Selected aspects of occupational safety and health protection Abstract This thesis focuses on legal regulation of selected aspects of occupational safety and health (OSH) protection in the context of Czech law. This is a classical area of labour law whose importance grows together with the growing complexity of working practices. The aim of the thesis is to provide a description of the current regulation and subsequently to analyse selected aspects related to the educational sector. The thesis is, apart from introduction and conclusion, divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, the historical development of OSH is outlined in order to give context to the consecutive chapters. The following chapter provides an overview of the sources of law, since the area of OSH is heavily influenced by the European as well as the international law and the regulation on the national level is considerably fragmented. In the third chapter attention is paid to the rights and obligations of the employer, which are analogous to the fourth chapter, concerning the rights and obligations of the employees (in the field of occupational safety and health). OSH is closely linked to the risk assessment, which is key to successful implementation of OSH standards and greatly helps to reduce occupational injuries and illnesses....

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da cor em ambientes internos industriais, sendo regidos por legislação e normatização específicas, uma vez que envolvem atividade de trabalho humano. Numa primeira etapa é apresentada pesquisa bibliográfica com intuito de caracterizar as exigências legais que definem o uso da cor para estes ambientes. Identifica-se a legislação relacionada à Segurança do Trabalho, de abrangência nacional -- em conformidade com o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e outras de abrangência mais restrita. Por exemplo, o contexto estadual de São Paulo, que disciplina orientações do Corpo de Bombeiros e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Sob a ótica da Segurança do Trabalho, são avaliadas a aplicação de cores em: máquinas, equipamentos, elementos construtivos, indicação de localização de equipamentos e sinalização de segurança. O uso de vários matizes para situações distintas propicia ao trabalhador o reconhecimento de vários cenários por meio de padronização de informação; possibilitando-lhe tomar ciência da presença de um material e os riscos e perigos a ele relacionados. Paralelamente, o presente estudo compreendeu pesquisa de campo para efeito de registros fotográficos de ambientes de trabalho: isto foi feito para exemplificar os tópicos estudados. Ao considerar a presença do trabalhador, percebe-se que entender visão de cores torna-se primordial para melhor avaliar a eficácia da sinalização e de outras informações relativas à cor existentes no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, foram analisadas a resposta fisiológica do organismo diante da cor para pessoas de visão normal e exigências relativas às atividades ou tarefas desempenhadas pelo trabalhador em condições de exposição à sinalização. Neste percurso foram ainda verificados aspectos relativos à classificação e nomenclatura das cores. Como resultado, a análise sustentou -- ou não --a aplicação de determinado matiz para situações específicas. Nas considerações finais, o foco está na obrigatoriedade do uso da cor relacionado à Segurança e a sinalização recomendada para advertir sobre os riscos existentes, sem considerar a particularidades das atividades e tarefas a serem desempenhadas e as características de cada indivíduo. Conclui-se que quanto mais informação houver a respeito dos agentes que compõem um determinado sistema, mais assertivamente será possível indicar soluções de aplicação de cor no ambiente de trabalho. / The objective of this work was to analyze the usage of colour at industrial environments which follow strict rules because there are workers involved in. At first a bibliographical research was developed to recognize the legal requirement that define the use of colours in such environments. There are rules related to Occupational Safety that are mandatory nationwide, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and other rules which are more restrict. For example, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are rules that instruct the Fire Department and the Health Surveillance Center. Under the perspectives of Occupational Safety, the use of colours on machines, equipments, building components and safety systems and principles of signaling were evaluated. The use of hues in different situations enables the worker the recognition sceneries due to the standardized information, making him be aware of the presence of a certain material and the risks and hazard that are related to it. This work also embodied a practical research to take photographs of different work rooms to show the studied topics. When the presence of a worker is considered, it is possible to realize that understanding about colour vision is essential to verify signallig performance and more information about colour where people work. So, the physiological answers to colour were studied considering people with normal vision and their necessary behaviour in certain situations that involved signaling while they were working. During this study the qualification of colours and their given names were verified. As a result, the analysis sustained - or not - the application of a certain hue in a certain situation. In the final analysis the focus was on the compulsory use of colour related to Occupational Safety and the recommended signaling to advise workers against existing risks without considering the specific aspect of each task that a worker can develop and his particular characteristics. The conclusion shows that the more available information a professional can get about a system, the more assertive solutions about the use of colour at work environment will be reached.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da cor em ambientes internos industriais, sendo regidos por legislação e normatização específicas, uma vez que envolvem atividade de trabalho humano. Numa primeira etapa é apresentada pesquisa bibliográfica com intuito de caracterizar as exigências legais que definem o uso da cor para estes ambientes. Identifica-se a legislação relacionada à Segurança do Trabalho, de abrangência nacional -- em conformidade com o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e outras de abrangência mais restrita. Por exemplo, o contexto estadual de São Paulo, que disciplina orientações do Corpo de Bombeiros e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Sob a ótica da Segurança do Trabalho, são avaliadas a aplicação de cores em: máquinas, equipamentos, elementos construtivos, indicação de localização de equipamentos e sinalização de segurança. O uso de vários matizes para situações distintas propicia ao trabalhador o reconhecimento de vários cenários por meio de padronização de informação; possibilitando-lhe tomar ciência da presença de um material e os riscos e perigos a ele relacionados. Paralelamente, o presente estudo compreendeu pesquisa de campo para efeito de registros fotográficos de ambientes de trabalho: isto foi feito para exemplificar os tópicos estudados. Ao considerar a presença do trabalhador, percebe-se que entender visão de cores torna-se primordial para melhor avaliar a eficácia da sinalização e de outras informações relativas à cor existentes no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, foram analisadas a resposta fisiológica do organismo diante da cor para pessoas de visão normal e exigências relativas às atividades ou tarefas desempenhadas pelo trabalhador em condições de exposição à sinalização. Neste percurso foram ainda verificados aspectos relativos à classificação e nomenclatura das cores. Como resultado, a análise sustentou -- ou não --a aplicação de determinado matiz para situações específicas. Nas considerações finais, o foco está na obrigatoriedade do uso da cor relacionado à Segurança e a sinalização recomendada para advertir sobre os riscos existentes, sem considerar a particularidades das atividades e tarefas a serem desempenhadas e as características de cada indivíduo. Conclui-se que quanto mais informação houver a respeito dos agentes que compõem um determinado sistema, mais assertivamente será possível indicar soluções de aplicação de cor no ambiente de trabalho. / The objective of this work was to analyze the usage of colour at industrial environments which follow strict rules because there are workers involved in. At first a bibliographical research was developed to recognize the legal requirement that define the use of colours in such environments. There are rules related to Occupational Safety that are mandatory nationwide, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and other rules which are more restrict. For example, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are rules that instruct the Fire Department and the Health Surveillance Center. Under the perspectives of Occupational Safety, the use of colours on machines, equipments, building components and safety systems and principles of signaling were evaluated. The use of hues in different situations enables the worker the recognition sceneries due to the standardized information, making him be aware of the presence of a certain material and the risks and hazard that are related to it. This work also embodied a practical research to take photographs of different work rooms to show the studied topics. When the presence of a worker is considered, it is possible to realize that understanding about colour vision is essential to verify signallig performance and more information about colour where people work. So, the physiological answers to colour were studied considering people with normal vision and their necessary behaviour in certain situations that involved signaling while they were working. During this study the qualification of colours and their given names were verified. As a result, the analysis sustained - or not - the application of a certain hue in a certain situation. In the final analysis the focus was on the compulsory use of colour related to Occupational Safety and the recommended signaling to advise workers against existing risks without considering the specific aspect of each task that a worker can develop and his particular characteristics. The conclusion shows that the more available information a professional can get about a system, the more assertive solutions about the use of colour at work environment will be reached.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among hardiness, health and burnout and to investigate the relationships of the subscales of hardiness to health and to the subscales of burnout among teachers in the Sullivan County School System. The Hardiness Test was used to measure hardiness and the Maslach Burnout Inventory Form Ed to measure burnout. Results of the Health Evaluation and Risk Test was reported on the Educators Demographic Data Survey. The study sample consisted of 501 teachers. A statistically significant relationship was revealed between hardiness and health; among the hardiness subscales, commitment accounted for the largest amount of variance in health. Multiple regression was used to analyze the relationships among the subscales of hardiness and the subscales of burnout. Of the hardiness subscales, commitment and control equally accounted for the greatest amount of variance in depersonalization and personal accomplishment. To determine the extent to which the subjects' demographic variables were related to any study variables, correlation coefficients were computed between demographic variables and each of the study variables. While age, years teaching experience, and level taught were significantly related to the study variables, the extremely low correlations indicate that only 1% of the variance in these three variables were explained by the study variables, preventing meaningful interpretation. Kobasa's health and hardiness theory is supported by the results of this study. These results also support previous research findings which suggest that hardiness buffers against burnout.

The ways of organizing political problem solving in society are not static. A pluralistic dynamic society requires a continious reconsideration and adaption of its political in­stitutions, i.e. political institutionalization. Institutiona­lization demands prior organizing activities among actors for political aims. Organizing activities can be seen both inter­nally, externally or between existing organisations and in­stitutions . The degree of institutionalization reflects the organizing activities' survival capacity. The higher the degree of in­stitutionalization the more likely it is that the organizing activity will become a formally based organisation or institu­tion, or will change the dominating values of organisations or institutions. The degree of institutionalization is discussed using the concepts of adaptability, complexity, autonomy and flexibility. The thesis represents a problem-oriented implementation approach where individuals' joint ways of organizing problem- solving are the basis for analysis of both policy-realization and political institutionalization. Policy is defined as ideas and the ways of creating institutional arrangements in order to realize them. A "policy-problem", defined as the empirical question answered by examining the process of institutionali­zation, is used to study the policy-processes in the field of occupational safety and health. The ways in which individuals collectively organize in order to create a good working environment are studied using the concept of implementation structures. These are defined as phenomenological administrative units of analysis, i.e. groups of individuals empirically judged to take part in solving the policy problem. / digitalisering@umu

The aim of this thesis is to determine the state of occupational health and safety of the construction industry among other industries in Turkey. For this purpose, data such as the number of occupational diseases, the number of occupational injuries, the number of cases of permanent incapacity to work and the number of fatal occupational injuries in each industry are derived from official sources. The comparison of the construction industry with other industries in terms of occupational health and safety is made with the comparative measures calculated with these data. In addition, it is intended to determine some characteristics of the occupational injuries and victims in the construction industry. Therefore, the distribution of more than 22,700 data concerning occupational injuries according to some selected variables is taken into account.

I conducted four studies that develop and test a safety-specific model of exit, voice, patience, and neglect (EVPN) in the context of young workers’ reactions to declining safety conditions (Hirschman, 1970). In the face of hazardous working conditions, contemplating exiting (i.e., quitting the job) or voicing concerns about the risks (e.g., reporting a safety issue to a supervisor) are proactive responses. Conversely, neglecting safety concerns (i.e., ignoring personal safety in the face of danger) is a passive response. Workers may also choose patience (i.e., taking a wait-and-see approach) about concerns. In total, 833 young people participated in four studies. Manuscript 1 (Chapter 5) is a focus group study that explores the types, frequency, temporal patterns, and consequences of the safety-related EVPN behaviours. The results showed (1) most participants favoured patience if and when they have concerns about workplace safety; (2) voice is reserved for serious safety concerns; and (3) exit is very uncommon and only used as a last resort. Manuscript 2 (Chapter 6) describes the development of age-appropriate measures for general turnover intentions (i.e., exit), and safety-specific voice, patience, and neglect. The reliability, dimensionality, and validity of these scales are demonstrated over three studies. Manuscript 3 (Chapter 7) used an experimental scenario approach in which safety conditions (high vs. low), financial reasons for working (high vs. low), and being injured (injured vs. not injured) are manipulated. The role of participant gender (male vs. female) was also examined. Participants assigned to the injury condition were more likely to exercise patience than those assigned to the non-injury condition. Low quality safety conditions were associated with higher turnover intentions. Finally, females reported higher voice than males. Finally, Manuscript 4 (Chapter 8) reports on findings from a short-term longitudinal design meant to replicate and extend the results from the previous studies. Support for Hirschman’s loyalty proposition was also found. Specifically, felt responsibility for improving safety was found to moderate the relationship between organizational loyalty and both exit and voice. The final chapter integrates these findings and discusses future research directions as well as implications for public policy, management practice, and theory. / Thesis (Ph.D, Management) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-18 13:19:15.634

Statistics of occupational injuries show that bricklayers are among the most exposed, with heavy lifting by far the most common cause of long-term sick leave. Prefabricated brick beams create yet another risk of injuries that can be prevented by auxiliary equipment or alternative solutions. From articles, interviews with masons and from a survey carried out in conjunction with this report, it appears that there are frequently difficulties in the use of available means for lifting and handling. Previous studies on the subject of transverse reinforcement in masonry beams indicate a viable method for bridging large openings in masonry walls. This bachelor thesis delves into whether the idea could be realized in today's brick construction with a view to improving occupational health and safety. Within the project a method, applicable in today's manufacturing of pre-stressed brick beams enabling mounting of vertical reinforcement, was developed and tested.

Due to its hazardous nature, occupational injuries are unavoidable in the construction industry. Although many precautions are taken and educations are given to the laborers and employers, zero occupational injury rate could not be achieved, but a decrease in the number of injuries and fatalities could be maintained. The conventional studies conducted so far, usually focused on the prevention and causation models. The approach of the researchers was, either proactive or reactive about the accidents which offered preventive or protective precautions. However, after the occurrence of an injury, these precautions become useless and from this point on, determination of the fault rates for the parties being involved in that injury becomes the critical issue. Mostly, it is difficult to reach an objective and correct conclusion at the phase of determining fault rates and decisions achieved may display great fluctuations from one expert to another. The aim of this study is to develop an expert system that reflects the knowledge of occupational safety experts for the determination of fault rates. In order to facilitate this research, required data were collected from related organizations and experts. These data were compiled and classified, the significant factors were determined and all of these factors were evaluated within a quantitative approach. In addition to this evaluation, questionnaires were submitted to the experts / at which they were asked to rate the factors which were determined by the researcher of this study. The expert system is based on these ratings and factors obtained from questionnaires.

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