Le SC-FDMA " Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Acces ", est une technique d'accès multiple à répartition fréquentielle, permettant d'allouer efficacement aux différents mobiles, les ressources de communication. Cette technique a suscité un intérêt particulier lors des conventions de normalisation du standard 3GPP LTE " Long Term Evolution ". Le regain de considération pour cette technique, est lié au fait qu'elle engendre des signaux temporels à faible variation d'amplitude caractérisée par un faible PAPR ou " Peak to Average Power Ratio ". Cet avantage majeur, rend possible l'utilisation de l'amplificateur de puissance du système dans sa zone proche du point de compression, maximisant ainsi son rendement sans toutefois risquer l'apparition des distorsions. C'est pourquoi, ce système a été adopté dans la norme 3GPP LTE comme technique d'accès multiple pour la voix montante. Cependant, dans les spécifications du 3GPP LTE un symbole sur sept est systématiquement réservé pour l'estimation de canal sur toutes les porteuses du système engendrant ainsi une réduction importante du débit utile du signal transmis. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des techniques d'estimation et d'égalisation de canal adaptées pour le SC-FDMA afin d'éviter tant que possible cette perte de débit. Nous avons pu analyser, quelques techniques d'égalisation comme celle basée sur des références fantômes, mais également quelques techniques d'estimation de canal comme celle basée sur un " Ajout de Signal "dans la bande passante du signal utile.

This thesis investigates the semi-blind channel estimation in uplink (UL) of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems based on subspace decomposition. We exploit the orthogonality between signal subspace and noise subspace induced by virtual carriers (VCs) and cyclic prefix (CP) and the property of that the exclusive sub-carriers set is assigned to each user to estimate and identify the channels for each user individually. In OFDMA systems, when some users don¡¦t communicate with base station, the sub-carriers of non-active user provide extra redundancy for channel estimate to enhance the accuracy of channel estimation. Furthermore, the sufficient channel identifiability condition is developed. Furthermore, a novel scheme, called as virtual carriers recovery (VCR) scheme, is proposed to improve the performance of the subspace-based channel estimation method. It suppresses the noise interference by recovering the VCs to zeros at receiver. The simulation results illustrate that the enhancement of VCR scheme is particularly apparent for the partially loaded OFDMA system at low signal to noise ratio (SNR). In addition, the VCR scheme increases the convergence rate of the subspace-base semi-blind channel estimation.

The growing interest for high data rate wireless communications over the last few decades gave rise to the emergence of a number of wideband wireless systems. The resulting scarcity of frequency spectrum has been forcing wireless system designers to develop methods that will push the spectral elciency to its limit. One such method is to have multiple systems utilize the same spectrum by allowing some unavoidable interference to occur between them. The idea of co-channel systems is tested in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands and it is found to be a very beneficial approach. Therefore, it can be foreseen that co-channel systems might be a potential solution to the growing spectral crowding problem. Besides the systems that are designed to be co-channel, it is sometimes also possible to encounter that multiple systems occupy the same band undesirably. This kind of unintentional co-channel system scenarios might occur especially due to the dense re-use of available frequency bands. Another reason for unwanted co-channel usage might be the coexistence of third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G) systems. Since 4G systems will probably be targeting to use the same frequency bands as their 3G counterparts, and since the transition from 3G to 4G will take some time, unintentional co-channel scenarios might be observed between the 3G and 4G systems. This dissertation consists of baseband receiver algorithms for OFDMA-based systems that target at handling the potential co-channel interference (CCI) in various co-channel system scenarios. Three CCI avoidance and two CCI cancellation algorithms are proposed that can be applied to intentional and unintentional co-channel systems. Femtocells, which have recently been introduced as a new class of personal-use base stations that can coexist with macrocell networks in a shared spectrum manner, might constitute an appropriate example for both types of co-channel systems. Therefore, they are considered to be one of the co-existing systems in most of the algorithms presented.

In this thesis, a resource allocation problem in OFDMA is studied for the energy efficiency of wireless network. The objective is to minimize the total energy consumption which includes transmission energy consumption, and circuit energy consumption at both transmitter and receiver with required per user’s rate constraint. For problem solution, a heuristic algorithm with low computational complexity and suboptimal solution is proposed, developed in two steps with an increasing order of complexity. Besides, a bounding scheme based on model linearization of formulated nonlinear system model is also proposed to give lower and upper bounds for both small- and large-scale OFDMA network for further algorithm performance evaluation, while the implemented exhaustive search is only capable to provide the optimal solution for small-scale instance for algorithm performance evaluation. Numerical results show that the proposal heuristic algorithm can achieve near-optimal performance with applicable computational complexity even for large-scale networks, and that the bounds from the bounding scheme are very tight for both small- and large-scale OFDMA networks.

This thesis is dedicated to the study of the OFDM/OQAM modulation as an alternative to the OFDM modulation. We treat more especially the multi-user environment. In this respect, synchronization aspects are crucial. The different options plus the choice of the waveform are examined in this point of view. Another objective is to precisely show how the OFDM/OQAM can be adapted to a cellular transmission type, taking as reference the 3GPP/LTE system. The main contributions we have made are : 1) Analysis of the desynchronization phenomena : we analyze the effect of desynchronization, according to the time and frequency axes, on the performance of OFDM/OQAM at the receiver side. 2) Synchronization method : we analyze a method of temporal synchronization defined in a single user OFDM/OQAM transmission and we adapt it to a multi-user scenario type. 3) Proposing for a multiple access scheme : we propose a multiple access scheme based on theOFDM/OQAM modulation, alternative to the known techniques OFDMA and SC-FDMA, for the UL transmission in a 3GPP/LTE context.

H επιστήμη των τηλεπικοινωνιών τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει κάνει μεγάλα τεχνολογικά άλματα, σε σύγκριση με τις προηγούμενες δεκαετίες. Το ασύρματο κανάλι επικοινωνίας συχνά θεωρείται ο αδύναμος κρίκος της τηλεπικοινωνιακής αλυσίδας. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζεται το πρόβλημα του διαμοιρασμού των διαθέσιμων πόρων ενός ασύρματου συστήματος επικοινωνίας στους χρήστες μέσα στην περιοχή μιας κυψέλης. Γίνεται η υπόθεση ότι το ασύρματο σύστημα κάνει χρήση της τεχνικής πολλαπλής πρόσβασης (multiple–access technique) OFDMA, δηλαδή ότι χρησιμοποιεί έναν αριθμό ορθογώνιων υποφορέων τον οποίο αναθέτει στους χρήστες για τη μετάδοση της πληροφορίας. Οι διαθέσιμοι πόροι του συστήματος είναι οι ορθογώνιοι υποφορείς και η συνολική διαθέσιμη ισχύς στο σταθμό βάσης. Θεωρούμε ότι ο σταθμός βάσης έχει στη διάθεσή του τέλεια γνώση του καναλιού που τον συνδέει με κάθε χρήστη (channel state information – CSI) μέσω καναλιών ανάδρασης. Η πληροφορία κατάστασης του καναλιού χρησιμοποιείται από τον σταθμό βάσης για την κατανομή των πόρων προς τους χρήστες με δυναμικό τρόπο με χρήση κατάλληλων αλγορίθμων. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζονται διαφορετικά σενάρια κατανομής των πόρων που περιλαμβάνουν αλγορίθμους για την ανάθεση των υποφορέων και το διαμοιρασμό των κατάλληλων ποσοτήτων ισχύος στους υποφορείς. Ανάλογα με το στόχο και τις ανάγκες των χρηστών του συστήματος, καθώς και με το ποσό της διαθέσιμης πληροφορίας καναλιού στο σταθμό βάσης, χρησιμοποιούνται διαφορετικοί αλγόριθμοι. / The telecommunications science the last years has made big technological vaults, compared to the previous decades. Wireless communication channel is often considered as the weakest link of telecommunications' chain. In this diploma thesis, the downlink of a single-cell system is considered in the downlink transmission. The multiple–access technique that is used in this system is OFDMA and the objective is the allocation of the resources among users that access the system. The available resources to be distributed among the users of the OFDMA system comprise the subcarriers over which the signals of the users are transmitted and the available power that is allocated among subcarriers. It is assumed that users estimate and feedback perfectly the channel state information (CSI) to the base station of the cell, where subcarrier and power allocation are determined according to the CSI of the users and the resource–allocation algorithm. In this diploma thesis, different resource allocation strategies for the downlink of an OFDMA system are compared. Each algorithm has a different objective.

There is a prolific increase in the penetration of user devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition, user expectations for higher Quality of Service (QoS), enhanced data rates and lower latencies are relentless. In this context, network densification through the dense deployment of small cell networks, underlaying the currently existing macrocell networks, is the most appealing approach to handle the aforementioned requirements. Small cell networks are capable of reusing the spectrum locally and providing most of the capacity while macrocell networks provide a blanket coverage for mobile user equipment (UEs). However, such setup imposes a lot of issues, among which, co-tier and cross-tier interference are the most challenging. To handle co-tier interference, I have proposed a semi-distributed (hierarchical) interference management scheme based on joint clustering and resource allocation (RA) for small cells. I have formulated the problem as a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP), whose solution was obtained by dividing the problem into two sub-problems, where the related tasks were shared between the Femto Gateway (FGW) and small cells. As for cross-tier interference, I have formulated RA problems for both the macrocell and small cells as optimization problems. In particular, I have introduced the idea of ``Tier-Awareness'' and studied the impact of the different RA policies in the macrocell tier on the small cells performance. I have shown that the RA policy in one tier should be carefully selected. In addition, I have formulated the RA problem for small cells as an optimization problem with an objective function that accounts for both RA and admission control (AC). Finally, I have studied cloud radio access network (C-RAN) of small cells which has been considered as a typical realization of a mobile network which is capable of supporting soft and green technologies in Fifth Generation (5G) networks, as well as a platform for the practical implementation of network multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission concepts. / February 2016

abstract: Underwater acoustic communications face significant challenges unprecedented in radio terrestrial communications including long multipath delay spreads, strong Doppler effects, and stringent bandwidth requirements. Recently, multi-carrier communications based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) have seen significant growth in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, thanks to their well well-known robustness against severely time-dispersive channels. However, the performance of OFDM systems over UWA channels significantly deteriorates due to severe intercarrier interference (ICI) resulting from rapid time variations of the channel. With the motivation of developing enabling techniques for OFDM over UWA channels, the major contributions of this thesis include (1) two effective frequencydomain equalizers that provide general means to counteract the ICI; (2) a family of multiple-resampling receiver designs dealing with distortions caused by user and/or path specific Doppler scaling effects; (3) proposal of using orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) as an effective multiple access scheme for UWA communications; (4) the capacity evaluation for single-resampling versus multiple-resampling receiver designs. All of the proposed receiver designs have been verified both through simulations and emulations based on data collected in real-life UWA communications experiments. Particularly, the frequency domain equalizers are shown to be effective with significantly reduced pilot overhead and offer robustness against Doppler and timing estimation errors. The multiple-resampling designs, where each branch is tasked with the Doppler distortion of different paths and/or users, overcome the disadvantages of the commonly-used single-resampling receivers and yield significant performance gains. Multiple-resampling receivers are also demonstrated to be necessary for UWA OFDMA systems. The unique design effectively mitigates interuser interference (IUI), opening up the possibility to exploit advanced user subcarrier assignment schemes. Finally, the benefits of the multiple-resampling receivers are further demonstrated through channel capacity evaluation results. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2011

Since past few decades different types of cellular networks were launched and went successful on the radio links such as WiMAX, that became very popular because of its high data rate (70Mbps) and support for providing wireless internet services over 50km distance. The UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an emerging technology in the evolution of 3G cellular services. LTE runs on an evolution of the existing UMTS infrastructure already used by over 80 percent of mobile subscribers globally. We have very limited resources in cellular technologies and it is important to utilize them with high efficiency. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) & Orthogonal Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) are major part of LTE. OFDMA was well utilized for achieving high spectral efficiency in communication system. SC-FDMA is introduced recently and it became handy candidate for uplink multiple access scheme in LTE system that is a project of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The Multiple Access Scheme in Advanced Mobile radio system has to meet the challenging requirements for example high throughput, good robustness, efficient Bit Error Rate (BER), high spectral efficiency, low delays, low computational complexity, low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), low error probability etc. Error probability is playing vital role in channel estimation and there are many ways to do channel estimation, like Wiener Channel Estimation, Bayesian Demodulation etc. In our thesis, we investigate the performance of SC-FDMA and OFDMA of LTE physical layer by considering different modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM) on the basis of PAPR, BER, power spectral density (PSD) and error probability by simulating the model of SC-FDMA & OFDMA. We use Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and introduce frequency selective (multipath) fading in the channel by using Rayleigh Fading model to evaluate the performance in presence of noise and fading. A set of conclusions is derived from our results describing the effect of higher order modulation schemes on BER and error probability for both OFDMA and SC-FDMA. The power spectral densities of both the multiple access techniques (OFDMA and SC-FDMA) are calculated and result shows that the OFDMA has high power spectral density. The considered modulation schemes also have a significant impact on the PAPR of both OFDMA and SC-FDMA such that the higher order modulations increase PAPR in SC-FDMA and decrease PAPR in OFDMA. However, the overall value of PAPR is minimum in SC-FDMA for all modulation schemes. The PSD calculation results also support the remarks given on PAPR. / Author 01: Abdul Samad Shaikh, Phone # 0046-760915236 Author 02 : Khatri Chandan Kumar, Phone # 0046-762649745

Communication underwater is challenging because of the inherent characteristics of the media. First, common radio frequency (RF) signals utilized in wireless communications cannot be used under water. RF signals are attenuated in such as way that RF communication underwater is restricted to very few meters. As a result, acoustic-based communication is utilized for underwater communications; however, acoustic communication has its own limitations. For example, the speed of sound is five orders of magnitude lower than the speed of light, meaning that communications under water experience long propagation delays, even in short distances. Long propagation delays impose strong challenges in the design of Data Link Layer (DLL) protocols. The underwater communication channel is noisy, too. The bit error rate (BER) can also change depending on depth and other factors, and the errors are correlated, like in wireless communications. As in wireless communications, transducers for acoustic communication are half duplex, limiting the application of well-known detection mechanisms in Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocols. Further, known problems like the hidden and exposed terminal problem also occur here. All these aspects together make the underwater communication channel to have the worst characteristics of all other known channels. Because of these reasons, underwater scenarios are complicated to implement, especially when they have underwater autonomous vehicles exchanging information among them. This dissertation proposes data link layer protocols in support of swarming of underwater autonomous vehicles that deal with the problems mentioned before. At the MAC sublayer, a MAC protocol called 2MAC is introduced. 2MAC improves the throughput of the network using the multichannel capabilities of OFDM at the physical layer. At the logical link control sublayer, a protocol named SW-MER is proposed. SW-MER improves the throughput and the reliability combining the well-known stop and wait protocol with the sliding window strategy, and using an exponential retransmission strategy to deal with errors. 2MAC and SW-MER are evaluated and compared with other protocols using analytical means and simulations. The results show that by using 2MAC, packet collisions are considerably reduced and the throughput improved. In addition, the use of SW-MER improves the packet delivery ratio over existing mechanisms. In general, the evaluations indicate that the proposed data link layer protocols offer a better communication alternative for underwater autonomous vehicles (UAV) than traditional protocols.