Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar o cabimento, no direito processual brasileiro, de uma distribuição dinâmica das regras do ônus da prova. Na primeira parte, são analisados o conceito, o objeto e a finalidade da prova, com apontamento da distinção entre fontes e meios. Após, são estudados o conceito de ônus da prova e sua distinção da obrigação, dando ênfase aos seus aspectos objetivo e subjetivo e às principais teorias, antigas e modernas, que tratam dos critérios para a distribuição do ônus da prova. Estudou-se, em seguida, os principais fenômenos relacionados ao ônus da prova, quais sejam a distribuição, cuja regra geral está no art. 333 do CPC, e a redistribuição como gênero, tendo com espécies a redistribuição strictu sensu, cabível em casos de probatio diabolica e em excepcionais casos em que a prova se apresenta difícil por fatores externos ao processo, e a inversão, cujo exemplo, no direito pátrio, é o art. 6o, inc. VIII, do CDC. Na segunda parte do trabalho, são apresentadas duas novas teorias sobre a distribuição do ônus da prova: a visão solidarista do ônus da prova e a teoria dinâmica dos ônus probatórios. Por fim, ante a necessidade de flexibilização das atuais regras gerais de distribuição do ônus da prova e, ao mesmo tempo, controle do excessivo subjetivismo judicial, analisa-se o cabimento da aplicação da teoria dinâmica no direito brasileiro, apontando-se os parâmetros para a decisão judicial que a aplique. Do estudo, concluiu-se que o direito processual brasileiro admite a aplicação da teoria dinâmica dos ônus probatórios em face da incidência do princípio da igualdade, dos poderes instrutórios do juiz e do dever de lealdade, boa-fé e colaboração das partes. Concluiuse, ainda, que embora possa acontecer em momento diverso, o momento mais oportuno para a ocorrência da redistribuição do ônus da prova é a audiência preliminar, não podendo se verificar, em nenhuma hipótese, surpresa às partes, sob pena de ferimento ao princípio do contraditório. Quanto à decisão judicial que aplica a teoria dinâmica, deve esta levar em conta que tal aplicação é de caráter excepcionalíssimo, devendo ser bem fundamentada. / This study has the purpose of analyzing a dynamic employment of the burden of proof in the Brazilian Procedural Law. In the first part of this study, the concept and object and the evidence are analyzed through distinguishing sources and ways. Afterwards, the concept of burden of proof and its difference from obligation are studied based on subjective and objective aspects of dominant old and modern theories. We also examined the main phenomena relating to the burden of proof in general presented on the art. 333 Brazilian Procedural Code, the presentation of the burden of proof strict sensu in case of probatio diabolica and the shifting of burden of proof based on the art. 6, inc.VII, Brazilian Consumption Code. In the second part of the study, two theories related to the shifting of the burden of proof are presented. Based on those two theories, we came to the conclusion that a more dynamic way of applying the general rules for shifting the burden of proof and excessive control of judicial subjectivism is necessary to reach fairness. Finally, we concluded that the Brazilian Procedural Law allows the application of the dynamic theory of burden of proof based on the principle of equity, discretion, loyalty, good faith and the collaboration of the parties. Besides, the best moment to submit some evidence for the shifting of the burden of proof is over the course of a hearing. The decision shall be based on legal matters, facts and principles due to the fact that the dynamic theory to analyze evidence in case of shifting the burden of proof is used in special cases.

The goal of the Thesis is to analyze the issue that is related to the extinction of the rights and obligations of business relations. Trading obligations are very specific group of legal relations. Without them it is imposible to imagine a faultless performance and successful business. The author in this thesis attempts to address all relevant aspects of the topic. To achieve the above objectives, the author intends to use a particular method of interpretation of legal norms. This method will be complemented by an authentic interpretation of legal norms, doctrinal interpretation, legal interpretation or the relevant case law. Analysis of these areas can conclude that there is a large area in terms of legislation and legal theory, systematic non-uniform. One of the main complexities of contract law, the author sees in the dualism legislation. From the available case law of the Supreme Court or Superior Courts may conclude that in most practical application of legal problems arose on the fulfillment of commitments and cancellation. These are the most frequent reasons for termination of the legal obligations. Another finding is the inconsistency of terminology and the Civil Commercial Code.

Thesis that pursues theme of employing people with disabilities is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter is given who belongs between disabled people, when employers are obliged to employ such people and what is mandatory quota of such people. The second chapter deals with employing people with disabilities and events that forego employing - such as education and talks with authorities. The third chapter deals with kinds of employment that are supported by the state.

The purpose of this essay is to increase the understanding of the discussion of political obligation. This concern the questions if, how, and to what extent people are required to obey state commands. More specifically the purpose is to increase the understanding of one of the topics main theories, the natural duty of justice. This account states that people have a natural duty to comply with just institutions that apply to them, independent of any voluntary actions.  For this a discourse surrounding the theory has been examined and evaluated. It consists of Rawls argument for the theory, a criticism formulated by Simmons, and a defence formulated by Waldron. Rawls argues that for a just society to be stable, the natural duty of justice is necessary, and also sufficient for basing political obligations. Simmons criticises this account for dispensing of voluntary actions that he sees as necessary for political obligation. Without these, the application of just institutions is morally insignificant. Waldron then defends the account by adding additional requirements for institutions to apply, besides justice. Institutions also have to be effective, in the sense that they are able to enact justice, and legitimate in the sense that they are preferable to other alternatives.  I will argue that justice of institutions is necessary but insufficient for them to apply to people. Voluntary actions like consent will also be argued to be unnecessary for institutions application to be morally significant. If institutions are not only just but also effective and legitimate, in the sense that they are the most just and effective in relation to the viable alternatives, then their application and commands has moral significance. The conclusion of this essay then is that the natural duty of justice can account for political obligations, given high demands for institutions to apply.

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The present study examined the impact of adultification on the mental health of Chinese immigrant young adults. Given the emphasis of Chinese cultural norms on interdependence and filial piety, I also explored whether family obligation attitudes influence how Chinese immigrant young adults perceive adultification experiences. Findings indicated that family obligation attitudes have a moderating effect on adultifcation when adultification plays a mediating role between acculturative stress and psychological distress, and on the well-being of Chinese immigrant young adults. The findings suggested that Chinese immigrant offspring who hold very traditional familial attitudes and are highly committed to family obligations tend to reinforce the effect of acculturative stress on adultification, although acculturative stress did not significantly predict adultification experiences. In addition, the findings also indicated that when adultification experiences were at the highest level, they served to strengthen the effect of acculturative stress on mental health outcomes. According to the study findings, taking the cultural value of the emphasis on Chinese family obligation into consideration when interpreting adultification experiences and its impact on the mental health outcomes among Chinese immigrant young adults is crucial. / Ph. D.

L’aggravation des besoins en matière de vieillesse, de dépendance, de handicap, d’isolement et d’exclusion en général, exacerbe les tensions entre solidarités familiales et solidarités collectives. Partout, la crise des solidarités inquiète : crise des solidarités familiales d’une part, en raison de l’individualisme et de la liberté qui fragilisent les responsabilités familiales, crise des solidarités collectives d’autre part, au regard des difficultés économiques et sociales de l’État-providence. L’articulation entre la solidarité familiale et la solidarité collective est une question centrale des politiques sociales et familiales menées par les États modernes. Le discours contemporain témoigne d’une redécouverte des solidarités familiales et d’une mise en valeur de la fonction économique de la famille, au travers des institutions juridiques de l’obligation alimentaire et de la transmission du patrimoine. L’attention portée aux solidarités de proximité vise à pallier la fragilisation des dispositifs de protection issus de la solidarité collective, ici entendue comme l’ensemble des aides sociales et des prestations non contributives de sécurité sociale. L’articulation de la solidarité familiale et de la solidarité collective interroge le législateur sur la place respective à assigner à la famille et à l’État dans la prise en charge de la personne dans le besoin. Cette étude propose de mettre en évidence le glissement d’un système d’articulation édifié sur la subsidiarité de la solidarité collective par rapport à la solidarité familiale vers un modèle fondé sur la complémentarité de la solidarité familiale et de la solidarité collective. Dans cette perspective, la thèse se propose d’étudier l’impact sur les solidarités familiales, des recours et des récupérations exercés par la collectivité contre les débiteurs alimentaires et les transmissions patrimoniales. / The increasing needs related to old age, dependency, disability, loneliness and more broadly exclusion leads to a tension’s exacerbationbetween family solidarities and collective solidarities. The solidarity crisis is a matter of concern as we observea familial solidarities crisis created by individualism and freedom leading to a weakening of familial liabilities and a collective solidarities crisis created by the welfare state’s economic difficulties. Thus, balance between familial and collective solidarities is a key issue regarding social policies conducted by modern States. The contemporary vision brings up the idea of a rediscovery of familial solidarities and an increasing role given to the economic role of the family through legal institutions such as the maintenance obligation and the assets transmission. The attention given to local solidarities tends to correct the weakening of collective solidarities, defined as the set of social supports and free social security benefits. The balance between familial solidarities and collective solidarities brings lawmaker to re think the role of State and family in regards of a person in need. This study demonstrates that solidarities are drifting from a system balanced by the subsidiarity between collective solidarity and familial solidarity to a new model based on complementarity between familial and collective solidarity. From that perspective, this thesis assesses the impact of familial solidarities, remedies and recoveries used by collectivities against food debtors and transmission of assets.

University, Diss.--Tübingen, 2007.