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I examined how dual-earner households manage the often-competing demands of work and family life through an in-depth analysis of time allocated to housework and child care while testing the theories of gender display and economic dependency. I developed new measures for occupational nurturance and authority and applied these measures to the housework and child care literature by conducting a series of replication studies. My work supports the relationship between employment characteristics and remaining gender inequalities in unpaid household labor. I was able to shed light on how dual-earner households attempt to manage the complicated work-family time bind, while adding to the field of replication studies in quantitative sociology. I constructed new measures for occupational nurturance and authority to offer alternative ways to assess occupational traits that were not mutually exclusive or dichotomous. I conducted year fixed effects multilevel models of General Social Survey (GSS) respondents nested within occupations. Using these models, I constructed empirical Bayes (EB) estimates of the occupational effects and aggregated the data set at the occupation-level for easy merging to any data set using Census occupation codes. I showed the utility of my new measures by merging them to the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and American Time Use Survey (ATUS) for further analysis. I found overwhelming support for gender conventionality for married men and women working in gender atypical occupations who displayed less stereotypical gendered behavior at home. However, separate from occupational sex composition, my findings also provided support for the influence of gender ideology on married men and women’s gendered display of housework at home. For child care, I found consistent and overwhelming support for fathers’ and mothers’ time spent with children and economic dependency’s time availability perspective. These results illuminated the “time crunch” that dual-earners face as they juggle work and family obligations. Across both studies of unpaid household labor, the overall findings suggest a gendered picture. Married women completed more housework than married men, and mothers completed more child care than fathers. The housework findings were further supported by gender ideology, or that those with more traditional views on housework and family life completed more traditionally gendered housework tasks. Although, my findings also suggested more nuanced housework for those in gender atypical workplaces in support of gender conventionality. Finally, even though I found strong support for economic dependency’s time availability perspective for time spent with children in dual-earner households, mothers still completed more child care than fathers regardless of all other factors further highlighting a stalled revolution for working mothers. Women made strides in the workplace, but still faced gendered unpaid household labor at home. Throughout my studies, I added new measures to the field and I built on the great work of leaders in the field of housework and child care through replication. I conducted robustness and generalizability checks of prior work and made a case for replication studies in quantitative sociology. / Sociology

An important part of almost every student‟s high school experience is participation in an extracurricular activity. Many schools encourage their students to participate in these voluntary activities because they build skills that may not be taught in the classroom, but may be important in becoming successful in school and in the community. Extracurricular activities put students in leadership positions, teach them team work, and can instill a confidence in their abilities. Previous research has shown that participation in extracurricular activities in high school can affect labor market conditions and educational achievements, but few studies have differentiated the impacts of different types of extracurricular activities on earnings and educational attainment. This paper examines the academic and labor market effects of participating in a performing arts activity in high school. The arts are of particular interest because the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 lists it as a core academic course. The core courses are believed to increase the academic attainment of students, and are eligible for increased federal funding based on “scientifically-based research” (Arts Education Partnership, 2005; Arts Education Partnership, 2006, p. 4). A major problem in program evaluation is the possibility of selection bias due to the non-randomized way individuals self-select into activities. To reduce the bias, a treatment effects model is estimated using the covariate matching technique. I use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test my hypotheses.

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Gustafsson, Carina. (2005). PRIV – en möjlig studieväg för motiverade elever. (Program aiming individual choice – a manageable way of learning for motivated pupils). Skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärarutbildningen 60 poäng, Lärarutbildningen, Malmö högskola.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka om det är möjligt för elever med studiemisslyckanden i grundskolans kärnämnen att genomföra en gymnasial omvårdnadsutbildning med godkända betyg som resultat. Intervjuer med fem före detta elever från Omvårdnadsprogrammets PRIV-klass genomförs och kompletteras med intervjuer av fyra lärare vilka ansvarar för undervisning i den aktuella klassen. Resultatet visar att eleverna inte alltid är medvetna om vilka undervisningsinsatser som är speciellt anpassade för deras behov. Dessutom visar resultatet att de aktuella lärarna lyckas arbeta med elevgruppen utan specialpedagog i arbetslaget under en stor del av utbildningstiden. Studieresultaten visar att studiemotivation underlättar för eleverna i den undersökta PRIV-klassen att klara sin utbildning väl, med hjälp av genomtänkta lärarinsatser. De intervjuade eleverna är sysselsatta inom vårdyrken sex månader efter avslutad utbildning.Nyckelord: anpassad undervisning, godkänt betyg, motivation, PRIV, sysselsättningCarinaGustafsson AllansroÖsterleden 1301-45270 21 GlemmingebroHandledare: Elna JohanssonExaminator: Lotta Anderson / Gustafsson, Carina. (2005). PRIV – en möjlig studieväg för motiverade elever. (Program aiming individual choice – a manageable way of learning for motivated pupils). Skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärarutbildningen 60 poäng, Lärarutbildningen, Malmö högskola.The aim of this essay is to investigate if it is possible for pupils, who failed in essential subjects in nine-year compulsory school, to pass examination in nursing education. Five ex-pupils from nursing education’s PRIV-class (program aiming individual choice) were interviewed. So were four teachers who had been responsible for the teaching in the class spoken of. The result of the investigation shows that the pupils not always are aware of how teaching methods are specially composed to cover their needs. In addition the result shows that the teachers in question are successful in working with this group of pupils, although a pedagogue specialist not is part of the teaching team during a big part of the time of education. The result of the investigation shows that motivation for studying makes it easier for pupils in the PRIV-class spoken of to end their education with fine grades, if helped with carefully prepared teaching methods. Six months after graduation the ex-pupils are working in nursing or social service.Keywords: adjusted teaching, motivation, occupation, passing examination, PRIV.Carina GustafssonAllansroÖsterleden 1301-45270 21 Glemmingebro Supervisor: Elna JohanssonExaminer: Lotta Anderson

The profession of occupational therapy is widely misunderstood. Other healthcare professionals and clients do not understand the values, scope of practice, or skillset occupational therapy practitioners (OTPs) embody. This leads to OTP burnout and suboptimal patient care. Further, OTPs have assimilated to the practices of other health disciplines which perpetuates the problem. This project proposes a solution to be utilized within a home health setting that addresses the issue from three angles: instruction for other healthcare professionals that is provided at a level commensurate with previous experience and education, education for clients accessible for all levels of general and health literacy, and support for OTPs in the form of updated documentation methods to facilitate a return to occupation-based practice. EKB Model of Consumer Behavior drives the approach, and instruction methods are based on Adult Learning Theory. AOTA’s Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process 4th Edition (OTPF-4) supports the development of documentation to facilitate occupation-based practice. This proposal is the first to provide a comprehensive, theory-driven solution to the issue and this model can easily be adapted to settings outside home health.

Alcohol abuse and illicit drug use in the United States are major concerns of American households, as well as of the White House. This dissertation research evaluates alcohol abuse and controlled drug use by American workers in the context of various individual, organizational, and occupational settings. It tests the importation and organizational stress perspectives, the occupation subculture perspective, and the lifecycle wage compensation theory. The analyses are developed utilizing (1) logistic regression, (2) generalized linear modeling, including Poisson regression and negative binomial regression, (3) weighted modeling estimation, taking the clustering effects of complex survey design into account, and (4) the hierarchical growth curve modeling of intra- and inter-individual differences. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979—1993, the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, and the 1998 National Occupational Information Network (O*NET 98), I find that employees' drinking and controlled drug use behavior are predicted by a number of individual background characteristics, as well as workplace-environment variables. I also find that occupational characteristics influence alcohol and drug using behaviors of workers, although in more complex ways than suggested by much of the organizational stress and occupational subculture literature. It appears that occupations with higher levels of steady employment prospects exert the most significant negative effect on employees' alcohol use, marijuana use, and any illicit drug use, regardless of an employee's age, gender, race, education, and income. It also appears that the etiology of cocaine use is different from that of either alcohol use or other drugs, such as marijuana. Finally, I find that when education and years employed are held constant, employees' current marijuana use is negatively associated with their earnings. No evidence has been found that current alcohol use, current marijuana use, or lifetime cocaine use predicts future growth rates on earnings. Having examined the factors of occupational, organizational, and individual social/demographic characteristics as they influence patterns of alcohol abuse and controlled drug use in multiple large representative samples of the labor force, discussions on the research findings, the implications, the limitations, and the future study directions are presented. / Ph. D.

Woodland-period archaeological sites in the North Central Hills physiographic region of Mississippi appear to be highly variable in occupation size, site function, duration, and occupational intensity. To better understand the occupational history and settlement patterns of such sites, several characteristics of four Woodland-period sites located within the Tombigbee National Forest, Ackerman Unit, Mississippi, are evaluated and compared to a larger, previously investigated site, 22WI516. From the data obtained in the field and laboratory, a determination of the causes of the variability among Woodland-period sites in the study area is attempted. Physiographic constraints appear to underlie much of the variability presented by the archaeological record.

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