Claro-SP, e a Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto Sanitário Piçarrão, no município de Campinas. No caso da ETE Jardim das Flores (Rio Claro-SP), observou a possibilidade do emprego de sais de magnésio para se remover fósforo no efluente dos reatores UASB. Com ensaios de Jar-Test, atingiu-se cerca 49% de remoção de fosfato na amostra precipitada por gravidade e cerca de 90% na amostra centrifugada. No caso da ETE-Franca-SP, constatou-se, apesar do emprego de sais de magnésio não ter sido viável, verificou-se os benefícios do emprego de cloreto férrico em estações de tratamento de esgoto sanitário. / The present research studied the use of magnesium salts to remove phosphorus. With the phosphorus removal, magnesium salts, produce, as well, struvite, mineral that can be use directly on soil as fertilizer. The wastewater treatment plants objects of studies in this research was Wastewater Treatment Plant of Franca (SABESP) city Wastewater Treatment Plant of Jardim das Flores (Foz do Brasil), at Rio Claro city, and Wastewater Treatment Plant of Piçarrão (SANASA), at Campinas city. All three WWTP\'s are at São Paulo state, Brazil. In WWTP Jardim das Flores/Foz do Brasil (Rio Claro-SP), the results shown the viability of magnesium salts use at effluent of UASB reactors. In Jar-test essays, the phosphorus removal reached among 49% and in centrifuged samples, phosphorus removal was among 90%. In WWTP Franca-SP/SABESP, the results shown the benefits of iron salts in wastewater treatment.

Phragmites australis is a plant that is causing problems in wetlands by outcompeting native plants that provide food and shelter for millions of migratory birds. Currently, managers try to control Phragmites australis by spraying herbicide, burning, and mowing, but these methods are costly, time consuming, and have low levels of success. Adding grazing as a tool to control Phragmites australis provides a cheap and low labor alternative. However, there are many concerns regarding if grazing will cause nutrient loading in our wetlands that will decrease water quality and alter beneficial functions of wetlands. To better understand the effects of grazing in wetlands, we proposed a two-year study and received funding from many organizations including the Utah Department of Fire, Forestry, and State Lands, South Davis Sewer District, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality and Water Quality. Also, the Utah Department of Natural Resources helped tremendously in allowing access to the sites, in the actual implementation of the project, coordinating with local ranchers who allowed for their cattle to be in the study, managed their cattle during the study, and assisted with fence installation, and many volunteers from Utah dedicated hunters helped with the fence installation. We collected water, manure, soil, and leaf samples over time to analyze nutrient changes and measured changes in the plants, water levels, soil cover, and litter cover over time. We then compiled and analyzed this information to better understand how grazing impacts our wetlands. As a result, we were able to make some recommendations for future research and how best to graze in wetlands with minimal impacts according to the information we found.

Origin and purpose of research Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane or DDT as it is more commonly known, was first used extensively by the armed forces in the Pacific Area during World War II. This insecticide is not only a very toxic contact and stomach poison, but also is quite residual on most types of surfaces. Because of these qualities, it was selected to control the malaria mosquito and thus aided in the conquest of many disease-ridden islands of the Pacific. When DDT became available to the general public after the war, it was found not only to be effective against mosquitoes but also many other types of insects. Among these insects are the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica hon.) and lygus bugs (Lygus elisus Van D., Lygus hesperus Knight) that had previously impaired the production of alfalfa in Utah and other areas. Although treatment of alfalfa fields is usually confined to alfalfa for seed production, DDT-dusted alfalfa straw and DDT dusted alfalfa hay are fed to farm livestock. In ruminant animals, microorganisms play an important role in the synthesis of protein from nitrogenous non-protein compounds and also aid in the break-down of many complex plant materials so that they may be more fully utilized by these animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of DDT upon the role played by the microflora and fauna of the rumen in the synthesis, digestion and utilization of certain nutrients by dairy calves. Scope Digestion and balance studies were conducted with Holstein bull calves fed different levels of DDT and protein equivalent in the ration. The experiment was designed so that each calf would receive one level of DDT throughout the experiment, and would receive a low protein basal diet plus three additional levels of protein equivalent. These additional protein levels were made up by adding a nitrogenous non-protein compound, urea, to the basal diet to give an increased level of protein equivalent in the diet. The nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus balance and the digestibility of dry matter, protein, and ether extract were determined.

As the global population grows, water and food demand also increase. The intensive aquaculture industry has helped to mitigate these problems. In order to make aquaculture sustainable, it is necessary to remove the abundant nutrients produced by fish in the water. In this study, the role of the microalga of Chlorella vulgaris in the Isolated Cultivation of Algal Resources Utilizing Selectivity (ICARUS) membrane photobioreactor was evaluated for nutrient control in the aquaculture system. The production of algal biomass, the removal rate of nutrients, and the impact of microalgae on cultured organisms were monitored during the operation of aquaculture systems. At the end of the experiment, the yield of algae in ICARUS was approximately 344 ± 11.3 mg / L. Compared to the control groups, this production of algae is considered to be low. Likely factors were insufficient indoor light intensity, membrane fouling limiting the mass transfer of nutrients, and improvements still needed for the overall ICARUS prototype design. However, ICARUS can efficiently prevent algae from contamination, and provide pure harvest production for food supplement. It was observed that algae have the ability to help stabilize pH and increase dissolved oxygen for the system. However, in high-density, mixed systems, algae may cause physical damage to fish (e.g., clogging of gills). The high ammonia concentrations produced by fish could be controlled by Chlorella vulgaris since this species of algae prefers ammonia to nitrate. In conjunction with algal growth, aquaculture systems concentration of ammonia was maintained at 0.90±0.16 mg/L. The integration of ICARUS is not only a potentially sustainable option for aquaculture, but also a multipurpose tool for other types of wastewater treatment. An economic analysis for scale-up of the ICARUS system was performed. In summary, this study aimed to develop a new commercial ICARUS photobioreactor which can serve for different types of wastewater systems with a high algal production efficiency and economic benefits.

Renewed momentum in the microalgae industry due to commercial interest in biofuels and bioproducts is driving the need to increase the economic competitiveness of large-scale microalgal production. Current knowledge of membrane systems common in other disciplines, such as environmental engineering, marine science, and biomedicine, are relevant to algae production. With pore sizes ranging from microns to angstroms, membranes provide tailored functions for solid/liquid separation (cell retention, biomass concentration and dewatering), gas/liquid separation (gas delivery and removal), and solute/liquid separation (bioproduct recovery, feedstock preparation and effluent recycling) that are problematic or not possible with other technologies. Though membranes have great potential to facilitate cultivation and harvesting, challenges in energy reduction and fouling mitigation need to be overcome for long-term, cost-effective applications. This body of research includes a thorough literature review of membrane applications in the algal industry and three experimental studies investigating ways to improve the cultivation and harvesting of microalgal species in wastewater. The first study investigated the growth of native and augmented algal communities in various growth media. Algal monocultures (Chlorella sorokiniana and Botryococcus braunii) and algal communities native to clarifiers of a wastewater treatment plant were batch cultivated in 1) clarified effluent following a BOD removal reactor (PBCE), 2) clarified effluent following a nitrification reactor (PNCE), and 3) a reference medium (RM). After 12 days, all algal species achieved nitrogen removal between 68-82% in PBCE and 37-99% in PNCE, and phosphorus removal between 91-100% in PBCE and 60-100% in PNCE. The pH of the wastewater samples increased above 9.8 after cultivation of each species, which likely aided ammonia volatilization and phosphorous adsorption. Both monocultures grew readily with wastewater as a feedstock, but B. braunii experienced significant crowding from endemic fauna. In most cases, native algal species' nutrient removal efficiency was competitive with augmented algal monocultures, and in some cases achieved a higher biomass yield, demonstrating the potential to utilize native species for nutrient polishing and algal biomass production. In the second study, the isolated cultivation of algal resource utilizing selectivity (ICARUS) process was conceived and developed. ICARUS integrates a passive membrane photobioreactor configuration with wastewater as a growth medium. Eleven membranes of varying porosity and materials were examined based on characteristics and resulting algae productivity. Four ICARUS series (40kDa-PVDF, 0.53 g L-1, 14.1 mg; 0.1µm-PVDF, 0.43 g L-1, 16.6 mg; 12kDa-RC, 0.35 g L-1, 14.5 mg; 0.2 µm-CA, 0.41 g L-1, 14.5 mg) had a final cell density and mass yield that was significantly higher than that of suspended culture (0.25 g L-1, 9.1 mg). Optimal pore size range was identified to be 50-1000 kDa. Six additional series (0.2µm-CA, 0.1µm-PVDF, 40kDa-PVDF, 12kDa-RC, 3.5kDa-PVDF, and 3kDa-RC) also sustained significantly longer exponential growth phases than the suspended cultures. The ICARUS series maintained an average pH of 9.55, which was significantly lower than the average pH of 10.21in the suspended culture. Membrane characteristics affecting the variability in microalgae productivity were evaluated in 2D and generalized linear models. In the third study, select membranes from the laboratory experiments in Chapter 5 (12kDa-RC, 40kDa-PVDF, 7µm-NY) were tested in extended field conditions at a wastewater treatment plant, where the movement of dissolved constituents and biomass productivity were compared to that of closed suspended series. All ICARUS series had higher biomass productivity (RC, 2.87 g L-1; PVDF, 10.6 g L-1; NY, 8.45 g L-1) than the suspended series (0.38 g L-1), which was due to both a longer exponential growth phase and passive dewatering in the ICARUS series. Dissolved ions passed readily across each membrane, and no nutrient limitation was apparent in any series. Gas exchange was slower than expected, which may have been due to external and internal attached growth utilizing gases at the membrane surface. However, dissolved oxygen concentration did not limit algal growth, and adequate carbon dioxide was available to regulate ICARUS pH. In fact, the ICARUS series maintained an average pH of 7.6, whereas the pH of the control series reached 9.8-10.5. The invasion of endemic wastewater species was dependent on pore size; the RC and PVDF series maintained a monoculture, but the NY series had severe contamination. The resulting research has demonstrated a proof-of-concept of a new microalgal cultivation method which may reduce the cost of large-scale cultivation efforts integrated at wastewater treatment plants or within existing algal production facilities. Investigating various wastewater effluents, membranes, and algal strains has allowed for recommendations for the operation of scaled-up systems. Future research should focus on mechanisms and characteristics of biofouling as well as the operation of a field scale prototype. By improving large scale algal cultivation, algal biofuels may become more economically competitive with fossil fuels or other renewables, enhancing their participation in the country's diverse energy portfolio.

The structure of phytoplankton communities was examined seasonally across five rivers with a focus on small cells and their relative importance. Picophytoplankton (0.2-2 μm), previously considered insignificant in rivers, reached densities as high as those observed in lakes and oceans (~ 10e4-10e5 cells/mL). Their relative importance was not a function of trophic state with the highest contribution to algal biomass found in the most eutrophic river. Body size distributions were analyzed from both chlorophyll-a size fractions and taxonomic enumerations; no significant effect of river or season was detected, suggesting that phytoplankton size distribution is not a useful metric of change in rivers. Unlike lake ecosystems, the rivers were uniformly dominated by small cells (< 20 μm). Taxonomic analyses of the seasonal succession did not reveal a common periodicity of particular divisions (e.g. diatoms). However, strong dominance was more typical of eutrophic rivers even though taxa richness was similar.

The Wood River, located in the Old Wives Lake watershed in southern Saskatchewan, is an important water resource for people living in this area. Agriculture dominates land use in the basin, while the river receives waste water effluent from the town of Gravelbourg twice yearly. Both land usage in the basin and the dumping of municipal waste water effluent have the potential to degrade water quality in the river. To date however, the water quality of the Wood River has been relatively unstudied. <p> The purpose of this study was threefold. First, to evaluate the water quality of the Wood River and compare it to similar river systems. Then, to evaluate the effects of nutrients on the pelagic phytoplankton in the river to determine the biological responsiveness to nutrient additions which might occur as a result of agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent. Lastly to propose mitigative measures that could help to reduce the potential threat of increased nutrients. <p> To determine the effect that agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent was having on river water quality, nutrient and chlorophyll a (a measure of algal biomass) levels in the river were examined. Five sites, having different land use patterns, were chosen for this purpose. These included a reference site at a regional park not directly affected by agriculture, a site where agricultural land use dominated, a site utilized by cattle, a reservoir within the river system used for drinking water and surrounded by agriculture and finally, a site just downstream from where Gravelbourg's municipal waste is released.<p>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels were high in the Wood River when compared to similar systems. The mean TP concentration for the Wood River over the two years of this study was 474 Ýg/L (¡Ó 246 STD) while the mean ammonia concentration was 223 Ýg/L (¡Ó 993 STD). These concentrations exceeded water quality guidelines. Algal biomass and nutrient concentrations were higher at sites where nonpoint source pollution from agriculture or point source pollution from sewage effluents was present. Nutrient enrichment bioassays also indicated that the algal population in the Wood River was responsive to additions of nutrients, therefore, increases in nutrients will increase algal biomass in the river. The bioassays also revealed that at the sites where agriculture and municipal waste water were present, the algal population was N limited indicating an excess of P in the river. The municipal point source of pollution had a great effect on algal biomass and these effects lasted for about three weeks after the release. Different land use patterns and municipal waste water effluent were potentially having a negative effect on the water quality of the Wood River. <p>An examination of mitigative strategies available in the Old Wives Lake area revealed that land management tools including the implementation of soil conservation practices and riparian management could be useful in protecting the Wood River from degradation. Neither soil conservation practices nor riparian management are used extensively in the watershed, and both of these practices could help improve the water quality of the Wood River.

The main objective of this project was to investigate the effects of the type of dried distillers grains with solubles (wheat DDGS, corn DDGS, and blend DDGS (eg. wheat:corn = 70:30)) and bio-ethanol plant origin on the nutrient variation and availability in ruminants. In addition, DDGS products were studied as opposed to their parental grains. The project was divided into the several following studies. In Study 1, we studied the nutritive value of DDGS products in terms of (1) chemical profiles, (2) protein and carbohydrate sub-fractions associated with different degradation rates, and (3) digestible component nutrients and energy values using the NRC 2001-chemical approach and the in situ assay-biological approach. Also, we tested the validity of acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) to predict the potential degradability of DDGS. Due to starch fermentation in the ethanol process, the chemical components in DDGS became approximately threefold more concentrated than in feedstock grains. Slowly degraded protein (PB3) and unavailable protein (PC) increased in DDGS, indicating a decrease in the overall protein degradability in the rumen. Intermediately degraded protein (PB2) was higher for corn DDGS than for wheat DDGS and blend DDGS (54.2 vs. 27.7 vs. 30.8 %CP), while PB3 was higher for wheat DDGS and blend DDGS (29.9 vs. 51.2 vs. 53.2 %CP). Mainly as a result of differing heat conditions, PC differed significantly between wheat DDGS originated at different bio-ethanol plants (0.7 vs. 7.6 %CP). The prediction of truly digestible CP (tdCP) and NDF (tdNDF) differed between the NRC 2001-chemical approach and the in situ assay-biological approach; however, both approaches reported similar energy values. These values were the highest for corn DDGS (DE3X: 3.9 Mcal kg-1), followed by blend DDGS (DE3X: 3.6 Mcal kg-1), and wheat DDGS (DE3X: 3.4 Mcal kg-1). Corn DDGS was superior to corn, wheat DDGS was similar to wheat and corn, and blend DDGS was similar to corn. No significant differences in energy values were reported between bio-ethanol plants. ADICP was not an accurate indicator of the potential degradability of protein in DDGS samples, while ADL seemed to be an acceptable indicator of the potential degradability of DM (r = -0.87; P<0.01), CP (r = -0.89; P<0.01), and NDF (r = -0.82; P<0.01) in wheat DDGS samples incubated in rumen during 48 h.<p> In Study 2, we studied the ruminal and intestinal digestion profiles and the hourly effective rumen degradation ratios between nitrogen (N) and energy. The results showed a reduction in the effective degradability of DM (EDDM), OM (EDOM) and CP (EDCP) of wheat DDGS relative to wheat; however, corn DDGS remained the same as corn. The effective degradability of NDF (EDNDF) did not vary between the DDGS samples and feedstock grains. Among DDGS types, EDDM ranged from 52.4 to 57.7 %, EDOM from 46.4 to 53.5 %DM, and EDCP from 34.0 to 45.6 %CP, being higher as the proportion of wheat in feedstock increased. No significant differences in EDDM, EDOM, EDCP and EDNDF for wheat DDGS were detected between the different bio-ethanol plants. The hourly effective degradability ratios between N and energy indicated a potential excess of N in rumen when DDGS samples were evaluated as single ingredient. This excess increased as the proportion of wheat in feedstock increased. Estimated intestinal digestibility of rumen bypass protein (IDP) was similar between wheat and wheat DDGS, but higher in corn DDGS than in corn. Blend DDGS had the highest IDP (93.9 %RUP). Due to the significantly different PC sub-fraction found in wheat DDGS originated at the different bio-ethanol plants, a large but numerical difference was detected in IDP (89.4 vs. 75.9 %RUP).<p> In Study 3, we used both the DVE/OEB System and the NRC 2001 Model to reveal the metabolic characteristics of DDGS protein and predict the protein supply to dairy cattle. The two models showed higher protein values (DVE or MP) for DDGS samples than for feedstock grains. The higher IDP for blend DDGS largely contributed to the higher protein value relative to wheat DDGS and corn DDGS (MP: 277 vs. 242 vs. 250 g kg-1 DM). Similarly, protein values differed significantly between the bio-ethanol plants mainly as a result of the numerical but large difference in IDP (MP: 272 vs. 223 g kg-1 DM). According to the two models, the degraded protein balance for DDGS products was higher than in the parental grains. Wheat DDGS showed the highest potential N excess (DBPNRC: 78 g kg-1 DM). For corn DDGS, however, the DVE/OEB System suggested a potential N excess (11 g kg-1 DM) while the NRC 2001 Model exhibited a potential N deficiency (-12 g kg-1 DM). The degraded protein balance for wheat DDGS was similar between the different bio-ethanol plants.<p> In conclusion, the chemical and biological characteristics of DDGS varied among types and between wheat DDGS samples manufactured at the different bio-ethanol plants. Thus, it is inappropriate to assume fixed values for the nutritive value of DDGS without considering factors such as type of grain used and bio-ethanol plant origin. Further research with higher number of samples will help to clarify the use of the chemical profile to predict energy values and the potential degradability of DDGS.

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient regulating productivity in both freshwater and marine ecosystems. A full knowledge of the sources and pathways of the P cycle is essential for understanding aquatic ecosystem function and for managing eutrophication. However, two significant pathways are poorly understood or remain uncharacterized. First, aquatic metazoans represent a significant internal regenerative pathway of P through the mineralization, translocation (i.e., benthic pelagic coupling) and excretion of nutrients. Rates of P excreted are expected to vary across taxa (i.e., zooplankton vs. mussels vs. benthic macroinvertebrates vs. fish), yet the significance of any one group of taxa in supplying P to bacteria and algae is unknown. Therefore, I developed the first comprehensive set of empirical models of nutrient release for aquatic metazoans (zooplankton, mussels, other benthic macroinvertebrates, and detritivorous and non-detritivorous fish) and compared inter-taxonomic differences in P excretion. I demonstrated that detritivorous fish excrete P at rates greater than all other taxa (as a function of individual organism mass); whereas, mussels generally excreted P at rates less than other taxa. Significant differences in the rate of P excretion between zooplankton and non-detritivorous fish were not observed [i.e., the allometry of P excretion was similar between zooplankton and non-detritivorous fish (as a function of individual body mass)]. I subsequently applied the models to assemblage biomass and abundance data to examine and compare the relative contribution of each taxa to the internal supply of P, and to examine the turnover time of P bound in metazoan biomass. I clearly demonstrated a hierarchy in the contribution by different metazoan assemblages to P cycling (zooplankton > benthic macroinvertebrates > mussels > fish) and clarified the significance of different metazoan taxa in P cycling. Moreover, I demonstrated that the slow turnover time of P bound in fish biomass (relative to other metazoans) indicates that fish are important as sinks rather than sources of P. A second potentially significant P pathway is through the influence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on P cycling. UVR may alter P cycling abiotically through changes in P availability and biotically through changes in the acquisition and regeneration of dissolved P by plankton. However, the significance of P released from the photodecomposition of dissolved organic P compounds (DOP), and the effect of UVR on the uptake and regeneration of dissolved P, the turnover of particulate P, and on ambient phosphate (PO43-) concentration has not been investigated and remains unknown. Therefore, my initial experiments applied the novel use of radiophosphate uptake assays to quantify the significance of the photodecomposition of DOP to PO43-. I concluded that the liberation of PO43- through the photodecomposition of DOP is not a significant pathway. However, the photochemical liberation of PO43- from suspended sediments was evident and should be an important pathway supplying PO43- to plankton in shallow polymictic lakes. This represents the first study to identify this P pathway in lakes. The turnover time of the PO43- pool increased under UVR irradiance (i.e., uptake of P by plankton decreased), while the regeneration rate of dissolved P and turnover rate of planktonic P were generally not affected. The net effect of UVR was an increase in steady state PO43- concentration (ssPO43-). Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) in the dissolved and particulate fractions was significantly reduced in UVR treatments, but unrelated to changes in P uptake as proposed in the literature. This is the first study to comprehensively investigate the biotic effects of UVR on P cycling and represents a major advancement in the field of photobiology. In summary, I have characterized several poorly understood pathways in the P cycle of lakes. With the models I have developed, aquatic metazoans can now be integrated into the P cycle of lakes, for example, with other internal and external sources of P (e.g., from inlets, lake sediments and the atmosphere). This will advance our knowledge of P cycling, and will provide researchers with a better understanding of the nutrient pathways supporting primary production.

The Wood River, located in the Old Wives Lake watershed in southern Saskatchewan, is an important water resource for people living in this area. Agriculture dominates land use in the basin, while the river receives waste water effluent from the town of Gravelbourg twice yearly. Both land usage in the basin and the dumping of municipal waste water effluent have the potential to degrade water quality in the river. To date however, the water quality of the Wood River has been relatively unstudied. <p> The purpose of this study was threefold. First, to evaluate the water quality of the Wood River and compare it to similar river systems. Then, to evaluate the effects of nutrients on the pelagic phytoplankton in the river to determine the biological responsiveness to nutrient additions which might occur as a result of agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent. Lastly to propose mitigative measures that could help to reduce the potential threat of increased nutrients. <p> To determine the effect that agricultural land use and municipal waste water effluent was having on river water quality, nutrient and chlorophyll a (a measure of algal biomass) levels in the river were examined. Five sites, having different land use patterns, were chosen for this purpose. These included a reference site at a regional park not directly affected by agriculture, a site where agricultural land use dominated, a site utilized by cattle, a reservoir within the river system used for drinking water and surrounded by agriculture and finally, a site just downstream from where Gravelbourg's municipal waste is released.<p>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels were high in the Wood River when compared to similar systems. The mean TP concentration for the Wood River over the two years of this study was 474 Ýg/L (¡Ó 246 STD) while the mean ammonia concentration was 223 Ýg/L (¡Ó 993 STD). These concentrations exceeded water quality guidelines. Algal biomass and nutrient concentrations were higher at sites where nonpoint source pollution from agriculture or point source pollution from sewage effluents was present. Nutrient enrichment bioassays also indicated that the algal population in the Wood River was responsive to additions of nutrients, therefore, increases in nutrients will increase algal biomass in the river. The bioassays also revealed that at the sites where agriculture and municipal waste water were present, the algal population was N limited indicating an excess of P in the river. The municipal point source of pollution had a great effect on algal biomass and these effects lasted for about three weeks after the release. Different land use patterns and municipal waste water effluent were potentially having a negative effect on the water quality of the Wood River. <p>An examination of mitigative strategies available in the Old Wives Lake area revealed that land management tools including the implementation of soil conservation practices and riparian management could be useful in protecting the Wood River from degradation. Neither soil conservation practices nor riparian management are used extensively in the watershed, and both of these practices could help improve the water quality of the Wood River.