För att utöka ett fordons användningsområde kan det utrustas med olika typer av arbetsredskap och lasthanteringsutrustning. För att driva dessa finns möjlighet till kraftuttag (PTO - Power Take-Off) från ett antal anslutningar vid motor och drivlina. I dagsläget saknar motorns styrsystem information om dessa laster vilket kan påverka styrningen negativt. I detta arbete presenteras en metod för att estimera det okända lastmomentet på kraftuttaget. Metoden utgår från Newtons andra lag för svänghjulet och det drivande momentet till drivlinan beskrivs av en dynamisk modell. Genom att beräkna hur mycket moment som borde krävas vid aktuellt körfall och jämföra detta med det moment som motorn levererar kan parasitförluster och okända externa laster estimeras. En känslighetsanalys av omgivningens inverkan på modellen och PTO-estimeringen visar att estimeringen i dagsläget inte går att utföra på ett robust och tillförlitligt sätt. De fel som uppstår till följd av bristfällig information om bland annat väglutning och fordonsmassa ger upphov till fel i PTO-estimeringen som är vida större än de lastmoment som ska estimeras. Vidare konstateras att värdet på det levererade motormomentet i motorstyrsystemet (EMS) kan ha ett statiskt fel på upp till cirka 70Nm. / To extend the possible use of a truck it can be equipped with auxillary equipment for handling cargo and different working tools. These are powered using a Power Take-Off (PTO) connected to the vehicle´s drivetrain. In the current situation the control system lacks information about these loads, which can have a negative impact on the control. In this thesis a method for estimating the unknown PTO torque is presented. The method is based on Newtons second law of motion describing the motion of the flywheel. The driving torque from the drivetrain is described by a dynamic model. By calculating how much torque that should suffice in the present driving situation and comparing this to the torque delivered by the engine, the parasitic losses and unknown external loads can be estimated. A sensitivity analysis of the ambient influence on the model and the PTO estimation shows that the estimation cannot be performed in a robust and reliable way. The errors that arise from faulty input to the model such as deficient road slope and vehicle mass information result in errors with greater magnitude than the load torque to be estimated. It is also concluded that in the Engine Management System (EMS), the calculation of the torque delivered by the engine can show a static error of up to approximately 70Nm.

Nanocrystal has non-negligible ratio of the surface atoms. The photophysics of the nanocrystal is strongly influenced by the surface states.There are two surface-related phenomena: the on-off blinking and the red-emission. On-off blinking is a phenomenon commonly observed in thesingle emitters, such as dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots (QD).In the QD, the charged state caused by the charge transferring from the core to the surface states explains the off-state. Another surface-related phenomenon is the red-emission, which is the emission from the low-lying surface trapped states. This thesis investigates the correlation between the on-off blinking and the red-emissions of the semiconductor nanocrystals. CdSe/ZnS core/shell colloidal nanocrystals with 2.1nm in diameter and emission peak at 515nm were examined. PL spectrum in the solution indicates that besides the band-edge emission, there is a broadband emission spanning the wavelength range of 590 ¡V 800 nm, which is called the red-emission. The lifetime of the band-edge emission is about 20ns, and that of the red-emission is about 200ns. Since they are with different fluorescence lifetime, the band-edge emission and the red-emission are from distinct emission species. Emission intensity from individual QDs of the band-edge emission and the red-emission are recorded by an imaging CCD. Most QDs exhibit band-edge emission. Only few QDs show the red-emission. Both emissions exhibit clear on-off blinking, indicating the two phenomena are with different mechanism.Moreover, the band-edge emission and the red-emission are mutual exclusive.None QDs exhibit both emissions. This indicates the tiny structure difference from one QD particle to another QD particle resulting in a dramatic different of the excitation energy relaxation pathway.

This paper investigates the influence of the shares of non-interest income and the diversification, which result from off-balance sheet activities, on the performance of banking in Taiwan. I also use ARCH-M model in this study. The sample period is from January 2000 to December 2011. I find that all sample banks and private banks do not benefit from off-balance sheet activities, but government banks benefit from off-balance sheet activities. In this paper, I also use CUSUM test to find the structural breakpoint and discuss the situation in accordance with it. The result shows that the structural breakpoint is at July 2002, which closes to the founded time of lots of financial holding companies. After the structural breakpoint, the positive impact of shares of non-interest income and diversification on the performance disappear.

Abstract Negative index structures could be implemented through surface Plasmon polariton waves generated by nanostructures. We are interested in PMMA grating structure on curved metal surface. In order to fabricate this kind of samples, a series process parameters have been tested and also the lift-off process has been developed. Our results show superlens effect under optical microscope(OM). The sub-wavelength grating image is reconstructed in the non-grating region where the PMMA dielectric layer is not uniform. Surface Plasmon(SPP) waves generated in the grating region propagate to the non-grating region and are scattered out through the non-uniform PMMA layer. The grating information is not resolvable under OM but clear in the reconstructed region. It shows that SPP waves can show super resolution and a simple batch process should be developed in the future.

Off-chip buses consume a huge fraction (20%-40%) of the system power. Hence, techniques such as increasing bus widths, transition encoding etc. have been used for power reduction on off-chip data buses. Since capacitances at the I/O pads and interwire capacitances contribute significantly to increase in power, encoding/decoding schemes have been developed to reduce switching activity of the off-chip bus lines, thus reducing power. Frequent-Value Encoding(FVE) [1], Frequent Value Encoding with Xor (FVExor) [1] and VALVE [2] are some of the better known encoding schemes but they still have scope for improvement. This thesis addresses the problem of power reduction in off-chip data buses by encoding variable number (1 to 4) of fixed-size (32-bit) data values (variable length patterns) which exhibit temporal locality. This characteristic enables us to cache these patterns using 64-entry CAM at the encoder and 64-entry SRAM at the decoder. Whenever a pattern match occurs a 2-bit code indicating the index of the match is sent. If a variable length pattern match occurs then the code and unmatched portion of data is sent. We implemented our scheme, Variable Length Pattern Coding (VLPC) for various integer and floating point benchmarks and have seen 6% to 49% encodable patterns in these benchmarks. Based on the experiments on simplescalar and our analysis in MATLAB, we obtained 4.88% to 40.11% reduction in transition activity for SPEC2000 benchmarks such as crafty, swim, mcf, applu, ammp etc. over unencoded data. This is 0.3% to 38.9% higher than that obtained using FVE, FVExor [1] and VALVE [2] encoding schemes. Finally, we have designed a low-power custom CAM and SRAM using 45nm BSIM4 technology models which has been used to verify lower latency of data matching and storing.

Three flexure pivot pad bearings (FPBs) with different preloads are evaluated for use in high performance applications by comparing them to a hybrid hydrostatic bearing (HHB). One application of these bearings is in turbopumps for liquid rocket engines. To evaluate bearing performance, the lift-off speed of the shaft from the bearing surface is experimentally determined. Experimental data of lift-off are collected using a circuit running through the shaft and the designed bearing. Other methods for measuring liftoff speeds were attempted but did not yield consistent results. Water is used as a lubricant to simulate a low viscosity medium. In comparison to load-capacity-based predictions for FPBs, the experimental results showed lower lift-off speeds, higher load capacities, higher eccentricity ratios, and lower attitude angles. The bearings’ predicted load capacity determined lift-off speed predictions, but the experimental results show no clear trend relating lift-off speed to load capacity. This was for a range of running speeds, with the design speed defined as the final speed in a particular test case. At 0.689 bar supply pressure and for a design speed of 3000 rpm, the HHB showed greater load capacities and lower eccentricities than the FPBs, but the FPBs had lower lift-off speeds and attitude angles. In fact, the FPBs in the load-between-pad orientation outperformed the HHB in the load-on-pocket orientation with lower lift-off speeds for the shaft weight-only case. An increased supply pressure lowered the lift-off speeds in the HHB tests. If the load in the bearing application remains relatively small, a FPB could be substituted for an HHB.

Hydraulic fracturing is an important method used to enhance the recovery of oil and gas from reservoirs, especially for low permeability formations. The distribution of pressure in fractures and fracture geometry are needed to design conventional and unconventional hydraulic fracturing operations, fracturing during water-flooding of petroleum reservoirs, shale gas, and injection/extraction operation in a geothermal reservoir. Designing a hydraulic fracturing job requires an understanding of fracture growth as a function of treatment parameters. There are various models used to approximately define the development of fracture geometry, which can be broadly classified into 2D and 3D categories. 2D models include, the Perkins-Kern-Nordgren (PKN) fracture model, and the Khristianovic-Geertsma-de. Klerk (KGD) fracture model, and the radial model. 3D models include fully 3D models and pseudo-three-dimensional (P-3D) models. The P-3D model is used in the oil industry due to its simplification of height growth at the wellbore and along the fracture length in multi-layered formations. In this research, the Perkins-Kern-Nordgren (PKN) fracture model is adopted to simulate hydraulic fracture propagation and recession, and the pressure changing history. Two different approaches to fluid leak-off are considered, which are the classical Carter's leak-off theory with a constant leak-off coefficient, and Pressure-dependent leak-off theory. Existence of poroelastic effect in the reservoir is also considered. By examining the impact of leak-off models and poroelastic effects on fracture geometry, the influence of fracturing fluid and rock properties, and the leak-off rate on the fracture geometry and fracturing pressure are described. A short and wide fracture will be created when we use the high viscosity fracturing fluid or the formation has low shear modulus. While, the fracture length, width, fracturing pressure, and the fracture closure time increase as the fluid leak-off coefficient is decreased. In addition, an algorithm is developed for the post-fracture pressure-transient analysis to calculate formation permeability. The impulse fracture pressure transient model is applied to calculate the formation permeability both for the radial flow and linear fracture flow assumption. Results show a good agreement between this study and published work.

Since ancient times, coffee has been a savory drink for most of the world's population. It is the second most widely distributed commodity after crude oil in the world. Hence, there has always been a pressure on the coffee industry to produce more volume of good quality coffee. The coffee industry has not been able to meet this increasing coffee demand due to various reasons, such as low crop yield, high coffee rejection rate etc. Historically, the coffee production industry has had high rejection rates due to inadequate knowledge about the defects that plague coffee and the lack of research to detect and eliminate the defective coffee beans. In this thesis, an attempt has been made to minimize the rejection rate of coffee beans due to a specific defect called "Potato Defect". Potato defect is very prominent in East African countries for reasons not yet known. It is caused by an increase in the concentration of 2-isopropyl -3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP), present in parts per billion concentration in coffee beans. In this thesis, various techniques have been evaluated to detect the increased concentration of IPMP, and then eliminate the 'potato defect' infected coffee beans. As these proposed techniques need to be implemented on an industrial scale, special care has been taken to keep the inspection time of coffee beans as low as possible to minimize its negative impact on the overall coffee production rate. Considering both sensitivity and time, non destructive methods such as ion mobility spectrometry, cavity ring down spectrometry and electronic nose were assessed for their suitability to identify low concentrations of IPMP in the complex matrix of coffee volatiles. Experiments were also conducted by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME), followed by multidimensional gas chromatography with simultaneous olfactory and mass spectrometric detection (GC- MS-O) technology to validate information related to the 'potato defect'. GC-MS-O could detect IPMP present in whole green coffee beans while other researchers only detected IPMP in ground coffee. The findings of this thesis opens the doors for the coffee industry to establish non destructive, sensitive methodology to analyze further coffee aroma.

Since the financial markets keep developing, the way of off-balance-sheet financing weeds through the old to bring forth the new, Accounting information frequently cannot promptly and faithfully responds the real finance condition of a company. Those activities, such as operating leases, sale of receivables with the right of recourse, asset-backed securitization (ABS), joint ventures and investment in affiliates, finance subsidiaries, take-or-pay contracts, throughput arrangements, hedging activities, pensions and other employee benefits, have insufficient expression in financial reports that may let investors neglect the influence on the company behind these activities. This research namely wants to discuss how off-balance-sheet financing activities influence the value of the stockholder equity. Because the types of off-balance-sheet financing activities are many, and the correlative information obtains not easily, this research only chooses available information ¡§off-balance-sheet pensions financing¡¨ as the proxy variable of off-balance-sheet financing. It is found that, the equity book value and abnormal earnings as Ohlson (1995) says, have significant positive influence on stock price. It is also found that preceding-period off-balance-sheet pensions financing can be used to forecast current stock price, this may attribute to that investors only can obtain the preceding -period off-balance-sheet pensions financing, but unable to obtain current pensions information. Among the related theories that affect the funding policy, the findings suggest that: (1) Financial slack theory is tenable. (2) The debt covenant effect theory has not obtained the uniform conclusion. (3) Tax effect theory isn¡¦t supported.

Abstract This study applies qualitative and quantitative research to investigate the relationship and effects off-campus performances have on students, teaching activities, school administration, and social education. Data was collected in the form of questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaires targeted the 2nd and part of first and third graders of music-talented classes of the seven senior high schools in southern Taiwan. Besides, interviews of teachers and administrators were given to compare each school¡¦s performance styles so as to research the phenomenon of off-campus concerts and operation. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Students¡¦ recognition and satisfaction towards off-campus performances are in direct ratio with students¡¦ involvement 2. Excellent off-campus concerts represent successful music instruction while successful music instruction reflect directly on high performance level at concerts 3. Off-campus performances should be supported by school administration, while school administration exhibits its function in the performances. 4. The styles and repertoires of off-campus concerts manifest each school¡¦s genre. 5. Off-campus concerts function as social education through student appreciation, demonstration and involvement. 6. Each of the seven targeted schools has unique characteristics in off-campus performances and instruction. It is the intention of this study to pose suggestions for the reference of teaching activities, administrators, and concerts of music-talented class. Keywords: senior high school music-talented class, off-campus performances, operation