Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Anthropology Department, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Educational ministries have sought to address the increasing obesity rates across the world and promote optimal childhood health, growth, and intellectual development, by implementing school nutrition policies. In 2011, the Government of Ontario (Ministry of Education) implemented in an initiative: the School Food and Beverage Policy (P/PM 150). Although P/PM 150 is well intentioned, there remains a gap between what this policy states and the way in which it is being executed - resulting in unplanned and unexpected outcomes. To examine this divide and have another perspective on P/PM 150's execution, the following research question was addressed: How is Ontario's School Food and Beverage Policy (P/PM 150) being implemented in secondary schools by school boards and the Ministry of Education? This qualitative case study therefore explores the implementation of P/PM 150 from the perspective of school board supervisory officers in Ontario. Data collected from interviews as well as from P/PM 150 related content on the Ontario Ministry of Education, school board, and school websites/social media pages, were examined through a pragmatic lens. Thematic coding (using NVivo 10) was employed to analyze the interview data, whereas document and content analyses were used to examine the online content. A second coder analyzed a sample of websites and interview transcripts to ensure inter-rater reliability. Upon examining the interview transcripts, seven main themes emerged: 1) supervisory officer roles; 2) the importance of communication; 3) monitoring strategies; 4) P/PM 150 barriers and facilitators; 5) the policy's impact on pedagogy; 6) the P/PM 150 mindset; and 7) recommendations for promising practices. When analyzing the Ministry, school board, and individual school websites and social media pages, much of the content pertained to 1) the policy's subject matter (i.e., its layout, the policy's associated resources, etc.); 2) its administrative procedures; 3) the procedures' and P/PM 150's review processes; 4) the policy's implementation process (e.g., training, monitoring, etc.); 5) promoting P/PM 150; and 6) the policy's outcomes (e.g., nutrition education and partnerships). These findings may be of potential interest to the Government of Ontario (Ministry of Education), school boards, teachers, and policy designers in other sectors, such as health.

No description available.

The widespread marketing of food and beverage products high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) es is a significant driver of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This PhD dissertation examined the factors related to Member States' capacity and actions to fully implement the 2010 World Health Assembly's Resolution WHA63.14 to restrict the marketing of HFSS food and non-alcoholic beverage products to children up to 18 years by 2025. The first study describes the capacity-building needs of Ministries of Health (MoH) to implement the Resolution WHA63.14. The research used a 28-item web-based survey administered to representatives of MoH from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) region (n= 35). A government capacity-building and integrated marketing communications (IMC) frameworks guided this research. The second study examined the government policies to restrict the marketing of HFSS food and beverage products in a purposive sample of countries in the PAHO region (n=14). The WHO policy and IMC frameworks were used to develop a responsible policy index (RESPI). A web-based platform was developed that uses data visualization tools to depict the results. The third study explored the dimensions of power in the Mexican social networks of stakeholders that influenced the policy-making process that enabled the government to enact front-of-pack (FOP) warning labels on HFSS food and beverage products marketed to children and adults in 2020. The study followed a case study approach, using semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, and guided by the Gaventa's power cube framework. Social Network Analyses were conducted using the UCINET software (version 6) that measured centrality, factions and quadratic assignment procedures (QAP). These PhD studies applied several theoretically grounded conceptual frameworks related to nutrition governance that allowed me to draw conclusions from empirical and published evidence to develop and implement comprehensive policies to restrict the marketing of HFSS food and beverage products to children. Results may inform government agencies, civil society organizations, academic researchers, private foundations and industry actors about the areas needed for policy improvement and promising or best practices that should be adopted to implement Resolution WHA63.14 to reduce children's future risks of obesity and diet-related NCDs by 2025. / Ph.D. / The widespread marketing of food and beverage products high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) by transnational food and beverage manufacturers, chain restaurants and retailers, entertainment companies and digital technology companies is a significant driver of poor diet quality, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among populations globally. In May 2010, 193 Member States endorsed the World Health Assembly’s Resolution WHA63.14 to restrict the marketing of HFSS food and non-alcoholic beverage products to children up to 18 years to promote healthy diets and reduce their future risk of obesity and NCDs. This PhD dissertation examined the factors related to Member States’ capacity and actions to fully implement the 2010 Resolution WHA63.14 by 2025. The first study describes the capacity-building needs of Ministries of Health (MoH) to restrict the marketing of HFSS food and beverage products to children. Priority actions recommended include governments adopting mechanisms to identify, declare and manage conflicts of interest related to food marketing; better utilization of existing Constitutional requirements of governments to protect children’s health and human rights; and developing comprehensive policies to restrict unhealthy HFSS marketing through digital media. The second study examined the government policies to restrict the marketing of HFSS food and beverage products across 14 countries from the PAHO region. Brazil, Canada, Chile, and Uruguay had the strongest statutory policies that restricted HFSS food and beverage product marketing at point of sale, use of cartoon licensed media characters and celebrities, and marketing in schools and through broadcast media. The third study explored the dimensions of power in the Mexican social networks of stakeholders that influenced the policy-making process that enabled the government to enact front-of-pack (FOP) warning labels on HFSS food and beverage products marketed to children and adults between 2019 and 2020. FOP labeling is a marketing used that have shown impact on children’s choice of food and beverage products. Results revealed that advocacy, collective engagement and building strategic coalitions were forms of power that shifted from a profit-interest-based to an evidence-based policy-making process in Mexico. These PhD studies applied several theoretically grounded conceptual frameworks related to nutrition governance that allowed me to draw conclusions from empirical and published evidence to develop and implement comprehensive policies to restrict the marketing of HFSS food and beverage products to children. The collective results may inform government agencies, civil society organizations, academic researchers, private foundations and industry actors about the areas needed for policy improvement and promising or best practices that should be adopted to implement Resolution WHA63.14 an create healthy food environments to reduce children’s future risks of obesity and diet-related NCDs by 2025.

Submitted in full compliance with the requirements for a Master’s Degree in Technology: Nursing, Department of Community Health Studies at the Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Purpose: Breastfeeding is a key child survival strategy important for the long-term health of both the mother and child. The number of women in paid employment has increased exponentially, yet very few of these women continue breastfeeding as recommended by the World Health Organisation. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the factors affecting breastfeeding practices in the workplace. Objectives of the study are to: 1: Describe managers’ attitudes to and knowledge about providing breastfeeding support. 2: Identify mothers’ attitudes towards breastfeeding and the workplace environment. 3: Describe the practices of the breastfeeding mothers in the workplace. 4: Identify factors that influence breastfeeding practices within the workplace environment Method The theoretical frameworks adopted were the Situation- Specific Theory of Breastfeeding and the BASNEF model. The frameworks together with the literature review provided the background which informed this study. The research was a case study of two multi -national companies in Durban, KwaZulu Natal; participants were mothers and managers in the companies. Purposive sampling was used for selecting eight women who participated in the focus groups, two follow up interviews were conducted and five managers were interviewed. Data collection techniques also included a reflexive journal and field observation. After a thorough review of the data, the main themes which emerged were used to guide the discussion and answer the objectives of the study. Results The two companies reflected a scenario of pressures in the workplace environment affecting women’s choices regarding combining work and breastfeeding; societal pressures were dictating acceptable behaviour. Breastfeeding was not a priority for employers, no breastfeeding policy existed. Breastfeeding mothers were isolated and employers and employees were not engaging on the issue. Conclusions and Recommendations Simple enabling factors within the workplace would allow mothers, their infants and employers to enjoy the benefits of supporting breastfeeding in the workplace; this would be a win-win situation. Government, non-governmental organisations and society have a responsibility to overtly protect, support and promote breastfeeding in society and in the workplace.

Orientador: Elisabete Salay / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maestro_Vanessa_D.pdf: 777814 bytes, checksum: 14f4080e75a90181ec9711b809955691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A maior preocupacao do consumidor com qualidade dos alimentos torna-o mais atento e exigente quanto aos seus diferentes atributos, em especial, a qualidade nutricional. E importante destacar que a alimentacao fora do lar tem crescido, especialmente nas grandes cidades. Neste sentido, em 1996, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulamentou a rotulagem nutricional em cardapios de restaurantes dos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, esse tipo de regulamentacao nao existe, porem, algumas iniciativas individuais por parte de alguns proprietarios de restaurantes estao surgindo, gerando a necessidade de apoio governamental. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivos a identificacao e caracterizacao, em amostra de restaurantes comerciais, das iniciativas de provimento de informacao nutricional e/ou de saude, avaliacao dos beneficios e obstaculos observados pelos gerentes para disponibilizar esse tipo de informacao e avaliacao do grau de interesse, em adotar futuramente essa medida, pelos gerentes que ainda nao a empregam, assim como suas expectativas quanto aos beneficios e obstaculos decorrentes do oferecimento de informacao nutricional e/ou de saúde em seus estabelecimentos. A pesquisa foi realizada no municipio de Campinas ¿ SP, entre outubro e dezembro de 2005. Do total de 107 restaurantes fast food e 507 restaurantes full service, divididos segundo as cinco regioes de Campinas, foram entrevistados, com base em amostragem aleatoria estratificada, 20 e 94 gerentes de cada tipo de estabelecimento, respectivamente. Apos a coleta das informacoes, foi construido um banco de dados utilizando o software Excel. As analises estatisticas envolveram o teste do qui-quadrado, o teste t de Student e o teste ANOVA, seguido do teste de medias de LSD (Least Square Difference). Os softwares estatisticos utilizados para a elaboracao das analises foram o XLSTAT versao 2006.06 e o MINITAB versao 14.2. Entre os principais resultados destaca-se que em 25,4% dos restaurantes se disponibiliza informacao nutricional e/ou de saude. A frequencia de oferecimento dessas informacoes e significativamente maior entre as redes de fast food do que entre os restaurantes full service. Na opiniao dos gerentes, em relacao ao grau de importancia dos beneficios e obstaculos decorrentes do oferecimento de informação nutricional e/ou de saude, o fator ¿aumentar o faturamento¿ apresentou-se como o beneficio menos importante e o fator ¿falta de receitas que detalhem os ingredientes e as respectivas quantidades¿, como um dos obstaculos mais importantes. Para os gerentes que nao aplicam a informacao nutricional e/ou de saude em seus estabelecimentos, o fator ¿melhorar a imagem do servico de alimentacao¿ e o beneficio esperado de maior importancia e, entre os obstaculos, o fator ¿aumento do custo de operacionalizacao¿ e a preocupacao maior entre eles. Ha necessidade de se conceber a regulamentacao das informacoes nutricionais e de saude pelo poder publico levando-se em conta caracteristicas especificas dos servicos de alimentacao. Ja que o aumento de custo e relatado como um dos obstaculos mais importantes na manutencao da informacao nutricional e/ou de saude em restaurantes, incentivos deveriam ser criados pelas autoridades publicas com vistas a encorajar os proprietarios desses estabelecimentos a adotarem tal politica / Abstract: The greater concern about food quality has made consumers more attentive and demanding with respect to the various food attributes, especially the nutritional quality. It is important to emphasize that eating out of home has increased, especially in the larger cities. Thus, in 1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated nutritional labeling in U.S. restaurant menus. In Brazil, this type of regulation does not exist, however, some individual initiatives on the part of some restaurants¿ owners is appearing, generating the necessity of governmental support. The present survey has as objectives the identification and characterization, in sample of commercial restaurants, from the provision initiatives of nutritional information and/or health, evaluation of benefits and obstacles observed by managers to make available this type of information and evaluation of the interest level, by adopting it in the future, for those managers who do not follow it, as well as their expectation in relation to the benefits and obstacles decurrently from the nutritional information and/or health offered in the. The survey was carried out in the municipality of Campinas, S.P., Brazil, between October and December of 2005. From a total of 107 fast food restaurants and 507 full service restaurants, divided according to the five regions in Campinas, on the basis of stratified random sampling, twenty and ninety-four managers from each type of establishment, respectively, were interviewed. After collecting the information, a data bank was constructed using the Excel software. The statistical analyses involved the chi-square test, Student t-test and ANOVA, followed by the LSD means test (Least Square Difference). The statistical softwares used for the elaboration of the analyses were the XLSTAT version 2006.06 and MINITAB version 14.2. It is highlighted among the main results that in 25,4% of the restaurants nutritional information and/or health is made available. The frequency of offering such information was significantly higher amongst the fast food chains than amongst the full service restaurants. In the opinion of managers, in relation to the level of importance of benefits and obstacles decurrently from the nutritional information and/or health offered, the factor "increase the revenues" was presented as the benefit less important and the factor "lack of recipes that details the ingredients and the respective amounts", as one of the obstacles most important. For the who do not apply the nutritional information and/or health in the establishments, the factor "improve the image of the catering service" is the benefit of higher importance expected and, among the obstacles, the factor "increase the operational cost" is the greatest concern among them. There is a need for the public authorities to conceive regulation of the policy of providing nutritional and health information, taking into consideration the specific characteristics of the catering services. Since the cost increase is stated to be as one of the obstacles most important in the maintenance of the nutritional information and/or health in restaurants, incentives should be created by public authorities with sights to encourage the owners of these establishments to adopt such a policy / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T14:54:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nágila Araújo de Carvalho - 2015.pdf: 1692717 bytes, checksum: e079ce27b5efc30318c197a1a70d9fd2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T14:56:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nágila Araújo de Carvalho - 2015.pdf: 1692717 bytes, checksum: e079ce27b5efc30318c197a1a70d9fd2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T14:56:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nágila Araújo de Carvalho - 2015.pdf: 1692717 bytes, checksum: e079ce27b5efc30318c197a1a70d9fd2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-07 / The basic education has advanced towards full-time education, the student staying longer in school, increasing the number of meals served and the need to adapt the institutions to the new reality of school meals. The aim of the study was to identify adherence and acceptance to food and analyze the factors associated with non-adherence and non-acceptance of students from public schools full-time Goiânia. Cross-sectional study with students from six to 14 years in public school full-time. The consumption of meals on issues were investigated, served preparations, food distribution, food external to school and socioeconomic data, including nutritional assessment of students. Adherence to meals (snacks in the morning and afternoon and lunch) was defined as the effective consumption of four to five times / week and acceptance, this is the approval meals, by means of hedonic face five-point scale with cutoff 85.0%, being lower in mid-morning snack. Poisson regression performed to identify factors associated with non-adherence and non-acceptance of meals. Attended by 359 students, most were eutrophic, had six to 10 years old, belonging to the class C and mothers had nine years or more of study. Adherence was high for lunch and afternoon snack and low for a snack in the morning and for three meals together. The acceptance did not reach 85.0% in any of the meals. Factors associated with nonadherence were number of persons above four at home, consumer place the refectory, and the same uncomfortable and the negative evaluation of utensils. Factors associated with non-acceptance were age >10 years, female gender, the negative evaluation of utensils and inadequate food temperature. Most students adhered for lunch and afternoon snack, but not at the morning snack. Non-adherence and rejection were associated to demographic, social and related to food in schools. A monitoring of the program is essential if public resources invested appropriately, directed to public needs to which they relate. Acceptability tests are needed periodically including the assessment of adherence. / O ensino fundamental tem avançado rumo à educação em tempo integral, com permanência do aluno por mais tempo na escola, aumento do número de refeições servidas e a necessidade de adequação das instituições à nova realidade. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a adesão e a aceitação à alimentação nas escolas e analisar os fatores associados à não adesão e à não aceitação por alunos de escolas públicas municipais de tempo integral de Goiânia. Estudo transversal realizado com alunos de seis a 14 anos de escolas públicas de tempo integral. Foram investigadas questões sobre o consumo das refeições, refeições servidas, distribuição de alimentos, alimentos externos à escola, dados socioeconômicos e a avaliação nutricional dos alunos. A adesão às refeições (lanches da manhã e da tarde e almoço) foi definida como o consumo de quatro a cinco vezes/semana, e a aceitação, isto é, a aprovação das refeições, avaliada pela escala hedônica facial de cinco pontos, estabelecendo-se ponto de corte de 85,0%. Realizou-se a regressão de Poisson para verificar os fatores associados à não adesão e à não aceitação das refeições. Participaram 359 alunos, a maioria era eutrófica, tinha de seis a 10 anos de idade, pertencente à classe C e as mães tinham nove anos ou mais de estudo. A adesão foi alta para o almoço e lanche da tarde e baixa para o lanche da manhã e para as três refeições em conjunto. A aceitação não alcançou 85,0% em nenhuma das refeições, sendo menor no lanche da manhã. Os fatores associados à não adesão foram: número de pessoas acima de quatro no domicílio, realização da refeição no refeitório, o local de consumo considerado desconfortável e a avaliação negativa dos utensílios. Aqueles associados à não aceitação foram: idade >10 anos, sexo feminino, avaliação negativa dos utensílios e inadequação da temperatura dos alimentos. A maioria dos alunos aderiu ao almoço e ao lanche da tarde, mas não ao lanche da manhã. A não adesão e não aceitação associaram-se aos aspectos demográficos, sociais e relacionados à alimentação nas escolas. Um monitoramento da execução do programa é fundamental para que os recursos públicos sejam investidos de forma adequada, direcionados às necessidades do público alvo. Os testes de aceitabilidade devem ser realizados periodicamente incluindo a adesão.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / No contexto da configuraÃÃo polÃtica do direito humano e social à alimentaÃÃo no Brasil, buscamos neste estudo compreender interesses, valoraÃÃes e juÃzos presentes nas vozes de beneficiÃrias do Bolsa FamÃlia e nos textos oficiais desse programa (BF) â reconhecido como um dos mais abrangentes em matÃria de transferÃncia direta e condicionada de renda com foco na pobreza. A metodologia inscreve-se na tradiÃÃo da pesquisa qualitativa em saÃde, fundada em uma abordagem reflexiva e dialÃtica entrelaÃada com a hermenÃutica filosÃfica. Com base em entrevistas dialÃgicas junto a doze beneficiÃrias selecionadas conforme critÃrios baseados na moda da distribuiÃÃo das famÃlias inscritas em Sobral-CE â gÃnero: feminino, idade: 30-39 anos e dois filhos > 18 anos â, foram analisados criticamente discursos e prÃxis relacionados ao BF, tomando-os como dimensÃes do debate acerca dos objetivos prioritÃrios para definiÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas de alimentaÃÃo e nutriÃÃo. A partir das fontes documentais consultadas e das experiÃncias apreendidas no campo investigativo à interrogada a contribuiÃÃo atribuÃda ao BF na induÃÃo da trajetÃria oblÃqua da acomodaÃÃo sob a Ãgide da funcionalizaÃÃo da pobreza. TambÃm à questionada a aproximaÃÃo da mesma iniciativa estatal com a perspectiva de autonomia (financeira) sustentada, coerente com a premissa do capital humano ao prescrever a formataÃÃo de condutas orientadas por prÃxis higienistas de cuidado em saÃde e de pedagogia empreendedora, tendentes a reduzir a pessoa humana a um bem de capital. ConstruÃmos uma rede interpretativa constituÃda por eixos temÃticos estruturados em dimensÃes analÃticas desdobradas em categorias empÃricas. No cenÃrio investigado, verificamos a singularidade moral das categorias liberdade e empregabilidade para as titulares do cartÃo do BF e, por outro lado, a materializaÃÃo da lealdade como vÃnculo obrigacional forte e tenso na perspectiva da permanÃncia da hegemonia polÃtica do agente patrocinador sobre os beneficiÃrios, que devem obediÃncia e explicaÃÃes para fazer jus à transferÃncia regular de renda, tendendo por isso a assumir posiÃÃes polÃticas conservadoras. Adicionalmente, com esteio nas condicionalidades, esses sujeitos se revelam passÃveis de investimento e controle estatal sobre seus corpos e esferas das suas vidas privadas. A produÃÃo subjetiva apreendida nessa tese desvela a falsa dicotomia acomodaÃÃo/autonomia, apontando antes para comportamentos estereotipados e, sobretudo, ambÃguos, de modo a tornar insubsistente a reduÃÃo da complexidade de tais fenÃmenos a uma ou outra polaridade, e, nesse sentido, contraindicando argumentos de natureza maniqueÃstas ou qualquer abordagem linear que, notadamente por negligencia à dialÃtica dos processos simbÃlicos, exclua as contradiÃÃes e os paradoxos inerentes ao programa em questÃo. / In the context of the political configuration of the human and social right to food in Brazil, this study sought to understand interests, valuations and judgments present in the voices of beneficiaries of Bolsa Familia and the official texts of this program (PBF) - recognized as one of the most comprehensive programs in terms of direct and conditioned income transfer focusing on poverty. The methodology follows the tradition of qualitative health, based on a reflective and dialectical approach intertwined with the philosophical hermeneutics. Underpinned by dialogic interviews with twelve beneficiaries selected according to criteria based on the mode of the distribution of families enrolled in Sobral-CE â gender: female, age: 30-39 years and two children > 18 years old â were critically analyzed the discourses and praxis related the PBF, taking them as dimensions of the debate about the overriding objectives for setting of public policies regarding food and nutrition. From the documented sources consulted and the experiences learned in the investigative field is interrogated the contribution attributed to PBF in the induction of slant range of accommodation under the aegis of functionalization of poverty. It is also questioned the approach of the same state initiative with the prospect of (financial) autonomy sustained, consistent with the premise of human capital when prescribing the organization of behaviors driven by hygienist praxis concerning health care and entrepreneurial pedagogy, which tend to reduce the human being person to a capital asset. We have built a interpretative network consisting of thematic axis structured according to analytical dimensions split into empirical categories. In the scenario investigated, we have verified in one hand the moral uniqueness of the categories freedom and employability for the PBF cardholders. And on the other hand, the embodiment of loyalty as a strong and tense obligation bond in the view of the permanence of sponsoring agentsâ political hegemony towards the beneficiaries, who owe obedience and explanations to justify the regular income transfers, tending thus to assume conservative political positions. Additionally, with the conditionality mainstays, those subjects turn out to be liable for investment and state control over their bodies and areas of their private lives. The subjective production apprehended in this thesis reveals the false dichotomy accommodation/ autonomy, pointing then to stereotyped behaviors and especially ambiguous, so as to make ineffectual the reducing of the complexity of such phenomena to either one or the other polarity, and in this sense contraindicating arguments of Manichean view or any linear approach that notably due to negligence towards the dialectic of symbolic processes, exclude the contradictions and inherent paradoxes in the program in question.

Public health nutrition workforce development is a capacity building strategy identified as a priority in the Australian National Public Health Nutrition Strategy (Eat Well Australia). Systematic and scholarly approaches to workforce development that enhance the capacity of the health system and the broader community to effectively address public health nutrition issues, are limited in Australia. The associated lack of intelligence and a range of methodological difficulties similar to those encountered in broader public health workforce research, provide the need for, and motivation for, this study. The specific objectives of this study relate to the development of workforce development intelligence that: Fills gaps in the knowledge base to inform effective workforce development ; Provides baseline data (benchmarks) for ongoing workforce development planning, evaluation, monitoring and surveillance ; and, Contributes to international scholarship regarding public health nutrition workforce development ; and, Enables the development of a strategic framework for workforce development planning in the national context. The case study research strategy used in this study involved an emergent, multi-method design involving methodological triangulation of data and consensus development. The focus of inquiry was based on a problem-based conceptual framework developed to identify intelligence needs for workforce development strategy planning. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using five different methods including literature review, interviews with advanced-level public health nutritionists in Australia, a national public health nutrition workforce survey, an analysis of position descriptions and consensus assessment and development via a Delphi survey of an international expert panel. The collection, analysis and interpretation of data in this study focused on developing an intelligence base on six main issues pertinent to public health nutrition workforce development, including: Definitions of public health nutrition; Workforce size and composition; Workforce practices; Core workforce functions needed; Competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice; and, Continuing competency development needs. Data from these multiple methods were used to describe and interpret the determinants of workforce capacity, assisted by triangular analysis. This analysis identified a range of determinants limiting the capacity of the Australian public health nutrition workforce including; A small designated specialist public health nutrition workforce; Workforce instability associated with unsecured funding and staff turnover; Limited collaboration and partnership building practices by the existing workforce; Disorganisation of the workforce in terms of location, accountability, service mandates and support; Workforce practices are not consistent with the required work; Limited access to, and use of, public health nutrition intelligence; A workforce practice culture that does not promote research and dissemination; A lack of practice improvement and learning systems; Limited access to public health nutrition mentors; Limited incentives for practice excellence; An absence of consensus about the required work and competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice; Barriers to continuing competency development; and, Inadequate workforce preparation. This interpretive analysis provided the basis for developing a strategic framework that addresses workforce quantity, quality and performance concerns, based on workforce development strategy categories including: Building human resource infrastructure (quantity); Organisational systems and policy (performance); Intelligence support (performance); Learning systems (quality) and; Workforce preparation. This research has also provided data that can for the basis of tools such as definitions, core function statements, position descriptions and competency standards to assist public health nutrition workforce development in Australia and internationally.

More and more preschools are choosing to reduce the sugar consumption. The reason is, inter alia, the increase of weight in the community, but there is also research showing that sugar is harmful to children. The discussions on sugar and children are also a hot media topic. I have chosen to use a qualitative method, interviews, to gather material for the essay. I have interviewed a teacher and a cook in three different preschools, in different municipalities. I have also looked at their various nutrition policies to see how the guidelines for their work on diet and health look like. I have been inspired by Vygotskys socio-cultural perspective on learning which broadly means that we learn in social contexts and communicative processes is central to the socio-cultural perspective. Furthermore, interest in how individuals and groups acquire and utilize physical and cognitive resources and the interplay between collective and individual focus. The purpose of this paper is to find out why the surveyed preschools are working to reduce the amount of sugar served. Furthermore, the purpose of this paper is to show how the preschools where I interviewed my informants work with diet and health and find out what their attitudes to sugar and what they want to convey to the children and their families. My questions are: What's behind the decision to decrease sugar intake of the investigated preschools and what was the process like? What thoughts the staff at the preschool have about the role of sugar, for everyday and festive? How do the preschools work with diet and health and why do they work in that way? My conclusions are that it was the municipality who decided that preschools would work to reduce the amount of sugar and convey a healthy lifestyle. Their theory was that the decision was made because there was much talk about sugar's effects on health in the media and that a lot of research in this area was presented. The preschools had been quick to embrace the new guidelines and were in favour. They started with measures like thinking about what snacks they served the children and to get them used to eating non-sweetened food. They did, however, agree that the sugar would not be banned completely but they wanted to show that it was good to eat in moderation and at certain times. All three preschools served some sweets at major ceremonies, this traditionally include some treats such as gingerbread cookies around Christmas. However, they chose not to celebrate with sweets at the children's birthdays. This was mainly because it would be too often. They also wanted to show the children that when there was a party the focus did not lie on the goodies. Preschool is also an addition to the home and is, together with the parents, responsible for the children to having a balanced energy intake during the day. Therefore, they argued that it was good to be clear about the kids did not consuming too much sugar at the preschool. The parents could then account for that part at home. Some parents initially thought it was sad and strange that they were not allowed to bring sweets for the children's birthdays. But the teachers explained why and as time passed the parents got used to it and they were now very positive. The cooks were more engaged in the topic and found the teachers should work more explicitly and actively talk about sugar and a good diet. The teachers said that they did not want to affect the children given the harsh health and body image conveyed by the media. Instead, they wanted a natural way to be healthy and be good role models themselves. The teachers could be more involved and try to entice children to try new things and oversee what they put on their plates. None of the teachers said that they tried to influence parents to think healthy, but they hoped they would be inspired by the pre-schools work and told them about why they were working on reducing sugar.