ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV / Over the past several years DoD imposed constraints on test deliverables, requiring objective measures of test results, i.e., statistically defensible test and evaluation (SDT&E) methods and results. These constraints force testers to employ statistical hypotheses, analyses and modeling to assess test results objectively, i.e., based on statistical metrics, analytical methods, probability of confidence complemented by, rather than solely on expertise, which is too subjective. In this and companion papers we discuss methods of objectifying testing. We employ an earth coordinate model and statistical modeling of telemetry (TM) tracking antenna employing time-space position information (TSPI) and derived statistical measures for tracking-error and auto-tracking mode. Test data were statistically analyzed via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) which revealed that the antenna control unit (ACU) under test (AUT) does not track statistically identically, nor as practically or efficiently in C-band while receiving data carriers in both S- and C-bands. The conclusions of this paper add support to that hypothesis. In this third of three papers we use data from a range test, but make no reference to the systems under test as the purpose of this paper is to present an example of tools useful for employing a SDT&E methodology.

Ao longo dos anos, o posicionamento por satélites artificiais através da geotecnologia Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) e, principalmente, por meio do sistema americano Global Positioning System (GPS), ganhou importante espaço na área de Geomática. A qualidade das soluções está diretamente relacionada, entre outros fatores, ao tipo de receptor utilizado no trabalho: dispositivos mais caros (geodésicos), capazes de gerar as portadoras L1 e L2 ou L1, L2 e L5, produzem os melhores resultados; por outro lado, receptores topográficos que rastreiam apenas a frequência L1 são mais baratos, mas tornam o processamento dos dados dependente de um modelo ionosférico para reduzir parcialmente os efeitos dessa origem. Visando melhorar as soluções de posicionamento com dispositivos de baixo custo e evitar despesas adicionais do usuário que, eventualmente, necessitaria de utilizar aparelhos mais onerosos, este trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor a implementação de uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) para estimar as observações da portadora L2 do sistema GPS com base nas observáveis da L1, buscando-se também aprimorar o método de predição destes dados elaborado em outras pesquisas. Para tanto, selecionou-se um modelo de rede através da técnica de Validação Cruzada (CV), estimaram-se as observações a partir das rastreadas tanto em um receptor geodésico como em um smartphone Android, e comparou-se a acurácia das soluções que foram processadas com e sem as observáveis artificiais criadas pela RNA. A técnica CV demonstrou que uma Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) de quatro camadas escondidas e outra de uma camada intermediária são as configurações mais apropriadas para estimação das observáveis do código e da fase da portadora L2, respectivamente. O tempo de aprendizagem em todos os experimentos não ultrapassou poucos segundos e o processamento dos arquivos RINEX de dupla frequência, criados neste trabalho, revelou melhorias significativas das soluções de posicionamento na maioria dos testes, reduzindo os desvios planos e espaciais em torno de 40 a 50% em relação aos resultados atingidos com apenas os dados originais da portadora L1, sendo que em alguns experimentos foi possível realizar a combinação iono-free (L3) e em outros atender a normativa de georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA). Os resultados apontam, portanto, que a proposta metodológica da presente investigação atua de forma bastante promissora e como uma alternativa ao uso de receptores mais caros. / Over the years, positioning by artificial satellites through the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and, mainly, through the American Global Positioning System (GPS), has become increasingly important in Geomatics. The quality of the solutions is directly related, among other factors, to the receiver type used in the work: more expensive (geodetic) devices, capable of generating the carriers L1 and L2 or L1, L2 and L5, produce the best results; conversely, topographic receivers which only trace the L1 frequency are cheaper, but make data processing dependent on an ionospheric model to partially reduce the effects of that source. In order to improve the positioning solutions with low cost devices and avoid additional financial costs to the user who would ultimately need to use more expensive devices, the main objective of this work is to propose the implementation of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimate the GPS L2 observations from the L1 observables, aiming also to improve the prediction method elaborated in other research. This was done by using the Cross-Validation (CV) technique to select a network model. The observations were estimated from observables tracked on both a geodetic receiver and an Android smartphone, and we compared the accuracy of the solutions that were processed with and without the artificial observations created by the ANN. The CV technique demonstrated that a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) of four hidden layers and another of an intermediate layer are the most appropriate configurations for the estimation of the L2 code and phase observables, respectively. The learning time in all the tests did not exceed a few seconds and the processing of the dual frequency RINEX files, which were created in this work, revealed significant improvements in the positioning solutions in all the experiments. The plane and spatial deviations were reduced by around 40% to 50% in relation to the results obtained with only the original L1 carrier data. In some tests it was possible to perform the iono-free combination (L3) and in others to meet the georeferencing regulations for rural properties of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA). The results indicate, therefore, that the methodological proposal of the present investigation acts in a very promising way and as an alternative to the use of more expensive receivers.

Ao longo dos anos, o posicionamento por satélites artificiais através da geotecnologia Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) e, principalmente, por meio do sistema americano Global Positioning System (GPS), ganhou importante espaço na área de Geomática. A qualidade das soluções está diretamente relacionada, entre outros fatores, ao tipo de receptor utilizado no trabalho: dispositivos mais caros (geodésicos), capazes de gerar as portadoras L1 e L2 ou L1, L2 e L5, produzem os melhores resultados; por outro lado, receptores topográficos que rastreiam apenas a frequência L1 são mais baratos, mas tornam o processamento dos dados dependente de um modelo ionosférico para reduzir parcialmente os efeitos dessa origem. Visando melhorar as soluções de posicionamento com dispositivos de baixo custo e evitar despesas adicionais do usuário que, eventualmente, necessitaria de utilizar aparelhos mais onerosos, este trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor a implementação de uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) para estimar as observações da portadora L2 do sistema GPS com base nas observáveis da L1, buscando-se também aprimorar o método de predição destes dados elaborado em outras pesquisas. Para tanto, selecionou-se um modelo de rede através da técnica de Validação Cruzada (CV), estimaram-se as observações a partir das rastreadas tanto em um receptor geodésico como em um smartphone Android, e comparou-se a acurácia das soluções que foram processadas com e sem as observáveis artificiais criadas pela RNA. A técnica CV demonstrou que uma Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) de quatro camadas escondidas e outra de uma camada intermediária são as configurações mais apropriadas para estimação das observáveis do código e da fase da portadora L2, respectivamente. O tempo de aprendizagem em todos os experimentos não ultrapassou poucos segundos e o processamento dos arquivos RINEX de dupla frequência, criados neste trabalho, revelou melhorias significativas das soluções de posicionamento na maioria dos testes, reduzindo os desvios planos e espaciais em torno de 40 a 50% em relação aos resultados atingidos com apenas os dados originais da portadora L1, sendo que em alguns experimentos foi possível realizar a combinação iono-free (L3) e em outros atender a normativa de georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA). Os resultados apontam, portanto, que a proposta metodológica da presente investigação atua de forma bastante promissora e como uma alternativa ao uso de receptores mais caros. / Over the years, positioning by artificial satellites through the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and, mainly, through the American Global Positioning System (GPS), has become increasingly important in Geomatics. The quality of the solutions is directly related, among other factors, to the receiver type used in the work: more expensive (geodetic) devices, capable of generating the carriers L1 and L2 or L1, L2 and L5, produce the best results; conversely, topographic receivers which only trace the L1 frequency are cheaper, but make data processing dependent on an ionospheric model to partially reduce the effects of that source. In order to improve the positioning solutions with low cost devices and avoid additional financial costs to the user who would ultimately need to use more expensive devices, the main objective of this work is to propose the implementation of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimate the GPS L2 observations from the L1 observables, aiming also to improve the prediction method elaborated in other research. This was done by using the Cross-Validation (CV) technique to select a network model. The observations were estimated from observables tracked on both a geodetic receiver and an Android smartphone, and we compared the accuracy of the solutions that were processed with and without the artificial observations created by the ANN. The CV technique demonstrated that a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) of four hidden layers and another of an intermediate layer are the most appropriate configurations for the estimation of the L2 code and phase observables, respectively. The learning time in all the tests did not exceed a few seconds and the processing of the dual frequency RINEX files, which were created in this work, revealed significant improvements in the positioning solutions in all the experiments. The plane and spatial deviations were reduced by around 40% to 50% in relation to the results obtained with only the original L1 carrier data. In some tests it was possible to perform the iono-free combination (L3) and in others to meet the georeferencing regulations for rural properties of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA). The results indicate, therefore, that the methodological proposal of the present investigation acts in a very promising way and as an alternative to the use of more expensive receivers.

Avec l'évolution de la technologie, l'homme a procédé à la conception de systèmes de plus en plus complexes mais aussi de plus en plus sensibles aux défauts qui peuvent les affecter. Une procédure de diagnostic contribuant au bon déroulement du processus est ainsi nécessaire. Dans ce contexte, le but de cette thèse est le diagnostic des systèmes à événements discrets modélisés par des Réseaux de Petri Étiquetés (RdPE) partiellement observables. Sous l'hypothèse que chaque défaut est modélisé par le tir d'une transition non observable, deux approches de diagnostic à base d'estimation d'état sont développées. Une première approche composée de deux étapes consiste à estimer l'ensemble des marquages de base sur un horizon élémentaire glissant. La première étape consiste à déterminer un ensemble de vecteurs candidats à partir d'une approche algébrique. La deuxième étape consiste à éliminer les solutions candidates calculées qui ne sont pas associées à une trajectoire possible du RdPE. Comme l'ensemble des marquages de base pourra aussi être important, une deuxième approche de diagnostic évitera cet écueil en n'estimant pas les marquages. Une technique de relaxation des problèmes de Programmation Linéaire en Nombres Entiers (PLNE) sur un horizon fuyant est utilisée afin d'avoir un diagnostic en temps polynomial. / With the evolution of technology, humans have made available systems increasingly complex but also increasingly sensitive to faults that may affect it. A diagnostic procedure which contributes to the smooth running of the process is thus necessary. In this context, the aim of this thesis is the diagnosis of discrete event systems modeled by partially observed Labeled Petri Nets (LPNs). Under the assumption that each defect is modeled by the firing of an unobservable transition, two diagnostic approaches based on state estimation are developed. A first approach is to estimate the set of basis markings on a sliding elementary horizon. This approach is carried out in two steps. The first step is to determine a set of candidate vectors from an algebraic approach. The second step is to eliminate the calculated candidate solutions that are not associated with a possible trajectory of the LPN. As the set of basis markings can also be huge, a second diagnostic approach will avoid this pitfall by not estimating the markings. A relaxation technique of Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problems on a receding horizon is used to have a diagnosis in polynomial time.

In dieser Arbeit wird der Ansatz der Weltlinienquantenfeldtheorie (WQFT) zur Berechnung von Observablen des klassischen allgemeinen relativistischen Zweikörpersystems vorgestellt. Kompakte Körper wie Schwarze Löcher oder Neutronensterne werden im Rahmen einer effektiven Feldtheorie mit Weltlinienfeldern beschrieben. Die WQFT behandelt alle Weltlinienfelder gleichberechtigt mit dem Gravitationsfeld und ist definiert als die tree-level-Beiträge eines Pfadintegrals auf diesen Feldern. Zuerst wird die effektive feldtheoretische Beschreibung von kompakten Körpern mit Weltlinien und die post-Minkowski'schen Approximation der Streuung dieser Körpern vorgestellt. Die Einbeziehung des Spins wird mit besonderem Augenmerk auf ihre supersymmetrische Beschreibung in Form von antikommutierenden Grassmann-Variablen analysiert. Anschließend wird die WQFT mit einer Diskussion ihrer in-in Schwinger-Keldysh-Formulierung, ihrer Feynman-Regeln und Graphengenerierung sowie ihrer on-shell Einpunktfunktionen vorgestellt. Die Berechnung von Streuobservablen erfordert im Allgemeinen die Auswertung von Multi-Loop-Integralen, und wir analysieren die Zwei-Loop-Integrale, die in der dritten post-Minkowski'schen Ordnung der Weltlinienobservablen auftreten. Schließlich wenden wir uns den Ergebnissen der WQFT zu und beginnen mit der gravitativen Bremsstrahlung bei der Streuung zweier rotierender Körper. Diese Wellenform wird zusammen mit der Strahlungsinformation der Linear- und Drehimpulsflüsse diskutiert. Der gesamte abgestrahlte Drehimpuls führender post-Minkowski'schen Ordnung wird abgeleitet. Wir präsentieren dann die Ergebnisse des konservativen und strahlenden Impulses und des Spin-Kicks bei dritter post-Minkowski'scher Ordnung und quadratischer Ordnung in Spins zusammen mit der Abbildung der ungebundenen Ergebnisse auf einen konservativen (gebundenen) Hamiltonian bei der entsprechenden perturbativen Ordnung. / In this work the worldline quantum field theory (WQFT) approach to computing observables of the classical general relativistic two-body system is presented. Compact bodies such as black holes or neutron stars are described in an effective field theory by worldline fields with spin degrees of freedom efficiently described by anti-commuting Grassmann variables. Novel results of the WQFT include the gravitational bremsstrahlung at second post-Minkowskian order and the impulse and spin kick at third post-Minkowskian order all at quadratic order in spins. Next, the WQFT is presented with a comprehensive discussion of its in-in Schwinger-Keldysh formulation, its Feynman rules and graph generation and its on-shell one-point functions which are directly related to the scattering observables of unbound motion. Here, we present the second post-Minkowskian quadratic-in-spin contributions to its free energy from which the impulse and spin kick may be derived to the corresponding order. The computation of scattering observables requires the evaluation of multi-loop integrals and for the computation of observables at the third post-Minkowskian order we analyze the required two-loop integrals. Our discussion uses retarded propagators which impose causal boundary conditions of the observables. Finally we turn to results of the WQFT starting with the gravitational bremsstrahlung of the scattering of two spinning bodies. This waveform is discussed together with its radiative information of linear and angular momentum fluxes. Lastly we present the conservative and radiative impulse and spin kick at third post-Minkowskian order and quadratic order in spins together with the a conservative Hamiltonian at the corresponding perturbative order. The results obey a generalized Bini-Damour radiation-reaction relation and their conservative parts can be parametrized in terms of a single scalar.