Žemė yra ribotas, pažeidžiamas ir niekuo nepakeičiamas gamtos išteklius, nuo kurio priklauso mūsų gyvenimas. Žemės naudojimo valstybine kontrole siekiama užtikrinti, kad valdant ir naudojant žemę būtų laikomasi Lietuvos Respublikos žemės įstatymo bei kitų įstatymų, kurie susiję su žemės naudojimo priežiūra. Siekiant užtikrinti tinkamą žemės naudojimą, susiduriama su įvairiais pažeidimais. Tyrimas atliktas siekiant nustatyti žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės darbų organizavimo problemas, trukdančias pasiekti efektyvų kontrolės vykdymą. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės vykdymas Alytaus ir Lazdijų rajonuose 2007–2009 m. Tyrimams panaudoti literatūros šaltinių analizės, alternatyvų paieškos, lyginamosios ir vertinamosios analizės ir loginio mąstymo metodai. Baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti žemės naudojimą ir valstybinės kontrolės vykdymą reglamentuojantys teisės aktai, Nacionalinės žemės tarnybos prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos ir Alytaus bei Lazdijų rajonų kontrolės vykdymo veiklos ataskaitos. Išnagrinėjus teisės aktus, jų praktinį taikymą ir kontrolės vykdymo veiklos ataskaitas, nustatytos problemos, apibūdinti nustatyti pažeidimai – žemės naudojimo ne pagal nustatytą pagrindinę paskirtį (žemės ūkio paskirties žemės apleidimo), savavališko žemės užgrobimo, riboženklių sunaikinimo, derlingojo dirvožemio nesaugojimo, savavaldžiavimo atvejai. Pateikti duomenys apie kontrolės darbų apimtis 2007, 2008 ir 2009 metais. Nustatyta, kad žemės naudojimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In order to determine whether the land is used rationally and purposefully, state control of land use is performed. By the state control of land use one strives to ensure that while managing and using land, the land law and other laws of the Republic of Lithuania related to land use care are obeyed. While trying to ensure the appropriate use of land, a lot of different offences can be met. The research was carried out in order to find out the problems of state control of land use which might be the obstacles of effective control implementation. During the research the object selected was the research of land use control procedures Alytus and Lazdijai district in 2007-2009 year. During the research the analysis of literature sources, alternative search, comparative and evaluation analyses and methods of logical thinking were used. In Master Work the use of land and legal acts that regulate state control implementation and control implementation work reports of National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture and Alytus, Lazdijai district were analyzed. Analyzing legal acts, their practical application and work reports of control implementation the problems were stated and also the stated offences were described, for example the inappropriate use of the land (negligent use of farming land), willful occupation of the land, the destruction of bound marks, careless attitude towards soil, the cases of self-will. The data given takes up the records of state control in 2007, 2... [to full text]

La récidive sexuelle est un sujet d’intérêt pour plusieurs chercheurs et intervenants qui travaillent auprès des délinquants sexuels. Afin de mieux prévenir la récidive sexuelle, il importe de bien connaître les causes sous-jacentes à cette problématique. De cette manière, il sera possible d’élaborer des programmes de traitement efficaces et spécifiques à la problématique. Au cours des dernières années, les études sur les prédicteurs de la récidive sexuelle ont mis l’accent essentiellement sur les prédicteurs statiques, mais aussi et de plus en plus sur les prédicteurs dynamiques. Cependant, il ressort de ces études que les caractéristiques inhérentes à l’implication du délinquant à l’intérieur de son programme de traitement ont été peu étudiées. Conséquemment, le but de cette étude est d’analyser les prédicteurs dynamiques de la récidive, l’alliance thérapeutique, la motivation en cours de traitement et le support social en lien à la récidive sexuelle. Pour ce faire, un échantillon de 299 agresseurs sexuels adultes de sexe masculin est pris en considération. Les données pour mener à terme les analyses statistiques sont recueillies avant le début du traitement et en cours de traitement. Trois types de récidive sont considérés : 1) sexuelle, 2) violente, 3) générale. Les variables indépendantes portent sur des outils psychométriques et sont de deux ordres : 1) pré-traitement, 2) en cours de traitement. Deux variables contrôles sont utilisées : 1) traitement complété ou non, 2) type de traitement; cognitivo-comportemental ou mixte. Ainsi, des analyses préliminaires (test T pour groupes indépendants) sont effectuées afin de sélectionner les variables utilisées pour la réalisation des analyses de survie. En raison de la faible prévalence de récidive sexuelle (5,4%), seules les récidives violentes (10,5%) et générales (18,7%) sont considérées. L’étude nous apprend que les résultats aux analyses de survie pour les récidives violentes et générales tendent à être en continuité à celles retrouvées dans les études existantes sur le sujet. Effectivement, l’étude actuelle informe de la pertinence de compléter un programme de traitement comme facteur de protection contribuant à réduire le risque probable de récidive. Le fait de présenter des croyances pédophiliques ou encore, de ne pas présenter de traits de personnalité compulsive sont des facteurs qui contribuent à augmenter les risques relatifs de récidive criminelle. / Repeat sexual offence is a subject of interest for several researchers and workers who intervene with sexual offenders. In order to prevent having second or habitual offenders, it is important to better understand the causes underlying this issue. This will help for the elaboration of more specific and efficient treatment programs. In recent years, research on predictors of sexual recidivism essentially focused on static predictors, but also, and more and more, on dynamic predictors. However, looking at those studies, it is realized that the characteristics of the offender’s participation in his treatment program have not been the subject of much study. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to analyse the dynamic indicators of repeat offence, therapeutic alliance, motivation during treatment and the social support related to repeat sexual offence. For the study, we took a sample of 299 subjects, adult male sexual offenders. Data for the statistical analyses were gathered before and during treatment. Three types of repeat offence are considered: 1) sexual, 2) violent, 3) general. Independent variables are of two kinds: 1) pre-treatment variables, 2) in-treatment variables. Psychometric tools are used here for the independent variables. Two control variables are used: 1) complete or incomplete treatment, 2) type of treatment (cognitive-behavioural versus mixed). Preliminary analyses (T-test for independent groups) were effectuated in order to select the variables to be used in the final analyses. Due to the low rate in regard to repeat sexual offence (5,4%), only violent (18,7%) and general (16%) repeat offences are considered in the final analyses. The study shows that the results for violent and general repeat offences tend to agree with what has been reported in prior studies on the subject. Effectively, the present study informs as to the pertinence of elaborating treatment programs in terms of protection factors so as to reduce the risk of a repeat offence. The fact of holding paedophile beliefs or, still, of not presenting traits of compulsive personality are factors that contribute to increase the risks relatively to a repeat general offence.

The Unfit Preparation and Attempt of Criminal Offence Abstract The question of unfit preparation and attempt is one of the most discussed as well as most unclear areas of substantive criminal law. Even though a lot of theoretical works have been dedicated to this topic (particularly in the past), a considerable amount of questions connected to unfit preparation and attempt still remains unanswered. The fact, that the written law itself usually governs only certain aspects of the problem (e.g. the current Czech Criminal Code specifically mentions the unfit preparation and attempt in just one provision of - section 46, par. 3). The aim of this thesis was to provide a comprehensive account of the unfit preparation and attempt in the legal theory, legal acts and case law and offer solutions to several problems of current legislation. Unfit attempt and preparation of criminal offence can be understood as specific types of attempt and preparation of criminal offence - the major difference between "regular" fit attempt/preparation and unfit attempt/preparation being the fact that unfit attempt/preparation cannot result in a completed crime, due to the absence of one of the substantial elements of criminal offence. The impossibility of preparation or attempt is caused by an error of the perpetrator, usually in the...

Text in Afrikaans / Parralel met die snelle groei van rekenaartegnologie en die groteiwordende rol wat rekenaars in ans alledaagse lewe speel, is daar ongelukkig 'n toename in die misbruik van rekenaars. Benewens die wyses om rekenaarmisbruik by wyse van remedies in die siviele reg aan te spreek, is dit hoofsaaklik die taak van die strafreg om sodanige misbruik te kriminaliseer en deur middel van straf sulke misbruik te voorkom en oortreders af te skrik. Uit 'n ontleding van die Suid-Afrikaanse strafreg het dit geblyk dat bestaande misdrywe, beide gemeenregtelik en statuter, nie voldoende rekenaarmisbruik kan kriminaliseer en aanspreek nie. Wetgewing blyk die mees gepaste optossing te wees. Uit 'n regsvergelykende studie van die hantering van rekenaarmisbruik in jurisdiksies waar die wetgewer verskillende benaderings toegepas het, het dit geblyk dat die mees gepaste wyse om rekenaarmisbruik te kriminaliseer sal wees om ongemagtigde rekenaarbetreding as moedermisdaad te bestraf aangesien dit die fondament is waarop enige verdere misbruik van 'n rekenaar gebaseer word. Daarbenewens moet verdere meer spesifieke misbruikshandelinge wyd omskryfword as misdrywe, ten opsigte van meer emstige misbruik na betreding van 'n rekenaar / Parallel with the growth in computer technology and increasing use of computers, there has been an increase in computer misuse. In addition to addressing different methods of computer misuse in terms of civil law remedies, it is mainly the task of the criminal law to criminalise such misuse, prevent computer misuse and deter offenders by means of punishment. It was clear from a study of South African criminal law that existing offences, both statutory and in terms of the common law, do not criminalise and address computer misuse effectively. It therefore seems that legislation would be the most appropriate solution. It appeared from a comparative study of jurisdictions where legislators approach computer misuse differently, that the most effective way of criminalising computer misuse would be to criminalise una1,1thorised computer accessing as basic offence. In addition thereto more specific further acts of serious computer misuse, defined broadly, should be criminalised / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Youth criminality is a constant problem which a number of specialists, legislative bodies, and the whole public deal with. A number of negative phenomenons occurring in the area of this population, e.g. spreading of drugs among younger and younger age groups and related increase of criminality undoubtedly play a leading role. However, it is known that bare repression is ineffective and means of educational activities are much more effective. Occurrence of social pathological phenomenons, their dynamics and changes are an indivisible part of the society. Grounds enabling occurrence of these phenomenons change very little. Heritability, constitutional factors, family, school, peer pressure, inappropriate spending free time as well as media influence and ethnical origin have an impact. Responsibility of the youth for unlawful acts is laid down by the Act No. 218/2003 Coll., on the Liability of Youth for Unlawful Acts and on Justice in Matters of Youth and Amending Certain Acts (Act on Justice in Matters of Youth). The purpose of the Act is defined particularly from the view of prevention of unlawful activities of the youth that is a basic group to which the attention of the whole justice and society is to be paid, so that every member of this group who committed an illegal act, no matter he is a juvenile or a child younger than fifteen years, is treated in accordance with this Act, he contributes to rectifying the injury resulting from the unlawful act within his strengths and abilities, a convenient and appropriate measure is imposed on him, and he finds a social asserting corresponding to his abilities and intellectual and moral development as a definitive result. Preventive activities aimed against youth criminality always and in the whole scope require respecting basic children rights and rights for privacy of their family. Children rights must be observed from primary to tertiary prevention, from searching threatened children and their families to treatment of guilty children. The most significant tool of social prevention is education of children in families and education of children at school. The aim of the thesis was to find out grounds leading to custodial detention of a juvenile offender and to find indications which could help to positively or negatively affect educational impact on the juvenile in the prison.

This thesis addresses the issues of judicature in juvenile matters, focusing on the criminality of children below 15 years of age and the specifics of judicial proceedings in cases concerning an offence punishable differently. The theoretical part outlines development of judicature in juvenile matters in the Czech Republic and the relating laws, the specifics of judicature in cases involving children below 15 years of age, cooperation of organizations acting within the given issues, and the currently discussed topics, such as lowering of the criminal liability age, development of juvenile criminality in the Czech Republic and evaluation of the act regulating judicature in juvenile matters after the several-year operation in practice. Due to their age and psychical immaturity, work with children as offenders committing offences punishable differently requires specific procedures aimed at correction of the offender and prevention of occurrence of further problems. The objective is also a fast solution of the situation, the lowest possible traumatizing of the child and protection of his/her rights. A large number of institutions, such as bodies of social-legal protection of children, the police, juvenile courts and the Probation and Mediation Service, are involved in the process. The objectives of the thesis were ascertainment of opinions of juvenile guardians on the issues, in particular on the operation of the act in practice and on its benefits and contingent drawbacks. A further objective was development of suggestions for amendment of the valid legal regulation on the basis of the respondents{\crq} answers. In connection with the set objectives, the research was conducted in the form of a structured interview with open questions. The respondents were workers of departments of social-legal protection of children under municipal authorities, and juvenile guardians. The questions were focused on the operation of the act in practice from the view of guardians, on benefits and drawbacks of the act and on the opinions of the guardians on some specifics of judicial proceedings involving children below 15 years of age. After processing the data obtained in the interviews, several suggestions for amendments of the act regulating judicature in juvenile matters were developed to

This thesis discusses the risk of occurrence of the criminal behaviour among people working in the field of helping professions. It also mentions specific criminal offences that could be committed due to the nature of helping professions. The thesis describes moral attributes of helping workers which could prevent criminal acts. It also suggests some ways of client protection against the abuse of power of helping profession workers

La notion de risque est doublement incertaine : elle contient une part irréductible d’aléa quant à sa concrétisation en dommage d’une part, elle n’est pas définie par la loi d’autre part. Pourtant, cette lacune est en contradiction, tant avec le recours exponentiel à la notion de risque en droit pénal, qu’il soit de fond ou de forme, qu’avec le principe de légalité des délits et des peines, qui implique que le législateur définisse avec clarté et précision les notions et concepts auxquels il fait appel, de sorte que la légitimité de son usage en droit pénal peut être mise en doute. La présence d’une notion aussi incertaine dans une matière qui met en cause les droits fondamentaux de la personne est susceptible de mettre en péril les impératifs de l’État de droit. Au demeurant, ce droit pénal de l’anticipation, qui vise à prévenir la survenance d’une atteinte possible mais incertaine à une valeur protégée, essuie de nombreuses critiques. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir si le législateur emploie à bon escient ou non la notion de risque en droit pénal. La réponse à cette problématique nécessitera au préalable, de s’assurer que le droit pénal est effectivement légitime à s’intéresser à la notion de risque. Ce n’est pas parce que le législateur consacre une notion que sa prise en compte est forcément légitime. Plus encore, il faut garder à l’esprit que risque et droit pénal sont par nature contradictoires : le risque est incertain, immatériel et relève de la prévention tandis que le droit pénal est le droit de la répression, de la matérialité et de la certitude. Une étude approfondie de leurs natures respectives permettra néanmoins de dépasser la contradiction, attestant alors de ce que le droit pénal est théoriquement légitime à réceptionner la notion de risque. Cette légitimité n’en reste pas moins précaire. Pour la garantir, il ne pourra s’agir que d’un certain risque, c’est-à-dire un risque pourvu d’une certaine qualité, car le législateur, s’il prétend recourir à la notion de risque en droit pénal pour assurer à la société une protection pénale anticipée, ne peut se départir des principes qui y sont applicables. À partir de l’étude des principes fondamentaux du droit pénal, de ses concepts juridiques et de ses sources supralégislatives, cette recherche se proposera alors d’élaborer une définition pénale de la notion de risque, contenant les critères théoriques d’un risque pénalement saisissable en toute légitimité. Leur confrontation, ensuite, avec le droit positif, permettra de révéler si l’exploitation de la notion de risque par le législateur en droit pénal, fait perdre ou non à ce dernier sa légitimité. / The notion of risk is doubly uncertain: it contains an irreducible part of hazard as its realization in damage on the one hand, and its lack of definition by the law on the other. However, this gap is at odds, both with the exponential use of the notion of risk in criminal law, whether substantive or form, and with the principle of legality of offences and sentences, which implies that the legislator defines clearly and precisely the notions and concepts to which it refers. That is the reason why the legitimacy of the use of the notion of risk in criminal law can be questionable. The presence of such an uncertain notion in a field involving the fundamental rights of the person is likely to jeopardize the imperatives of the State of laws. Moreover, the criminal law of anticipation, which aims to prevent the occurrence of possible but uncertain interference with a protected right, is criticized. The purpose of this demonstration is therefore to know whether or not the legislature uses wisely the notion of risk in criminal law. The answer to this issue will previously require to ensure that criminal law is actually legitimate to focus on the notion of risk. This is not because the legislature takes into account a notion that its account is necessarily legitimate. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that risk and the criminal law are inherently contradictory: the risk is uncertain, immaterial and is linked to the concept of prevention while the criminal law is the right of repression, the materiality and the certainty. A deep study of their respective natures will nevertheless make it possible to overcome the contradiction, stating that the criminal law is theoretically legitimate to accept the notion of risk. This legitimacy stays nonetheless quite precarious. To secure this legitimacy, only a certain kind of risk, a risk with a managed level can be taken into account. If the legislator claims using the notion of risk in criminal law for anticipated criminal protection of society, he still cannot ignore the principles that are applicable in criminal law. From the study of the fundamental principles of criminal law, its legal concepts and its supralegislatives sources, this research will then offer a definition of the notion of risk in criminal law, containing the theoretical criteria of a legitimate criminally detectable risk. Its comparison with positive law, will emphasize whether the use of the notion of risk by the legislator in criminal law, makes him lose or not its legitimacy.

This current study aims to discuss the issue of adolescents in conflict with the law and the socio-educational measures (MSE) in assisted freedom. This work was divided into two articles, one theoretical and one empirical. The first is a review of literature on the subject teenager in conflict with the law: a review of the contributions of social, family and individual variables. In addition to the macro social conditions, the problem of the offender s behavior suffers the influence of control institutions (family, school), peer groups and individual aspects (biological and personality characteristics). To understand and address the juvenile delinquency, it becomes important to consider many aspects from a broader view in order to assess the conditions of a society at the structural level up to a vision that incorporates aspects of micro-social contexts of socio-psychological and individual levels. The second article explored the opinion of three teenagers on the MSE compliance experience in liberty. The qualitative analysis showed the following sub-units and categories: influence of family relations (conflict and/or emotional distancing, emotional support and instrumental); influence of institutional relations (emotional and instrumental support); and future plans (study, work and family). The results showed that both the relations with family and the relations with friendships seem to have contributed to these young people to engage in illegal acts. In conclusion, it is believed not to be feasible any intervention to adolescents in conflict with the law without covering the family with the same emphasis. It is highlighted the importance of studies that investigate individual biological factors along with external, family and cultural factors, so they can have subsidies targeted the prevention and the intervention in these situations. / O presente estudo propõe discutir a questão do adolescente em conflito com a lei e as relações familiares e institucionais de jovens que cumpriram Medida Socioeducativa em meio aberto. Este trabalho foi dividido em dois artigos, sendo um teórico e um empírico. O primeiro representa uma revisão da literatura referente à temática de adolescente em conflito com a lei, revisando as contribuições de variáveis sociais, familiares e individuais. O artigo discute resultados de estudos a partir da formulação teórica proposta por Shoemaker, na qual além das condições macrossociais, o problema do comportamento infrator sofre a influencia das instituições de controle (família, escola), dos grupos de pares e de aspectos individuais (características biológicas e de personalidade). Para compreender e enfrentar a infração juvenil torna-se importante considerar muitos aspectos desde uma visão mais ampla, que avalie as condições de uma sociedade em nível estrutural, até uma visão que incorpore aspectos de contextos microssociais, dos níveis sociopsicológico e individual. O segundo artigo explorou as relações familiares e institucionais de três adolescentes que cumpriram Medida Socioeducativa em meio aberto. A análise qualitativa das entrevistas evidenciaram as seguintes subunidades e categorias: influência das relações familiares (conflitos e/ou distanciamentos emocionais, apoio emocional e instrumental); influência das relações institucionais (apoio emocional e instrumental); e planos futuros (estudo, trabalho e família). Os resultados demonstraram que tanto as relações de familiares, quanto as relações de amizades, parecem ter contribuído para que estes jovens se envolvessem em atos infracionais. Em conclusão, acredita-se ser inviável uma intervenção ao adolescente em conflito com a lei, sem englobar a família, com a mesma ênfase. Destaca-se a importância de estudos, que investiguem os fatores biológicos individuais, concomitante com fatores externos, familiares e culturais, para que possam ter subsídios direcionados a prevenção e intervenção nestas situações.

(in English): The thesis "Interaction of police investigators with selected participants of criminal proceedings and its impact on recognition" is studies the interaction and communication of criminal proceeding participants and its influence on the quality of those proceedings on recognition. The theoretical part deals with criminal proceedings such as all the trial requirements and factors which affect police investigation. Rights and responsibilities of all participants of trials are defined. Furthermore, communication, its types and categories and -most of all -its impact on successful police interrogation is examined. We also mention interpersonal perception. In the theoretical part of the thesis a lot of attention is devoted to the personality of police investigators and to significant characteristics which form the foundation of police profession. In conclusion of the theoretical part we describe the aspects which control the investigation and potential offender recognition. In the empirical part the aim was to find out what impact the quality of instructions has on successful offender recognition. The empirical part was performed in an experiment. The research participants were devided into categories according to chosen standards. Then they were presented with a video recording of a...