There are conflicting results from previous research evaluating the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on IgG concentration of colostrum, milk and foal blood. No research has been done on the effect of omega-3 fat supplementation on the placental efficiency of horses or the nitrite concentrations of the placenta as an indicator of vascularization. This study examined the effect of dietary omega-3 supplementation on composition of milk, mare and foal serum and if it will result in transfer of fatty acid in utero as well as providing the foal with adequate IgG concentrations in the milk and colostrum. Omega-3 supplementation’s effect on concentration of glucose and insulin in blood of the mares and foal will also be determined. This study will determine if omega-3 supplementation has an effect on the placental efficiency or nitrite concentrations in the placenta.

Skim, butter-derived aqueous phase, anhydrous milk fat, and fish oil were used to formulate ultra high temperature (UHT) processed extended shelf-life omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverages with fat contents mimicking whole milk (3.25%). Oxidation of the lipids in the formulated beverages was investigated during storage for 35 days at 4 °C using GC/MS analysis, conjugated diene analysis, and headspace solid phase micro-extraction GC/MS (SPME-GC/MS) analysis of headspace. Omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverages were produced that mimicked the physical properties of 3.25% fat whole milk. Oxidation resulted in only small changes in omega-3 lipid content and sensory analysis by an untrained panel indicated that the overall aroma was no different than that of commercially available UHT processed milk. An omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverage was produced that delivered 440mg of omega-3 fatty acid per 8oz serving. When consumed daily, the beverage could provide the equivalent amount of omega-3 fatty acids recommended by the American Heart Association, and the equivalent amount of omega-3 fatty acids found in two fatty fish meals over the period of one week. Antioxidants were added to the lipid phase, immediately prior to processing, of additionally produced formulations to determine if a reduction in omega-3 lipid oxidation was observed. No overall reduction in oxidation was observed, as indicated by GC/MS and SPME-GC/MS analysis. Sensory analysis indicated that oxidative aromas increased during storage for the antioxidant and omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverage. Ascorbyl palmitate was determined to have a pro-oxidative effect on the formulated omega-3 fortified dairy-based beverages. Antioxidants present in the commercial grade fish oil used for fortification were effective in controlling oxidation in the formulated omega-3 fatty acid fortified dairy-based beverages. / Master of Science

We have hypothesized that dietary modulation of intestinal miRNA expression may contribute to the chemoprotective effects of nutritional bioactives (fish oil and pectin). Using a rat colon carcinogen model, we determined miRNAs-let-7d, miR-15b, miR-107, miR-191 and miR-324-5p were modulated by fish oil + pectin. We also demonstrated that BACE1 and PTEN are targets of miR-107 and miR-21, respectively. To further elucidate the biological effects of diet and carcinogen on miRNAs, we integrated global miRNAs, total and polysomal gene expression datasets obtained from the above mentioned study and used four computational approaches. We demonstrated that polysomal profiling is tightly related to microRNA changes when compared with total mRNA profiling. In addition, diet and carcinogen exposure modulated a number of microRNAs and complementary gene expression analyses showed that oncogenic PTK2B, PDE4B, and TCF4 were suppressed by the chemoprotective diet at both the mRNA and protein levels. To determine the function of select diet and colon carcinogen modulated miRNAs and to validate their targets, we carried out a series of loss and gain of function experiments along with luciferase reporter assays. We verified that PDE4B and TCF4 are direct targets of miR-26b and miR-203, respectively. PTK2B was determined to be an indirect target of miR-19b. In addition, microRNA physiological function was assessed by examining effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation. To better understand how the colonic stem cell population responds to environmental factors such as diet and carcinogen, we investigated the chemoprotective effects of dietary agents on miRNAs in colonic stem cells obtained from Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2 knock in mice injected with AOM. We demonstrated that based on relative expression of miR-125a-5p, miR-190b and miR-191 in stem cells vs. daughter cells and differentiated cells, these miRNAs may be stem cell specific miRNAs. We also identified miR-21 to be significantly reduced in stem cells compared to differentiated cells and selectively modulated by these dietary agents in stem cells. In summary, our results indicate for the first time that fish oil plus pectin protect against colon tumorigenesis in part by modulating a subset of miRNAs and their target genes (mRNAs) implicated in the regulation of the colon stem cell niche and tumor development.

Unidad de práctica para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento / El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo implementar una metodología analítica para cuantificar dos ácidos grasos de cadena larga omega-3, ácido eicosapentanoico C20:5 (EPA) y ácido docosahexanoico C22:6 (DHA) en una emulsión para infusión intravenosa, Omegaven®, mediante la técnica de cromatografía de gas (GC) acoplada a detector de ionización por llama (FID). Para conseguir el propósito de este trabajo se comenzó por buscar pruebas anteriores de análisis realizados en el laboratorio y bibliografía que permitiera respaldar la metodología a implementar. En base a ello se eligió modificar las condiciones de temperatura del horno del cromatógrafo. La técnica nueva se basó en una ya implementada y en la realizada por el laboratorio de origen del producto (Fresenius-Kabi Alemania), que consideraba ácidos grasos de hasta 18 carbonos. La nueva metodología que se implementó contempló ácidos grasos de hasta 22 átomos de carbono, por lo que las condiciones debieron ser modificadas. Se ajustaron los tiempos en que el horno permaneció a cada temperatura, la duración de las transiciones de aumento de temperatura y el tiempo de duración de la lectura; previo a ello, se observó en pruebas con el producto analizado preliminarmente derivatizado, que tenía peaks detectables hasta alrededor de los 37 minutos, por lo que se adecuó una rampa de temperatura que alcanzara los 45 minutos de lectura para asegurar un cromatograma completo con todos los componentes detectables bajo la técnica en el producto. Se utilizaron 6 estándares de ácidos grasos, 5 de ellos estándares individuales siendo el sexto una mezcla estándar de ácidos grasos esterificados (certificados de análisis se encuentran en Anexo N° 1). Todos los estándares utilizados se adquirieron en forma de éster metílico. Con la inyección de cada estándar en 3 repeticiones para los volúmenes de inyección 2, 3, 4 y 5 μL se pudieron obtener datos de tiempos de retención de cada uno para identificar los mismos en el cromatograma del producto. Para cuantificar estos ácidos grasos se inyectó una mezcla estándar de los mismos con concentraciones conocidas, con lo cual fue posible obtener factores de respuesta de cada peak de interés, (previamente identificado con la inyección individual), respecto de un estándar interno utilizado en la metodología y presente en la mezcla estándar. Los ácidos grasos de interés en el producto Omegaven® son EPA y DHA. Con los factores de respuesta obtenidos y la determinación de los tiempos de retención fue posible identificar y cuantificar estos ácidos grasos presentes en la muestra de producto Omegaven®

XVI Congreso Argentino y VIII del Cono Sur de Soporte Nutricional y Metabolismo. IV Congreso Argentino de Soporte Nutricional y Metabolismo en Pediatría. Evento desarrollado en Rosario, Argentina del 27 al 29 de Octubre del 2013. / OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos ricos en omega 3 en pacientes con artritis reumatoidea del Hospital Alberto Sabogal-2012. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio Descriptivo transversal. Población: Adultos de ambos sexos con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoidea. Tamaño de la Muestra: 20 pacientes. RESULTADOS: 81 % de los pacientes fueron del sexo femenino, el grupo etario más frecuente fue de 45 a 65 años (71.4%). Los alimentos ricos en omega 3 consumidos diariamente fueron: Quinua, Rábano, brócoli y espinaca, el alimento más consumido una vez por semana fue el atún, así mismo los alimentos que nunca consumieron fueron: Langosta, Bacalao, Cangrejo, Anchoveta, Camarón, trucha y coliflor, CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia de consumo de alimentos ricos en omega 3 no es el adecuado.

"September 2002" Bibliography: leaves 207-230. Ch. 1. Literature review -- Ch. 2. General methods -- Ch. 3. Dietary n-3 PUFAs and reperfusion injury in isolated cardiomyocytes -- Ch. 4. The effect of dietary n-3 PUFAs on cardiomyocyte membrane fluidity, intracellular ROS and Ca 2+ levels during oxidative stress -- Ch. 5. The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on antioxidant enzyme gene expression in rat myocardium -- Ch. 6. The effect of dietary lipids on ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat myocardium -- Ch. 7. General discussion -- Ch. 8. Appendices. The broad aims of this thesis were to develop a cellular model for studying reperfusion injury, in order to investigate the reported protective effects of n-3 PUFAs, and to examine the underlying mechanisms associated with such protection.

"September 2002" / Bibliography: leaves 207-230. / x, 230 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The broad aims of this thesis were to develop a cellular model for studying reperfusion injury, in order to investigate the reported protective effects of n-3 PUFAs, and to examine the underlying mechanisms associated with such protection. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 2002

Objectives: The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of early postoperative enteral feeding with an arginine, omega-3 fatty acids and RNA-supplemented formula in improving the wound healing process in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. The assessment was done both measuring local hydroxyproline deposition as an index of reparative collagen synthesis and qualitative indicators of wound healing, including the presence or absence of complications derived from the healing process failure. As a secondary objective, it was assessed the effectiveness of early postoperative administration of the formula in reducing the number of infectious complications. Additional outcome variables were overall morbidity and length of hospital stay.Summary background data:Early postoperative immunonutrition has invariably demonstrated significant improvements in the patients' immunological status , inflammatory response and patient outcome. Even though one of the most frequent complications in patients with neoplastic disease and associated malnutrition is the delay or failure of surgical wound healing, the influence of early immunonutrition on the wound healing process has not yet been evaluated.Methods: Sixty patients of both genders with a preoperative diagnosis of gastric cancer were prospectively randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive early enteral feeding with either an arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA-supplemented formula or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous control formula, both administered through a jejunostomy tube for 7 days. Six out of them did not complete the study and were excluded from the statistical analysis. Hydroxyproline deposition in subcutaneously placed catheters (Goodson and Hunt method), postoperative wound healing complications and infectious complications were analyzed as main outcome variables.Results: Patients treated with immunonutrition showed higher local hydroxyproline levels (59.7 nmol (5.0 - 201.8), vs. 28.0 nmol (5.8 - 89.6) p: 0.0018), significantly lower episodes of surgical wound healing complications (0 Vs 8 (26.7%) p: 0.005), significantly lower number of infectious complications (2 (6.7%) vs. 9 (30%) p: 0.01) and lower overall morbidity (4 (13.3%) vs. 13 (43.3%) p: 0.01) when compared to patients treated with standard enteral nutrition. Median length of hospital stay was shorter for patients treated with the study formula (13 days vs. 15 days, p: 0.02). Multivariate analysis to evaluate the endpoint 'presence of any postoperative complication' found the feeding group to be a significant predictor after adjusting by patient age and initial weight (OR=2.49 p: 0.001). Conclusions: Early postoperative enteral nutrition with a formula supplemented with arginine, omega 3 fatty acids and RNA increased hydroxyproline synthesis, improved surgical wound healing and significantly reduced the number of postoperative infections and the general morbidity in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Sixteen horses (2 to 4 yr; 357 to 439 kg BW) were utilized in a randomized complete block design for a 140 d trial to determine effect of omega 3 PUFAs (n-3) supplementation on markers of inflammation in young horses in training. Horses were fed treatments consisting of a control diet (n = 8) fed at 1% BW (as fed) or a treatment diet (n = 8) of concentrate fed at 0.75% BW (as fed) and 350 g of a marine n-3 supplement formulated to provide 15 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 20 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Body weight and body condition scores (BCS) were obtained biweekly and concentrate adjusted accordingly. Horses were exercised 5 d/wk by students in an equine training course. Type of activity and duration was monitored, along with heart rate to quantify workload. Exercise protocol was divided into 2 phases: phase I (d 0 to110) consisted of ground work and early training under saddle, and phase II (d 111 to 140) consisted of advance maneuvers and moderate workload. Synovial fluid was obtained from right radial carpal joint by arthrocentesis every 28 d and was analyzed for white blood cell count (WBC), total protein (TP), and specific gravity (SG). Serum concentrations of carboxypeptide type II collagen (CPII) and chondroitin sulfate 846 (CS-846) were analyzed by ELISA kits. Dietary treatment did not affect synovial WBC, TP, or SG. Also, concentrations of WBC and TP also did not differ over time. SG increased over time (P < 0.001) as horses moved from phase I to phase II of the trial. Dietary treatment did not influence concentrations of CPII or CS-846. CS-846 tended to increase over time (P = 0.09) and CPII concentrations also increased (P < 0.001) in response to changes in exercise. Furthermore, all horses gained BW and BCS throughout the trial (P < 0.001), but values were not influenced by treatment. This data indicates further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of n-3 supplementation as a preventative measure against development of osteoarthritis.

This Ph.D. dissertation presents results that shed light on whether there is an association between dietary intake and depressive disorder, feelings of sadness, or thoughts of death. This question is investigated in the context of a secondary data analysis using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002. Subjects in this study were identified as a subpopulation of the NHANES survey that completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview questionnaire for major depression. The presence of depression may lead to a decline in dietary intake and nutritional status. Conversely, poor dietary intake may have a role in the etiology of depression. Specifically, depression is associated with lower plasma, erythrocyte, phospholipid, and adipose tissue omega-3 fatty acids. Little is known about the comprehensive dietary intake of those with depression or depressive symptoms. Initially, comparisons of the dietary profile between those with and without depression or depressive symptoms were investigated. Secondly, analysis was done to determine the relationship between dietary omega-3 fatty acids and depression or depressive symptoms. Lastly, to clarify the relationship between diet and depression, misreporting of dietary energy intake was evaluated.No significant differences in the dietary profile or nutritional biochemistries were found between the altered mood and normal mood groups. No significant differences were found in dietary omega-3 fatty acids between the depressed and non-depressed groups, even after adjusting for confounding variables. Misreporting of energy intake was not significantly associated with altered mood status and remained non-significant after adjusting for confounding variables. In both groups, a significant decreasing trend in the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI:BMRest) was found as body mass index increased.Based on dietary intake alone, the relationship between depression and specific nutrients may not be apparent. Dietary intake among those with depression and depressive symptoms appears to be adequate, but adequacy may not be sufficient as a route for prevention or management of depression. Further investigation of diet and depression ought to measure diet, including nutrition supplements, and biochemical levels of nutrients from a broader age range of adults and children and those with comorbid illnesses.