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The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) require students with learning disabilities in mathematics to use a range of cognitive, skills, and foundational numerical competencies to learn and understand complex standards. Students with learning disabilities in mathematics experience deficits in cognitive processes skills and foundational numerical competencies which have emerged as underlying barriers associated with mastering CCSSM. Examining the impact of high-stakes assessments on readiness for college and careers and student achievement may provide evidence that deficits in cognitive processing skills and numerical competencies can impact achievement levels. Using the cognitive theoretical frameworks of Bandura and Gagné, along with the concepts of cognitive learning, instructional interventions, and inclusion, the relationship between students' scores in the algebraic foundations (AF) intervention inclusion method and the regular algebra (RA) nonintervention inclusion method, as measured on the end of the year assessments were examined in this study. An ANCOVA design was used to test the statistical significance of the relationship between the two intervention methods and the use of cognitive and numerical competencies for the two groups and to analyze the disparity in achievement scores between the AF intervention inclusion method and RA nonintervention inclusion method. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between cognitive processing skills and foundational numerical competencies as measured on the final exam for both methods. The intended audience include academic communities using evidence-based inventions to improve college and career readiness results, leading to positive social change.

Research has shown that video modelling can improve social behaviours in children with ASD. In addition, research in behaviour modelling training from the field of organisational psychology has shown that using a mix of positive and negative exemplars can assist in acquisition and generalisation of a skill. The current study compared the use of one negative and one positive exemplar, with the use of two positive exemplars to determine which combination would result in faster acquisition and/or superior generalisation of a skill. No other studies have examined this with children diagnosed with ASD. Seven children, aged between 5 and 15 years, and diagnosed with ASD participated in a multiple baseline design across children; within child across two modelling conditions; and within each modelling condition across two tasks. In one condition, a participant watched a video containing one exemplar of a model (same sex and of similar age but with normal development) perform a task the wrong way, and one exemplar of the same model perform the same task the right way (wrong/right). In another condition, the participant watched a video containing two different exemplars of the model perform a matched task the right way (right/right). During the intervention, 1 participant refused to watch the videos. For 13 of the 16 tasks, where training was completed, participants either reached criterion or made some gains in acquisition of the social skills. However, for seven of the tasks criterion was not reached. Generally, neither modelling condition was superior in acquisition or generalisation of the targeted social skills. Confounds occurring during the course of the study may have contributed to the equivocal results. For some children with ASD, video modelling in combination with the delivery of preferred reinforcers may be required for successful skill acquisition. Further implications, particularly the potential negative effects of vicarious reinforcement when an observer does not gain reinforcement for imitation are discussed, as are recommendations for future research.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Speech Pathology and Audiology, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30).

Simulation and Web-based Learning (WBL) are both educational approaches that are increasingly applied in medical education. However, little is known about how these two instructional approaches may be integrated to improve learning outcomes. A prospective three-arm experimental study of different WBL preparation materials was conducted. Thirty undergraduate medical students with no prior experience in central venous catheterization (CVC) were randomly assigned to one of three preparatory interventions: tradition reading materials (TM), observational practice (OP), or OP and educational networking (OPEN). Participants then completed a simulation-based training workshop in CVC and a delayed retention test. Performance was assessed by a task-specific checklist, global rating scale (GRS) and by measuring time to competency. Main findings reveal a significant linear trend across the TM, OP and OPEN groups in time to competency. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential utility of Web-based observational practice and collaborative learning for improving the efficiency of simulation-based training.

Simulation and Web-based Learning (WBL) are both educational approaches that are increasingly applied in medical education. However, little is known about how these two instructional approaches may be integrated to improve learning outcomes. A prospective three-arm experimental study of different WBL preparation materials was conducted. Thirty undergraduate medical students with no prior experience in central venous catheterization (CVC) were randomly assigned to one of three preparatory interventions: tradition reading materials (TM), observational practice (OP), or OP and educational networking (OPEN). Participants then completed a simulation-based training workshop in CVC and a delayed retention test. Performance was assessed by a task-specific checklist, global rating scale (GRS) and by measuring time to competency. Main findings reveal a significant linear trend across the TM, OP and OPEN groups in time to competency. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential utility of Web-based observational practice and collaborative learning for improving the efficiency of simulation-based training.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaPM.pdf: 825856 bytes, checksum: f7b3c0b6c8201cc556fcecd5f309cd28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-24 / The stimulation of motor learning is an important component to a rehabilitation and type of practice used is de basic importance to Physiotherapy. The motor skills are the types more basic of behavior that subjects must acquire throughout its lives and observational learning one of forms for its acquisition. Objective: This study aimed to compare performance of patients post- stroke on test of recognition of activities of day life using self-controlled and externally determined practice. Intervention: Forty subjects had been evaluated, 20 stroke patients (the mean age was 57,9?}6,7 years, schooling 6,7?}3,09 years and time of injury 23,4?}17,2 months) and 20 health subjects (the mean age 55,4?}5,9 years and schooling 8?}3,7 years). All was evaluated about independence functional (FIM) and cognitive state (MMSE), and patients were also evaluated about neurologic state (NIHSS). Later, all realized a recognition of activities of day life test (drink water and speak to telephone) on self-controlled (PAUTO and CAUTO) and externally determined (P20 and C20) frequency. The stroke subjects also were examined for a three-dimensional system of kinematic analysis, when they have drink water. The statistic analysis was realized for chi-square and t Student tests. Results: This was not difference, about number of rightness, between groups of self-controlled and externally determined practice (p?0,005), and also not between patients and control groups (p?0,005). Patients mean velocity (PAUTO: 141,1mm/sec and P20: 141,6mm/sec) and peak velocity (PAUTO: 652,1mm/sec and P20: 598,6mm/sec) were reduced, as well as the angles reached for elbow (PAUTO: 66,60 and 124,40; P20: 66,30 and 128,50 extension e flexion respectively) regarding literature. Conclusions: The performance on recognition of activities of day life test was similar between on self-controlled and externally determined frequency, showing both technique may be used to stimulate motor learning on chronic patients after stroke / A estimulacao da aprendizagem motora e um componente crucial para a reabilitacao e o tipo de pratica a ser empregada e de fundamental importancia para a Fisioterapia. As habilidades motoras estao entre os tipos mais basicos e prevalentes de comportamento que os individuos devem adquirir ao longo de suas vidas, sendo a aprendizagem observacional uma das maneiras chave para a sua aquisicao. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho de pacientes com sequela de AVE em testes de reconhecimento de atividades de vida diaria com frequencia autocontrolada e pre-determinada. M?todo: Foram avaliados 40 individuos, 20 pacientes pos-AVE (com media de idade de 57,9?}6,7 anos, escolaridade de 6,7?}3,09 anos e tempo de lesao de 23,4?}17,2 meses) e 20 adultos saudaveis (com media de idade de 55,4?}5,9 anos e escolaridade de 8?}3,7 anos). Todos os sujeitos foram avaliados quanto a independencia funcional (MIF) e estado cognitivo (MEEM), alem da avaliacao neurologica (NIHSS) para os sujeitos pos-AVE. Realizaram em seguida um teste de reconhecimento de atividades de vida di?ria (beber agua e atender telefone) em uma frequencia autocontrolada (grupos PAUTO e CAUTO) ou pre-determinada (P20 e C20). Os pacientes foram avaliados, por um sistema de analise cinematica tridimensional, quando realizavam a atividade de beber agua. A analise estatistica foi realizada atraves do teste Qui-quadrado e t Student. Resultados: Nao houve diferenca quanto ao numero de acertos entre os grupos de frequencias autocontrolada e pre-determinada (p?0,005), nem entre os grupos de pacientes e os controles (p?0,005). A velocidade media (PAUTO: 141,1mm/s e P20: 141,6mm/s) e o pico de velocidade (PAUTO: 652,1mm/s e P20: 598,6mm/s) dos sujeitos pos-AVE estavam diminuidos, assim como, a angulacao do cotovelo (PAUTO: 66,60 e 124,40 e P20: 66,30 e 128,50 extensao e flex?o respectivamente) em relacao aos dados da literatura. Conclus?es: O desempenho no teste de reconhecimento de atividades funcionais foi semelhante entre as praticas com frequencia autocontrolada e com frequencia pre-determinada sugerindo que ambas as tecnicas podem ser utilizadas para se trabalhar a aprendizagem motora em pacientes com sequelas cronicas de AVE

abstract: Recently, a student in a Maricopa County, Arizona area school district drowned during a physical education class, resulting in a heightened awareness of school aquatics safety guidelines. The goal of this study was to use Wenger's idea of nurturing a Community of Practice (CoP) with the existing physical education CoP at GFJRHS (school pseudonym), to examine the current curriculum and enhance the program and safety standards. The study duration was a five-week period; the participants were 7th grade males. This action research addressed the following questions: 1.)To what extent does the new swim curriculum increase students' (a) self-efficacy for swimming, (b) self-efficacy for water safety, (c) perception of swim skills, and (d) perception of water safety skills? 2.) How, and to what extent, do students value different observational learning techniques presented during the swim unit? 3.) To what extent does the new swim curriculum increase students' swimming capabilities? 4.) How does working as a Community of Practice influence implementing an enhanced swim curriculum? 5.) What challenges and improvements do participants report during the enhanced curriculum? A triangulation mixed methods design was used to determine whether observational learning techniques and mini aquatics safety lessons incorporated into the curriculum improved students' swimming ability, self-efficacy, and safety knowledge. Pre-and post-test swim assessments, pre- and post-test surveys, focus group interviews and researcher journal observations provided data for the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to integrate the strengths of the varied forms of research. Cronbach's coefficient α was computed for the reliability of the survey and a multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine whether the new swim curriculum increased students' self-efficacy for swimming, self-efficacy for water safety, perception of swim skills, perception of water safety skills, and swimming capabilities. Results of this study indicated students' self-efficacy and perception of water safety skills increased, students' ability and perception of swimming skills increased, students valued all observational learning techniques, and teachers felt that functioning as a CoP was crucial to the process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2014

L’apprentissage social améliore les performances non seulement chez l’homme et les primates non humains, mais aussi chez un grand nombre d’espèces. Chez le singe, les corrélats neuronaux de l’apprentissage individuel sont parfaitement connus, mais ceux de l’apprentissage social font cependant défaut, en partie à cause des conditions dans lesquelles il a été étudié, jusqu’à maintenant et qui n’étaient pas compatibles avec les enregistrements neuronaux. Ce travail aborde deux questions d’actualité : Les singes peuvent-ils apprendre par observation dans les conditions contraignantes de l’électrophysiologie ? L’apprentissage social est-il médié par les mêmes mécanismes et circuits cérébraux que l’apprentissage individuel par renforcement ? Nos résultats ont montré que les singes apprennent plus rapidement de l’expérience du model que de leur propre expérience, et que le bénéfice est plus important après observation des erreurs que des succès. L’activité neuronale du cortex préfrontal est modulée de façon parallèle aux résultats comportementaux. Nous proposons que l’apprentissage associatif, qu’il soit basé sur l’expérience individuelle ou celle d’autrui, implique les mêmes réseaux cérébraux incluant les cortex préfrontal, et qu’il est probablement médié par les mêmes mécanismes neuronaux de la prédiction de l’erreur durant l’apprentissage par renforcement. / Social learning improves the performance not only in humans and non-human primates, but in a host of animal species as well. In monkeys, the neuronal correlates of individual learning are well understood, but those of social learning are lacking partly because it has been addressed, so far, in conditions not compatible with neuronal recordings. Do monkeys learn by observation under the constraining conditions of electrophysiology? Is social learning mediated by the same brain circuits and mechanisms as individual, reinforcement based learning? This work addressed these two timely questions. Our findings showed that monkeys learn faster from the model’s experience than from their own experience, and that they benefit more from observed errors than from successes. Neuronal processing of observed errors in the prefrontal cortex parallels this behavioral result. We suggest that associative learning, whether based on individual or others’ experience, involves the same brain networks including prefrontal cortex, and is probably mediated by the same neuronal mechanisms of error prediction during reinforcement-based learning.

The goal of the study was to explore the effect of role models on the self efficacy of the child in the middle childhood years. The focus of the study was on the middle childhood or school years, a critical developmental stage with a proliferation of socialization agents – role models. The researcher was interested in the effect that observational learning (modelling) had on the socialization of the child and more specifically on his/her developing self efficacy beliefs. The researcher identified the lack of relevant literature pertaining to children and relating to the South African context. The rapidly changing global environment and pervasive media exposure of modern living begged investigation regarding the effects on the child. A qualitative approach was used in the study in gaining subjective, experiential rich data from the child’s perspective. A phenomenological research strategy was used as the researcher sought the meaning that the children attach to role models in their lived experience. Applied research characterized the research study. The researcher hoped to enhance the existing available data by adding insight in understanding the child’s subjective experiences, insight that would be of assistance to teachers, parents and helping professionals. - Unstructured one-on-one interviews were chosen as the method of data collection. Eight respondents, four boys and four girls, were selected through purposive, non-probability sampling method with the aim at eliciting relevant and rich data. The theory of social learning proposed by Bandura (1963, 1986) formed the basis of the study. This theory underscores observational learning – both direct tuition and vicarious reinforcement – as the powerful vehicle of socialization of a child. Thus, role models are agents of observational learning; modelling attitudes, values, norms, beliefs and behaviours for ensuing emulation. Self efficacy beliefs are a self evaluation of the individual’s capabilities. These beliefs fuel action since an individual will act and achieve success in accordance with this evaluation. The findings of the study highlighted the effect of significant relationships, role models, on the efficacy beliefs of the child. Peer feedback, acknowledgment and vicarious reinforcement provided by peer relationships was seen as influential in colouring the efficacy beliefs of the respondents. Teacher efficacy was seen as an important factor influencing future learning and the child’s academic success. A relationship that was seen to hold great significance was the parent-child relationship. Parent reaction to the child’s achievement – their praise, motivation and validation – was a crucial factor impacting the efficacy beliefs of the child. The researcher found a general lack of awareness of media influences. Role models are selected, observed, evaluated and integrated by the child as an active member of his/her social world. In conclusion, role models were seen as key figures in the developing efficacy beliefs of the child. Self efficacy beliefs govern the achievement and success of the child. These beliefs are a learned self evaluation. The study highlighted that not all role models have the same significance for the child, hold the same influence. Moreover, observational learning is both direct and indirect, including negative and positive models. / Dissertation (MSD (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted