O tratamento de canal ideal compreende a desinfecção e selamento do sistema de canais radiculares, de forma a impedir a reinfecção e permitir o reparo dos tecidos periapicais. Para isso é necessário o emprego de materiais que promovam um perfeito selamento, o que até o presente momento não foi completamente alcançado. O objetivo do presente estudo in vitro foi desenvolver um cimento endodôntico à base de resina de glicerol salicilato e α-fosfato tricálcico (αTCP), que apresente potencial de estimular a deposição mineral. Os cimentos foram formulados a partir de 70% em massa de uma resina de glicerol salicilato, obtida a partir da reação de transesterificação do salicilato de metila com o glicerol, e 30% em massa de carga inorgânica, composta de hidróxido de cálcio e αTCP, em diferentes proporções: 30% Ca(OH)2, 25% Ca(OH)2 + 5% αTCP, 20% Ca(OH)2 + 10% αTCP, 15% Ca(OH)2 + 15% αTCP. A resina sintetizada foi caracterizada por cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho, ressonância magnética de prótons e espectroscopia Raman. Os cimentos foram caracterizados quanto ao tempo de presa, degradação in vitro, potencial de alcalinização do meio, citotoxicidade e capacidade de estimular a deposição mineral. A resina de glicerol salicilato foi obtida por meio da reação de transesterificação, com 72% de rendimento. Os grupos avaliados apresentaram um tempo de presa de 240 min a 405 min e capacidade de alcalinizar o meio. Além disso, o aumento na concentração de αTCP diminuiu a degradação dos cimentos. A viabilidade celular após 48 h de contato direto com os cimentos experimentais não apresentou diferença quando comparada a um cimento obturador comercial (AH Plus) usado como referência. Os cimentos contendo 10% e 15% de αTCP exibiram a presença de uma camada superficial rica em fosfatos de cálcio após a imersão em água e simulated body fluid (SBF) por sete dias, verificada por espectroscopia Raman e MEV-EDS. Os resultados mostraram êxito no desenvolvimento do cimento endodôntico bioativo à base de resina de glicerol salicilato e α-fosfato tricálcico. / Dental root canal treatment comprises the disinfection and complete filling of root canals in order to prevent the reinfection and allows the healing of periapical tissues. The use of materials that promotes an effective sealing has no achieved at the moment. The aim of this in vitro study was to develop a root canal sealer based on a glycerol salicylate resin and α-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) that presents potential to stimulate mineral deposition. Sealers were formulated based on 70wt% of a glycerol salicylate resin, obtained by transesterification of methyl salicylate and glycerol, and 30wt% of inorganic filler, composed by calcium hydroxide and αTCP, in different proportions: 30% Ca(OH)2, 25% Ca(OH)2 + 5% αTCP, 20% Ca(OH)2 + 10% αTCP, 15% Ca(OH)2 + 15% αTCP. Synthesized resin was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and Raman spectroscopy. Sealers were characterized based on setting time, in vitro degradation over time, pH, cytotoxicity and mineral deposition. The glycerol salicylate resin was obtained by transesterification reaction, with 72% yield. Sealers presented setting time ranging from 240 min to 405 min, and basic pH over 8.21 after 28 days. Higher αTCP concentration leads to sealers with low solubility. Cell viability after 48 h in direct contact with sealers was similar to a commercial sealer (AH Plus) used as reference. The 10% and 15% αTCP sealers exhibited a calcium-phosphate layer on its surface after immersion in water and simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days, verified by Raman spectroscopy and MEV-EDX. The bioactive root canal sealer based on glycerol salicylate resin containing αTCP was successfully developed.

Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da presença do cimento endodôntico e agente cimentante na retenção de pinos de fibra. Metodologia: Cento e oitenta dentes extraídos foram divididos em dois grupos (n=90) de acordo com a forma de obturação: condensação lateral ou obturação apenas do terço apical. Cada um destes grupos foi subdividido em três grupos (n=10) de acordo com o cimento utilizado para a obturação (AH Plus, Endofil e MTAFillapex). Os cimentos foram manipulados e acrescidos de corante Rodamina B na proporção de 0,1% para possibilitar visualização através da microscopia confocal a laser. Quinze dias após a obturação, estes dentes foram preparados para a cimentação do pino de fibra (Reforpost Angelus) com os cimentos RelyX ARC (ARC), U200 e Gold Label Cement Lining (GL). Os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente para obtenção de fatias com 1mm de espessura e submetidos à microscopia confocal a laser para verificar a penetração do cimento endodôntico nos túbulos dentinários, posteriormente ao teste de push-out. O padrão de falha foi analisado em esteromicroscópio e imagens representativas foram feitas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os valores de resistência de união em MPa de acordo com a técnica de obturação foram analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Os valores de resistência de união dos grupos experimentais foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e post hoc de Dunn, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre as formas de obturação (P>0,05). O tipo de cimento obturador influenciou a resistência de união, e o cimento MTA-Fillapex apresentou valores de resistência de união significativamente inferiores ao AH Plus (P<0,05). Os grupos que utilizaram GL para cimentação dos pinos de fibra de vidro apresentaram valores para o teste de push-out superiores aos cimentos resinosos (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre o ARC e o U200 (P > 0,05). Conclusões: Valores de resistência de união mais altos foram observados quando os pinos de fibra foram cimentados com cimento GL . Os padrões de falha mistas foram predominantes e ocorreram em todos os grupos experimentais. / Aim: Evaluate the influence of the endodontic sealer and luting cements on the fiber post bond strength. Methodology: One hundred and eighty extracted teeth were assigned to two groups, considering the root filling technique: lateral condensation or root filling of the apical portion only. Each group were divided into three groups (n=10) according the sealer applied (AH Plus, Endofill or MTA-Fillapex). Rhodamine B was mixed to the sealer in a ratio of 0,1% in order to provide adequate fluorescence assessed by confocal microscopy. Fifty days after root canal filling, post-space preparation were performed with luting cements: RelyX ARC (ARC), U200 and Gold Label Cement Lining (GL). One thick slices were produced and submitted to confocal miscroscopy to assessed sealer penetration into dentinal tubules, and than submitted to push-out test. The failure modes were analysed in stereomicroscope and representative images were obtained in a scanning electron microscope. Push-out strength values of the root filling technique were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. Push-out strength values of experimental groups were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn´s post hoc test at significance level 5%. Results: No significant difference was observed (P>0.05) between the root filling technique. The type of endodontic sealer influenced the push-out bond strength, and MTA-Fillapex sealers presents lower bond strength values than AH Plus (P<0.05). Fiber posts cemented with GL presented higher push-out bond strength than resin cements (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between ARC and U200 (P>0.05). Conclusions: Fiber posts showed higher bond strength values when cemented with GL. Mixed failures were predominant and occurred in all the experimental groups.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram desenvolver e caracterizar um compósito para obturação endodôntica à base de guta-percha e vidro niobofosfato. Foi avaliado a resistência de união à dentina radicular do compósito experimental, da guta EndoSequence BC, ambos sem o uso de cimento além do cimento AH Plus associado a guta-percha através do ensaio de push-out. A análise dos padrões de fratura foi realizada com auxílio de MEV. Análises usando EDX and MEV-EDS foram realizadas para verificar a composição e distribuição das partículas de vidro na superfície e no interior da matriz de guta-percha dos materiais testados. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey, sendo considerado significante quando p < 0,05. Foi avaliado também a influência do compósito experimental, do vidro niobofosfatos bioativo, diferentes tipos de gutapercha e hidroxiapatita na adesão e formação de biofilme por bactérias orais com coloração Live/dead usando um microscópio confocal à laser. O biofilme multiespécies foi formado na superfície de discos de hidroxiapatita - HA, vidro niobofosfato - VNB, guta-percha Obtura - OBT, guta-percha Protaper - PTP, EndoSequence BC guta-percha - GBC e o compósito experimental guta-percha associado com o vidro niobofosfato - GNB. O biovolume total (mm3), biovolume de bacterias viáveis (mm3), e porcentagem de bactérias viáveis (%) foram quantificados. As diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas usando ANOVA de dois fatores e teste de Tukey para contraste de médias (=0,05). Os materiais testados foram imersos em PBS e o pH das soluções foi avaliado. Os materiais foram imersos em água deionizada e as soluções foram analisadas em ICP-OES (Espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma acoplado indutivamente) para determinar a liberação de diferentes elementos químicos. AH Plus e o material experimental não mostraram diferença estatística significante na resistência de união à dentina (2,83 MPa e 2,68 MPa respectivamente). Já o material Guta EndoSequence BC apresentou o menor valor de resistência de união (1,34 MPa) com diferença estatística significante em comparação aos demais grupos (p < 0,05). Os grupos GNB, GBC e VNB apresentaram os menores valores de biovolume total em 30 dias. Os maiores valores de biovolume viável em 30 dias de incubação em ordem decrescente foram: HA; PTP e OBT; GBC e VNB e finalmente GNB. Com relação a porcentagem de biovolume viável o material experimental GNB apresentou os menores valores para 3 e 30 dias enquanto o VNB apresentou o menor valor para 14 dias com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos demais grupos (p < 0,05). O material experimental GNB apresentou o maior valor de pH após 30 dias de imersão em PBS e maior liberação de Zn em todos os períodos analisados quando comparado aos demais grupos e maior liberação de Ca aos 14 e 30 dias semelhante ao grupo GBC, o qual liberou mais Si comparado aos demais grupos nos períodos de 14 e 30 dias. O material obturador experimental mostrou habilidade em aderir à dentina radicular de maneira similar à obturação convencional com guta-percha e cimento (Ah Plus) e foi capaz de inibir a formação de biofilme microbianos quando comparado a HA e guta-percha convencionais. / The objectives of this study were to develop and characterize a composite for endodontic obturation based gutta-percha and niobium phosphate glass. The study evaluated the composites micropush-out bond strength to root dentine of the experimental gutta-percha and niobium phosphate glass composite applied with thermoplastic technique to the root canals without sealer in a moist environment and compare to the conventional root canal obturation Ah Plus and gutta-percha, and a commercial bioceramic gutta without sealer. Additionally, the cores materials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopic/Energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDX) analysis. The failure mode was analyzed with SEM. Analysis using EDX and SEMEDS was carried out to verify the composition and distribution of the particles of the tested materials. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukeys test (p < 0,05). Also was analysed the influence of different types of gutta-percha and bioactive niobium phosphate glass on the adherence and biofilm formation by oral bacteria from human dental plaque with Live/dead staining assay using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The multispecies biofilm was grown from plaque bacteria on discs of hydroxyapatite - HA, niobium phosphate bioactive glass- VNB, Obtura pellets - OBT, Protaper gutta-percha - PTP, EndoSequence BC gutta-percha - GBC and gutta-percha associated with niobium phosphate glass - GNB in brain-heart infusion broth for 3,14 and 30 days. After the growth induction periods, specimens were stained by using Live/Dead, and the images were analyzed under a CLSM. The total biovolume (mm3), viable biovolume (mm3), and Live percentage (%) were quantified. Biofilm structure was visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The materials were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the pH in the solutions was monitored. The materials were also immersed in deionized water and the solutions were analyzed with ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - optical emission spectrometry) to determine elemental release. AH Plus and GNB groups showed bond strengths of 2,83 MPa and 2,68 MPa respectively, with no statistically significant difference between them (p > 0,05). GBC group had the lowest bond strength average (1,34 MPa), which was a statistically significant difference compared to the other groups (p < 0,05). Groups GBC, GNB and VNB presented the lowest total biovolume values in 30 days. The highest viable biovolume values in 30 days of incubation, in decreasing order, were as follows: HA; PTP and OBT; GBC and VNB and finally GNB. As regards live percentage, the experimental material GNB presented the lowest values at 3 and 30 days, while VNB presented the lowest value at 14 days, with statistically significant difference in comparison with the other groups (P < 0,05). The experimental material GNB presented the highest pH value after 30 days of immersion in PBS, and greatest Zn release in all the time intervals analyzed when compared with the other groups; and the greatest Ca release at 14 and 30 days, similar to Group GBC, which released a larger quantity of Si when compared with the other groups in the time intervals of 14 and 30 days. The experimental root filling composite (GNB) showed an ability to adhere to root dentine equal to the current gold standard root filling with gutta-percha and sealer (Ah Plus) and was able to inhibit the formation of microbial biofilm when compared to HA and conventional gutta-percha.

Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da presença do cimento endodôntico e agente cimentante na retenção de pinos de fibra. Metodologia: Cento e oitenta dentes extraídos foram divididos em dois grupos (n=90) de acordo com a forma de obturação: condensação lateral ou obturação apenas do terço apical. Cada um destes grupos foi subdividido em três grupos (n=10) de acordo com o cimento utilizado para a obturação (AH Plus, Endofil e MTAFillapex). Os cimentos foram manipulados e acrescidos de corante Rodamina B na proporção de 0,1% para possibilitar visualização através da microscopia confocal a laser. Quinze dias após a obturação, estes dentes foram preparados para a cimentação do pino de fibra (Reforpost Angelus) com os cimentos RelyX ARC (ARC), U200 e Gold Label Cement Lining (GL). Os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente para obtenção de fatias com 1mm de espessura e submetidos à microscopia confocal a laser para verificar a penetração do cimento endodôntico nos túbulos dentinários, posteriormente ao teste de push-out. O padrão de falha foi analisado em esteromicroscópio e imagens representativas foram feitas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os valores de resistência de união em MPa de acordo com a técnica de obturação foram analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Os valores de resistência de união dos grupos experimentais foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e post hoc de Dunn, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre as formas de obturação (P>0,05). O tipo de cimento obturador influenciou a resistência de união, e o cimento MTA-Fillapex apresentou valores de resistência de união significativamente inferiores ao AH Plus (P<0,05). Os grupos que utilizaram GL para cimentação dos pinos de fibra de vidro apresentaram valores para o teste de push-out superiores aos cimentos resinosos (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre o ARC e o U200 (P > 0,05). Conclusões: Valores de resistência de união mais altos foram observados quando os pinos de fibra foram cimentados com cimento GL . Os padrões de falha mistas foram predominantes e ocorreram em todos os grupos experimentais. / Aim: Evaluate the influence of the endodontic sealer and luting cements on the fiber post bond strength. Methodology: One hundred and eighty extracted teeth were assigned to two groups, considering the root filling technique: lateral condensation or root filling of the apical portion only. Each group were divided into three groups (n=10) according the sealer applied (AH Plus, Endofill or MTA-Fillapex). Rhodamine B was mixed to the sealer in a ratio of 0,1% in order to provide adequate fluorescence assessed by confocal microscopy. Fifty days after root canal filling, post-space preparation were performed with luting cements: RelyX ARC (ARC), U200 and Gold Label Cement Lining (GL). One thick slices were produced and submitted to confocal miscroscopy to assessed sealer penetration into dentinal tubules, and than submitted to push-out test. The failure modes were analysed in stereomicroscope and representative images were obtained in a scanning electron microscope. Push-out strength values of the root filling technique were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. Push-out strength values of experimental groups were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn´s post hoc test at significance level 5%. Results: No significant difference was observed (P>0.05) between the root filling technique. The type of endodontic sealer influenced the push-out bond strength, and MTA-Fillapex sealers presents lower bond strength values than AH Plus (P<0.05). Fiber posts cemented with GL presented higher push-out bond strength than resin cements (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between ARC and U200 (P>0.05). Conclusions: Fiber posts showed higher bond strength values when cemented with GL. Mixed failures were predominant and occurred in all the experimental groups.

O tratamento de canal ideal compreende a desinfecção e selamento do sistema de canais radiculares, de forma a impedir a reinfecção e permitir o reparo dos tecidos periapicais. Para isso é necessário o emprego de materiais que promovam um perfeito selamento, o que até o presente momento não foi completamente alcançado. O objetivo do presente estudo in vitro foi desenvolver um cimento endodôntico à base de resina de glicerol salicilato e α-fosfato tricálcico (αTCP), que apresente potencial de estimular a deposição mineral. Os cimentos foram formulados a partir de 70% em massa de uma resina de glicerol salicilato, obtida a partir da reação de transesterificação do salicilato de metila com o glicerol, e 30% em massa de carga inorgânica, composta de hidróxido de cálcio e αTCP, em diferentes proporções: 30% Ca(OH)2, 25% Ca(OH)2 + 5% αTCP, 20% Ca(OH)2 + 10% αTCP, 15% Ca(OH)2 + 15% αTCP. A resina sintetizada foi caracterizada por cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho, ressonância magnética de prótons e espectroscopia Raman. Os cimentos foram caracterizados quanto ao tempo de presa, degradação in vitro, potencial de alcalinização do meio, citotoxicidade e capacidade de estimular a deposição mineral. A resina de glicerol salicilato foi obtida por meio da reação de transesterificação, com 72% de rendimento. Os grupos avaliados apresentaram um tempo de presa de 240 min a 405 min e capacidade de alcalinizar o meio. Além disso, o aumento na concentração de αTCP diminuiu a degradação dos cimentos. A viabilidade celular após 48 h de contato direto com os cimentos experimentais não apresentou diferença quando comparada a um cimento obturador comercial (AH Plus) usado como referência. Os cimentos contendo 10% e 15% de αTCP exibiram a presença de uma camada superficial rica em fosfatos de cálcio após a imersão em água e simulated body fluid (SBF) por sete dias, verificada por espectroscopia Raman e MEV-EDS. Os resultados mostraram êxito no desenvolvimento do cimento endodôntico bioativo à base de resina de glicerol salicilato e α-fosfato tricálcico. / Dental root canal treatment comprises the disinfection and complete filling of root canals in order to prevent the reinfection and allows the healing of periapical tissues. The use of materials that promotes an effective sealing has no achieved at the moment. The aim of this in vitro study was to develop a root canal sealer based on a glycerol salicylate resin and α-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) that presents potential to stimulate mineral deposition. Sealers were formulated based on 70wt% of a glycerol salicylate resin, obtained by transesterification of methyl salicylate and glycerol, and 30wt% of inorganic filler, composed by calcium hydroxide and αTCP, in different proportions: 30% Ca(OH)2, 25% Ca(OH)2 + 5% αTCP, 20% Ca(OH)2 + 10% αTCP, 15% Ca(OH)2 + 15% αTCP. Synthesized resin was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and Raman spectroscopy. Sealers were characterized based on setting time, in vitro degradation over time, pH, cytotoxicity and mineral deposition. The glycerol salicylate resin was obtained by transesterification reaction, with 72% yield. Sealers presented setting time ranging from 240 min to 405 min, and basic pH over 8.21 after 28 days. Higher αTCP concentration leads to sealers with low solubility. Cell viability after 48 h in direct contact with sealers was similar to a commercial sealer (AH Plus) used as reference. The 10% and 15% αTCP sealers exhibited a calcium-phosphate layer on its surface after immersion in water and simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days, verified by Raman spectroscopy and MEV-EDX. The bioactive root canal sealer based on glycerol salicylate resin containing αTCP was successfully developed.

Orientador: Juliane Maria Guerreiro Tanomaru / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o preparo com instrumentos de níquel-titânio tratados termicamente em movimento rotatório ou reciprocante e a associação com inserto ultrassônico e capacidade de preenchimento pelas técnicas híbrida de Tagger ou cone único empregando o cimento Bio-C Sealer em canais radiculares achatados. Metodologia: Canais distais achatados de molares inferiores com diâmetro vestíbulo-lingual igual ou maior que 4 vezes o diâmetro mésio-distal foram preparados (n=12) por Reciproc Blue (RB) R40 em movimento reciprocante ou ProDesign Logic (PDL) 40.01 e 40.05 em movimento rotatório. Etapa complementar de instrumentação foi realizada com inserto ultrassônico Flatsonic nos dois grupos. Os canais foram obturados (n=12) pela técnica híbrida de Tagger ou cone único com o cimento Bio-C Sealer. Escaneamentos em resolução de 8,74 µm foram realizados em microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT) antes e após todas as etapas experimentais. Percentual de aumento volumétrico, debris e superfície não instrumentada foram analisados para as etapas de preparo e percentual de falhas para obturação. Testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey, teste t pareado e não pareado foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Publicação 1 – Resultados: O percentual de aumento volumétrico, debris e superfície não instrumentada foi semelhante entre RB e PDL na extensão total do canal (P>0,05). PDL promoveu menor percentual de debris no terço cervical e menor percentual de aumento volumétrico no terço apical ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Orientador: Mario Tanomaru Filho / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o preparo empregando dois sistemas rotatórios de níquel-titânio tratados termicamente e efeito do novo inserto ultrassônico e instrumento de menor diâmetro e a capacidade de preenchimento dos cimentos Bio-C Sealer ou AH Plus pela técnica de cone único em canais radiculares achatados de segundos pré-molares superiores. Metodologia: Canais radiculares achatados de segundos pré-molares superiores humanos com diâmetro vestíbulo-lingual igual ou maior que 4 vezes o diâmetro mésio-distal foram preparados com sistemas rotatórios(n=16): ProDesign Logic (PDL) 30.01 e 30.05 ou HyFlex EDM (HEDM) 10.05 e 25.08. Etapa do preparo complementar foi realizada com inserto ultrassônico Flatsonic (terço cervical e médio) e PDL 25.03 (terço apical) (FPDL) em ambos os grupos. Os canais radiculares foram obturados (n=16) com o cimento Bio-C Sealer ou AH Plus pela técnica de cone único. Escaneamentos em resolução de 8,74 µm foram realizados em microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT) antes e após as etapas experimentais. Percentual de aumento volumétrico, debris e superfície não instrumentada foram analisados para as etapas de preparo e percentual de falhas para obturação. Os testes estatísticos específicos para o preparo e obturação foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Publicação 1 – Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística entre PDL e HEDM para o aumento de volume, debris e superfície não instrumentada no canal como um todo (P>0,05). PDL obteve maior percentual... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate root canal preparation using two rotary nickel-titanium systems thermally treated and the effect of ultrasonic tip and small diameter instrument; and the filling capacity of sealers Bio-C Sealer and AH Plus by single cone technique in flattened root canals of maxillary second premolars. Methods: Flattened root canals of human maxillary second premolars with buccolingual diameter 4 or more times larger than the mesiodistal diameter were prepared with rotary systems (n=16): ProDesign Logic (PDL) 30.01 e 30.05 or HyFlex EDM (HEDM) 10.05 e 25.08. Complementary preparation step was performed with ultrasonic tip Flatsonic (cervical and middle thirds) and PDL 25.03 (apical third) (FPDL) in both groups. The root canals were filled (n=16) with Bio-C Sealer or AH Plus by single cone technique. Scanning in resolution of 8,74 µm were performed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) before and after the experimental steps. Percentage of increase in volume, debris and uninstrumented surface were analysed for the preparation steps and percentage of voids for obturation. The statistical tests specific to preparation and obturation analyses were performed with a significance level of 5%. Publication 1 - Results: There was no statistically difference between PDL and HEDM for volume increase, debris and uninstrumented surface, in entire canal (P>0,05). PDL showed higher debris in the middle and apical thirds than HEDM (P<0,05). The FPDL protocol ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / INTRODUCTION: New sealers have been placed on the market to improve the property of a hermetic seal within the root canal and decrease the gap between the gutta-percha and dentin wall. Differences in the adhesive properties of endodontic sealers may be expected because their interaction with either dentin or gutta-percha may vary with their chemical composition. No specific interaction either with dentin or gutta-percha is expected from the setting reaction of calcium hydroxide based sealers and the epoxy-based sealers. The setting reaction of the zinc oxide-eugenol mixtures is a chelation reaction occurring with the zinc ion of the zinc oxide. Development and maintenance of the seal are essential to optimize the long-term success rate of root canal treatment. An ideal endodontic sealer should, in part, adhere firmly both to dentin and gutta-percha. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sealing properties of EndoSequence BC sealer TM ,a bioceramic sealer, and Roth’s sealer using gutta-percha with warm vertical condensation and using the single cone technique with the EndoSequence BC sealer only. The goal is to see if there is a significant difference in microleakage between teeth sealed with the bioceramic sealer and teeth sealed with Roth’s sealer. MATERIALS & METHODS: Eighty-five single-rooted maxillary anterior teeth were used for this study. Endodontic cleaning and shaping of each root canal system was accomplished using K-type hand files and NiTi Rotary files. Group A consisted of twenty-seven anterior teeth, which were obturated using EndoSequence BC sealer and gutta-percha with System B and Obtura. Another twenty-seven anterior teeth, Group B, was obturated using Roth’s sealer and gutta-percha with System B and Obtura. A final group, Group C with 27 teeth was obturated using the single cone technique by means of a single gutta-percha point with Endosequence BC sealer. Two teeth were used as a positive control group, and two other teeth as a negative control group. A microbial leakage apparatus was constructed using a similar two-chamber method described by Torabinejad et al. E. faecalis ATCC 29212 was the test bacteria which was used in this study to determine microleakage The outcome of interest (bacterial turbidity) and time-to-leakage (in days), will be determined for each of the samples. Survival analysis will be used to compare the two groups, with a Kaplan-Meier plot to visualize the results and a nonparametric log-rank test for the group comparison RESULTS: No microleakage was observed in the negative control or group B. Microleakage was observed in all the positive control. Group A and C had a significantly higher proportion of samples with microleakage than group B (p<0.0001), but group A and C were not significantly different from each other (p=0.50). Time to microleakage was also significantly lower in group A and C than group B (p<0.0001), but group A and C were not significantly different from each other (p=0.37). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, using E. faecalis as our test bacteria, the microleakage of canals obturated with gutta percha and Roth's sealer was significantly less than canals obturated with gutta percha and EndoSequence BC sealer.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Root canal therapy is a recommended treatment for apical periodontitis. Root canal failure can occur as a result of microbial leakage. Resilon, a resin based root canal obturating cone material introduced in 2004 attempts to minimize leakage by a unique bonding method of the resin sealer to both the core material and to the dentin of the canal walls. Resilon has no bactericidal or antimicrobial effect15. Furthermore, it has been shown that Resilon is susceptible to alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis as well as bacterial degradation.73, 184-186 It has been suggested that Resilon may be susceptible to degradation by microorganisms found in the infected root canal space. This work focuses on the susceptibility of root canal obturating materials to be degraded by endodontic pathogens seen in root canal treated teeth with apical periodontitis. The aim of this study was to determine if Resilon could be degraded by selected pathogenic bacteria found in the infected root canal system, and if this degradation is more severe than with gutta-percha, a conventional obturating material. P. intermedia, E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa, known endodontic pathogens were inoculated on discs of obturating material (Resilon or gutta-percha) mounted on a platform and placed in wells containing TSB incubated at 37°C under aerobic conditions. The discs were polished, examined by SEM, profilometry, and elemental analysis prior to inoculation to establish a baseline, and were then re-examined by these methods one month after inoculation. The overall results were inconclusive; and using these methods it cannot be determined that the selected bacteria can degrade Resilon. An ideal future study would utilize SEM with gold coated samples as well as atomic force microscopy to evaluate for changes in topographical features of these obturating materials. A notable finding was that Resilon turns black when exposed to bacteria, and the significance of this finding should be addressed in future studies.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: One of the challenges of non-surgical root canal treatment (NSRCT) is determining the working length of the canal which indicates the exact end point of root canal preparation and obturation. The development of the Electronic Apex Locator (EAL) has helped the clinician to determine the location of the apical foramen, and hence the working length, when performing NSRCT. Objective: The objective of this in vitro study was to determine the accuracy of a new EAL, the E-PEX (Changzhou Eighteeth Medical Technology Co., China), and compare it to a commonly used EAL, the Root ZX II (J. Morita Corp, Kyoto, Japan), for determining the location of the apical foramen. Materials and Methods: Twenty extracted single rooted teeth were used in this study. The crowns were removed and the distance from a coronal reference point to the apical foramen was measured utilizing a k-file and direct visualization under magnification. Teeth were then mounted in alginate and measurements for the apical foramen were made using the Root ZX II and the E-PEX. The difference between the actual canal length and the electronic length was then calculated and compared. Results: The mean true difference was -0.20, and -0.19 for the E-PEX and Root ZX II respectively. The mean absolute difference was 0.28, and 0.26 for the E-PEX and Root ZX II respectively. Paired t-tests done separately for true differences (p = 0.45) and absolute differences (p = 0.21) showed no significant difference among EALs. The percentage of measurements falling within 0.5 mm of the actual canal lengths for each EAL were 95% and 90% for the E-PEX and Root ZX II respectively. McNemar’s test was used to compare between the two test methods for the percentage within 0.5 mm and revealed no significant difference (p = 0.32). Conclusion: The Root ZX II had an average measurement that was slightly closer to the actual length of the canal when compared to the E-PEX, while the E-PEX had a higher percentage of measurement within 0.5 mm of the apical foramen. However, these differences were not statistically significant.