This thesis concerns a longitudinal study of the practice of Live Peer Assessment on two University courses in Computer Science. By Live Peer Assessment I mean a practice of whole-class collective marking using electronic devices of student artefacts demonstrated in a class or lecture theatre with instantaneous aggregated results displayed on screen immediately after each grading decision. This is radically different from historical peer-assessment in universities which has primarily been asynchronous process of marking of students' work by small subsets of the cohort (e.g. 1 student artefact is marked by < 3 fellow students). Live Peer Assessment takes place in public, is marked by (as far as practically possible) the whole cohort, and results are instantaneous. This study observes this practice, first on a level 4 course in E-Media Design where students' main assignment is a multimedia CV (or resume) and secondly on a level 7 course in Multimedia Specification Design and Production where students produce a multimedia information artefact in both prototype and final versions. In both cases, students learned about these assignments from reviewing works done by previous students in Live Peer Evaluation events where they were asked to collectively publicly mark those works according to the same rubrics that the tutors would be using. In this level 4 course, this was used to help students get a better understanding of the marks criteria. In the level 7 course, this goal was also pursued, but was also used for the peer marking of students' own work. Among the major findings of this study are: • In the level 4 course student attainment in the final assessment improved on average by 13% over 4 iterations of the course, with very marked increase among students in the lower percentiles • The effectiveness of Live Peer Assessment in improving student work comes from o Raising the profile of the marking rubric o Establishing a repertoire of example work o Modelling the 'noticing' of salient features (of quality or defect) enabling students to self-monitor more effectively • In the major accepted measure of peer-assessment reliability (correlation between student awarded marks and tutor awarded marks) Live Peer Assessment is superior to traditional peer assessment. That is to say, students mark more like tutors when using Live Peer Assessment • In the second major measure (effect-size) which calculates if students are more strict or generous than tutors, (where the ideal would be no difference), Live Peer Assessment is broadly comparable with traditional peer assessment but this is susceptible to the conditions under which it takes place • The reason for the better greater alignment of student and tutor marks comes from the training sessions but also from the public nature of the marking where individuals can compare their marking practice with that of the rest of the class on a criterion by criterion basis • New measures proposed in this thesis to measure the health of peer assessment events comprise: Krippendorf's Alpha, Magin's Reciprocity Matrix, the median pairwise tutor student marks correlation, the Skewness and Kurtosis of the distribution of pairwise tutor student marking correlations • Recommendations for practice comprise that: o summative peer assessment should not take place under conditions of anonymity but that very light conditions of marking competence should be enforced on student markers (e.g. > 0.2 correlation between individual student marking and that of tutors) o That rubrics can be more suggestive and colloquial in the conditions of Live Peer Assessment because the marking criteria can be instantiated in specific examples of student attainment and therefore the criteria may be less legalistically drafted because a more holistic understanding of quality can be communicated.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-01T11:32:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Henrique de Oliveira Cestari.pdf: 8168483 bytes, checksum: c1b8c3a5d071895d0a24c305e47a9b74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T11:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Henrique de Oliveira Cestari.pdf: 8168483 bytes, checksum: c1b8c3a5d071895d0a24c305e47a9b74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / “Ambientation” is the continuous, purposive, and effective mediation of the multimodal qualities creating a space of signs. Together with djs, musicians, set and light designers as well as the participating public, video jockeys (vjs) compose dance floor ambientations, while manipulating and projecting audiovisual content in real time. This study adopts a semiotic approach in the inquiry into the strategies through which vjs create ambientations in their performances by means of live visuals and soundscapes. Nine parties, shows, and festivals from 2011 to 2016 are the object of detailed semiotic and multimedia analyses. Part 1 describes the data, exemplifies the variety of vjing scenarios, and identifies live performance, synaesthetic effects, and collage as the three principal strategies of creative practice. Part 2 introduces H. Gumbrecht’s theory of the production of presence in light of C. S. Peirce’s semiotics. It distinguishes six dimensions of presence that transform a dance floor into a creative semiotic space: (1) Stimmung (free possibilities of attunement), (2) mood (materialized quality), (3) atmosphere (or mood chaining), (4) the environment (movement in the atmospheres), (5) “scapes” (limitations and perceptual restrictions in the environment), and (6) ambience (patterns regulating atmospheric transitions). During a live video fruition, ambientation creates tensions oscillating between effects of presence (contact and rhythm) and effects of sense (intellectual depths and meanings). On the dance floor, vjs mobilize sensory qualities and combine them with actions and habits. They build a universe of Stimmungen from which all participants in the performance, immersed and surrounded in ambientation, are free to choose and create their own semiosic helix. The general effects of the event are commotion, emotive condition, and energetic reaction, together with effects of meaning / Ambientação é a mediação contínua, propositada e efetiva de qualidades multimodais que criam um espaço de signos. Juntamente com djs, músicos, cenógrafos, iluminadores e com o público participante, vídeo jóqueis (vjs) compõem ambientações nas pistas de dança ao manipular e projetar conteúdo audiovisual em tempo presente. Este estudo adota uma abordagem semiótica na investigação de estratégias usadas por vjs, que criam ambientações em suas performances por meio de visuais ao vivo e paisagens sonoras. Nove festas, shows e festivais ocorridos entre 2011 e 2016 são o objeto de análise semiótica detalhada. A seção I descreve os dados, exemplifica a variedade de cenários de vjing e identifica performance ao vivo, efeitos sinestésicos e colagem como três estratégias principais de prática criativa. A seção II apresenta a teoria sobre produção de presença de H. Gumbrecht à luz da semiótica de C. S. Peirce. Também distingue seis dimensões de presença que transformam a pista de dança em um espaço criativo de signos: (1) Stimmung (livres possibilidades de afinação), (2) humor (qualidade materializada), (3) atmosfera (ou encadeamento entre humores), (4) ambiente (movimento entre atmosferas), (5) paisagem (limitações e restrições perceptivas do ambiente) e (6) ambiência (padrões que regulam transições atmosféricas). Na pista de dança, vjs mobilizam qualidades sensórias, combinandoas com ações e hábitos. Eles constroem um universo de Stimmungen a partir dos quais todos os participantes na performance, imersos e rodeados por ambientação, se veem livres para escolher e criar sua própria hélice semiótica. Os efeitos gerais do evento são comoção, emotividade e reações energéticas, juntamente com efeitos de sentido

O objetivo desta dissertação é descrever alguns aspectos linguísticos da narração de futebol transmitida por rádio. Para isso, utilizei a partida que gravei (entre outras) disputada pelas equipes do Corinthians-SP e do Flamengo-RJ realizada em 2013, narrada por Deva Pascovici para a rádio CBN. Dessa gravação, o segundo tempo do jogo foi sincronizado com as imagens da transmissão televisiva emitida pela TV Bandeirantes. Realizei essa sincronização no software ELAN, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Max Planck de Psicolinguística. Nesse mesmo software, transcrevi as falas tanto do narrador como dos comentaristas e repórteres. Também as imagens foram transcritas, por meio de um sistema de trilhas que elaborei para as informações visuais baseado no sistema de transcrição desenvolvido pelo Laboratório Linguagem, Interação, Cognição para línguas sinalizadas e outras semióticas visuais (McCleary & Viotti, 2007; McCleary et al., 2010). Os aspectos linguísticos descritos neste trabalho dizem respeito a elementos dos eventos de fala para além do conteúdo segmental como faceta relevante dos processos de significação da narração. Nesse sentido, descrevo o encadeamento dos enquadramentos de visualização (Langacker, 2001) e a prosódia como unidades linguísticas em uma visão mais ampla da narração e os usos da expressão pra fora e do verbo sair ao aproximar o foco dos processos de construal (Langacker, 2000, 2008; Taylor, 2002). Esta dissertação mostra que a narração de eventos em tempo real para um ouvinte que não os presencia necessita não apenas dos conhecimentos compartilhados entre falante e ouvinte sobre o contexto de produção da narração, mas também de estratégias específicas para convencionalizar unidades linguísticas para além do uso corriqueiro da língua. / This dissertation describes some linguistic aspects of football (soccer) radio live commentary. The broadcast of a match between the Corinthians-SP and Flamengo-RJ teams, which occurred in 2013, was recorded live. The main commentator was Deva Pascovic, on CBN radio station. The second half of that match was synchronized with the television shootage, exhibited by TV Bandeirantes. That synchronization was made on the ELAN software, developed by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. On the same software, a transcription of the speech from the live commentator as well as from other commentators and reporters was made. The video shootage was also transcribed, through a tiers system developed during this study for visual information on football TV broadcast based on the transcription system under development in the Language, Interaction, Cognition Lab at the University of São Paulo (McCleary & Viotti, 2007; McCleary et al., 2010). Some linguistic aspects described in this study are related to speech events elements beyond the segmental content as relevant facets of the signifying process in football live commentary. The study describes then the sequencing of viewing frames (Langacker, 2001) and prosody as linguistic unities in a broader view of the live commentaries and usage events of the expressions pra fora and sair when the research focus was approximated to the construal (Langacker, 2000, 2008; Taylor, 2002) processes. We show that events live commentary made to a listener who does not experience them in presence needs not only shared knowledge beteween speaker and hearer about the speaking event context, but also specific strategies in order to conventionalize linguistic unities that go beyond the language usage of everyday.

Uma das perspectivas pioneiras na explicação do fenômeno franchising é a de que esse formato organizacional proporciona crescimento rápido de redes de unidades de negócio. No entanto, poucos trabalhos empíricos discutem os determinantes do crescimento de redes de franquia. Diferenças entre os setores da indústria e entre as características das redes estão relacionadas a fatores de influência distintos, os quais carecem de investigação. Neste trabalho, 376 redes associadas à Associação Brasileira de Franchising (ABF) foram analisadas para verificar alguns dos determinantes do crescimento do número de unidades na rede. Evitando taxonomias arbitrárias, o estudo segrega as redes em grupos de comportamento estratégico. Tal comportamento deriva diretamente da especificidade de ativos desenvolvidos ao longo do ciclo de vida das redes (efeito path dependence). Testou-se em seguida se o crescimento é afetado pela perspectiva de risco moral de franqueados e pela variação nos incentivos estabelecidos pela rede. Os resultados apontam para efeitos benéficos da reputação e experiência de redes maduras em sua relação com franqueados. Além disso, são obtidos alguns novos insights sobre a relação de redes de franquia com o setor de shopping centers e a presença cada vez maior de redes de franquia em mercados emergentes no cenário brasileiro. / A traditional claim about franchising phenomenon is that this arrangement provides faster networks growing. However, few studies investigate the determinants of growth of franchised chains. Distinctions between both industries and franchise chains issues are related to different influencing factors, which needs further research. In this study, 376 networks associated with the Brazilian Franchising Association (ABF) were analyzed in order to identify some of the determinants of chain size growth (the number of chain\'s outlets). While it avoids arbitrary taxonomies, the study secretes sample chains into strategic behavior groups. Such a behavior derives directly from the assets specificity developed during the life-cycle of franchised chains in the sample (path dependence effect). Tests were applied checking whether growth is affected by the prospect of franchisees moral hazard, as to the variation in the incentives mechanisms established by franchisors. The results suggest beneficial effects of both reputation and experience in mature chains related associated franchisees. Additionally, the study provides some new insights into the franchise and shopping malls industry interaction, and the increasing presence of franchise networks in emerging markets in the Brazilian scene.

This thesis presents an approach to evaluate and develop a live load model. Although the main purpose of this work is with the impact of truck traffic on bridges, the data presented in this work can be used in many engineering fields that are concerned with truck characteristics of geometry and weight. Data from two different WIM stations were considered. One in Fernão Dias highway in the State of São Paulo which is comprised of a same-direction two adjacent lanes and the sample is comprised of 20 months (September 2015 to August 2017). The second station is in Rio Grande do Sul State. This road is a same-direction three adjacent lanes. The sample is comprised of 78 days (March 2014 to June 2014) In order to evaluate and develop a new live load model, an approach to compute load effects in terms of bending moments and shear forces is proposed. It makes use of single and multiple truck presence to evaluate the live load effects for different bridge spans. Three cases of multiple presence are considered: following, side-by-side and staggered. The proposed approach to evaluate the multiple truck presence effects is compared with the approach used by AASHTO LRFD. The approach for estimating the bias factors shows that considering only full correlated trucks is too conservative, mostly for short spans where there is a lack of occurrences, especially following events. On the other hand, taking into account no correlation at all yields very low bias factors. At last, a more rational live load model was developed based on WIM data. Another purpose of this thesis is to use existing Brazilian bridges to calibrate the live load model as in NBR7188:2013. Reliability analysis is performed with sixty existing Brazilian bridges. The bridges are taken from different states of Brazil. Out of the sixty bridges, 39 are prestressed and 21 reinforced concrete bridges. Those bridges are located in five different states: Pernambuco, Ceará, Bahia, São Paulo, Minas Gerais. Probability of failure was estimated in terms of moment and shear for interior girders and box girders. Only ultimate state limit was considered. It was found that reliability indices are higher in prestressed bridges when compared to reinforced bridges. Also, the reliability indices tend to decrease as the span length increases. This means that for larger spans the probability of failure is higher than the ones for shorter spans. / Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem para avaliação e desenvolvimento de modelo de carga móvel. Embora o principal objetivo desta tese seja averiguar o impacto de caminhões nas pontes, os dados apresentados aqui podem ser usados em qualquer aplicação de engenharia que dependa das características do tráfego de caminhão. Dados de duas estações WIM foram utilizados. Uma estação fica na Autoestrada Fernão Dias no Estado de São Paulo e possui 20 meses (Setembro de 2015 a Agosto de 2017) de dados coletados. A outra estação fica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Esta amostra tem 78 dias e foi coletada de Marco de 2014 a Junho de 2014. Com o objetivo de avaliar e desenvolver um novo modelo de carga móvel, uma abordagem para estimar o efeito de carga em termos de momento fletor e esforço cortante é proposta. Este método faz uso de estatísticas de caminhões em múltiplas presenças e isolados. Três casos de múltiplas presenças são considerados: \"Following\", \"Side-by-side\" e \"Staggered\". A abordagem proposta é comparada com o método usado pela AASHTO LRFD. A abordagem para estimar os \"bias factors\" mostra que considerar apenas caminhões totalmente correlacionados é muito conservador, principalmente para períodos curtos onde há uma falta de ocorrências, especialmente para eventos \"Following\". Por outro lado, não considerar a correlação de peso dos caminhões resulta em valores muito baixos de \"bias factors\". Por fim, um modelo de carga móvel mais racional foi desenvolvido com base nos dados WIM. Outro objetivo desta tese foi usar pontes brasileiras existentes para calibrar o modelo de carga móvel descrito na NBR7188:2013. Análises de confiabilidade foram realizadas em uma amostra de sessenta pontes brasileiras, sendo que destas 39 são protendidas e 21 armadas. Elas estão localizadas em cinco diferentes estados: Pernambuco, Ceará, Bahia, São Paulo e Minas Gerais. As probabilidades de falha foram estimadas em termos de momento fletor e cisalhamento para vigas internas e vigas caixão. Apenas o estado limite último foi considerado. Verificou-se que os índices de confiabilidade são maiores nas pontes protendidas quando comparadas às pontes armadas. Além disso, os índices de confiabilidade tendem a diminuir à medida que o comprimento do vão aumenta.

Introdução - As doenças renais terminais têm elevada prevalência. O transplante renal é sabidamente a melhor opção de tratamento, porém há considerável carência de rins de cadáver. A doação intervivos é uma alternativa que propicia redução do tempo em fila de espera, aliada a outras vantagens, contudo, com riscos para o doador. Prefere-se o rim esquerdo por ter veia renal mais longa que o rim contralateral. O rim direito pode ser utilizado em determinados casos, apesar dos riscos impostos pela menor extensão da sua veia. Objetivou-se avaliar as perdas de extensão de veia renal com os métodos de clampeamento mais freqüentemente utilizados, assim como a comparação entre os comprimentos obtidos das veias renais direita e esquerda, antes do seu clampeamento e secção e após. Métodos - Por meio de dissecção de cadáveres, avaliou-se o comprimento da veia renal direita, antes de ser clampeada e seccionada e após, utilizando-se três métodos de clampeamento: com pinça vascular Satinsky, com sutura mecânica (Stapler) e clipe vascular Hem-o-lok®. Empregaram-se os testes Qui-quadrado, T-pareado e ONEWAY-ANOVA para a análise estatística dos dados obtidos. Resultados - Verificou-se que a veia renal direita é significativamente menor que a veia renal esquerda, considerandose o seu comprimento útil em todas as condições. Dentre os três métodos utilizados, evidenciou-se maior comprimento da veia renal direita com o emprego da pinça vascular Satinsky. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre Stapler e Hem-o-lok®, apesar de o primeiro ter mostrado valores maiores em relação ao segundo. Conclusões - Concluiu-se que a veia renal direita é significativamente menor que a veia renal esquerda, considerando-se o seu comprimento útil. A veia renal direita é 13,7% menor que a veia renal esquerda e não há diferença estatisticamente significativa quando comparadas as medidas entre os três métodos de clampeamento vascular. / Introduction - End-stage renal diseases have high incidence. Renal transplantation is the best approach to such conditions. Live donor transplants offer shorter waiting times, and less surgical stress, but pose risks to the donor. The left kidney is preferred because the left renal vein is longer. The right kidney may be used in selected cases, in spite of the risks due to its shorter vein. The preferred clamping method to minimize right renal vein length waste has not been defined. Methods - The length of the right renal vein was assessed in cadavers, before and after clamping and section, with comparison of three clamping methods: Satinsky vascular clamp; Stapler; and Hem-o-lock® vascular clip. The chi-squared, paired t, and ONEWAY ANOVA tests were used for statistical analysis. Results - The right renal vein was found to be significantly shorter than the left one. The Satinsky method produced the greatest length of the right renal vein. The Stapler and Hem-o-lock® methods did not significantly differ, although the former produced values constantly higher than the latter. Conclusions - The right renal vein is significantly shorter (13.7%) than the left one, and the measures obtained with the three vascular clamping methods did not statistically differ

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do mercado futuro como forma de mitigação do risco associado aos preços do boi gordo para as praças de Araçatuba (SP) e Goiânia (GO). Calculou-se a efetividade do hedge por meio da razão ótima de hedge para as praças estudadas no período de 2002 a 2013, utilizando três tipos de modelos econométricos. No primeiro modelo, as variâncias e covariâncias condicionais foram tratadas como constantes e os preços spot e futuro não foram considerados correlacionados no tempo; no segundo modelo, relaxou-se a hipótese de que os preços spot e futuro não são correlacionados no tempo, portanto, adicionou-se um vetor de correção de erros ao modelo; e, no terceiro modelo, assumiu-se que as variâncias e covariâncias condicionais não são constantes. Os resultados obtidos por esses métodos indicaram que o uso do contrato futuro de boi gordo diminuiu a variância dos retornos no período estudado, de modo que as estimativas dinâmicas foram inferiores na efetividade em diminuir o risco de preço diante das estimativas obtidas por modelos estáticos. Ainda com o intuito de avaliar a eficiência do mercado futuro de boi gordo, foram quantificados a variância e os retornos do confinador nas praças estudadas através de simulações de compra de boi magro e posterior venda de boi gordo, realizando, simultaneamente, o hedge no mercado futuro. Observou-se que a utilização do contrato futuro diminuiu o coeficiente de variação para os períodos analisados em comparação às estratégias que não realizaram a utilização do hedge. / The general objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of futures market in order to mitigate the risk of price of live cattle to the producers of Araçatuba (SP) and Goiânia (GO). To measure this effectiveness, we estimated the optimal hedge ratio from the period of 2002 to 2013, using three types of econometric models. In the first model, conditional variances and covariances were treated as constant and the spot and future prices were not considered correlated in time; in the second model, we relaxed the hypothesis that spot and future prices were not correlated in time, so, we added an error correction vector to the model; and, in the third model, we assumed that the conditional variances and covariances are not constant. The results obtained by these methods indicated that the use of live cattle contract was able to reduce the risk and also that the dynamic estimates do not overcome the static estimates. We also calculated the variance of returns for the producers of Araçatuba e Goiânia by purchasing simulations of steers and subsequent sale of live cattle, performing simultaneously the hedge on the market future. It was observed that the use of the futures contract decreased the coefficient of variation for the periods analyzed compared to the strategies that did not undergo the use of hedging.

La transcription est une étape fondamentale dans l'expression des gènes. Cependant, elle reste incomplètement caractérisée dans les cellules vivantes. Pour mieux comprendre la dynamique de la transcription, notre laboratoire a amélioré le système de marquage d'ARN en utilisant la séquence codante pour MS2, facilement fusionnée avec le promoteur d'intérêt et inséré copie unique dans deux lignées cellulaires HeLa cellules. Cette construction permet une vue quantitative de la transcription, a l’échelle de la molécule unique, en temps réel. Nous avons trouvé que le VIH-1 est transcrit par des groupes de polymérases nominés convois. La transcription oscille de manière aléatoire avec des périodes actives (ON) et inactives (OFF) et est contrôlée indépendamment.Sur la base de cette découverte, nous avons étudié: (i) comment l'architecture de différents promoteurs de mammifères contrôle la cinétique transcriptionnelle; et (ii) le rôle du transactivateur transcriptionnel (Tat), le régulateur principal de la transcription du VIH-1, dans les cellules vivantes. Pour traiter ces questions, une nouvelle méthode de modélisation a été établi, combinant l'information des fluctuations transcriptionnelles avec différentes résolutions temporelles. Cela a donné une vue complète et précise du processus stochastique, décrit par le modèle de Markov. Cinq des six promoteurs de mammifères pourraient être définis par trois états, probablement contrôlés par des mécanismes différents. Le passage entre ces états est défini par les constantes de vitesse et l'écart entre eux pourrait potentiellement expliquer la différence dans la quantité d'ARN produit. De manière intéressante, nous avons constaté que les taux de passage entre les états inactifs et profondément silencieux sont la marque distinctive de différents promoteurs, suggérant que les événements cruciaux définissant les profils transcriptionnels sont en fait des événements pré-transcriptionnels.Pour étudier le rôle de Tat, des lignées cellulaires contenant un rapporteur du VIH-1 et une quantité différente de Tat ont été produites. Avec cette approche décrite ci-dessus, nous avons montré que Tat, précédemment caractérisé en tant qu'acteur dominant dans la libération de la polymérase en pause, agit longtemps avant que la transcription soit initiée. Ces résultats frappants apportent de nouvelles perspectives concernant la dynamique transcriptionnelle du VIH-1 contrôlée par Tat. / Transcription is a fundamental step in gene expression. However, it is incompletely characterized in single living cells. To address this question, our laboratory developed the improved RNA tagging system using MS2-binding protein that could easily be fused with the promoter of interest inserted in a single copy in HeLa cell lines. This construct allows quantitative, single molecule view of the transcription in a real time. We have found that HIV-1 is transcribed by groups of closely spaced polymerases referred as convoys. The transcription oscillates randomly between active (ON) and inactive (OFF) periods that are controlled independently.On the basis of this discovery, we further investigated: (i) how architecture of different mammalian promoters controls the transcriptional kinetics; and (ii) the role of transcriptional transactivator (Tat), the master regulator of in HIV-1 transcription in living cells. To address this, new pipeline for the quantification was established, combining the information of transcriptional fluctuations with different temporal resolutions. This gave the full and precise view of the stochastic switching, described by the Markov model. Five of six mammalian promoters could be defined by three states, probably controlled by different mechanisms. Switching between them is defined by the rate constants and the discrepancy among them could potentially explain the difference in the amount mRNA produced. Interestingly, we found that switching rates between inactive, deeply silent states are the hallmark of different promoters, suggesting that the crucial events defining the transcriptional profiles are in fact pre-transcriptional events.To address the role of Tat, cell lines containing HIV-1 reporter and different amounts of Tat were produced. With the above described approach, we found that Tat, previously characterized as dominant player in the release of the paused polymerase, actually acts long before the transcription is initiated. These striking results bring new insights of HIV-1 transcriptional dynamics controlled by Tat.

Indirect perpetration Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the institute of indirect perpetration. First it mentions its historical development, since the acceptance of indirect perpetration was inconsistent in earlier times. Now the principle of accessory criminal liability of the participant applies in our country, and the participant can be criminally liable only if the perpetrator is criminally liable. Back then the opposite principle was applied, namely the principle of independence of the participation. Indirect perpetration was not necessary and was only accepted by such authors who recognized it as another specific form of perpetration. Participation, especially instigation and organization, is very close to indirect perpetration. The indirect perpetrator or a participant, do not fulfil the elements of the offence by their own activity, but they contribute significantly to it. The major difference between them is what person they are instigating. If the person is fully criminally liable and commits the offence intentionally, it is participation, if not, it is indirect perpetration. An indirect perpetrator must be aware that he uses a person that is not criminally liable or at least not criminally liable for specific offence. In addition, he must have the intention to commit his offence through...

Este trabalho analisa a projeção e manipulação de imagens ao vivo no contexto da arte e tecnologia. As performances dos VJs - visual jockeys - têm sido cada vez mais requisitadas nos eventos direcionados à cultura eletrônica e as imagens geradas estabelecem relações híbridas com a música, o cinema, a videoarte e outras linguagens artísticas contemporâneas. A rápida expansão e ação desta forma de manifestação propulsionou a realização desta dissertação, que objetiva compreender essas relações com base na observação das apresentações, entrevistas estruturadas com agentes do meio e na leitura dos poucos textos existentes sobre o assunto, visto que a atividade de VJing é recente e aberta à experimentações que surgem a cada dia. É parte integrante deste trabalho um DVD com o vídeo \"VJing: imagens da cena\", que longe de ser uma experimentação artística, trata-se do registro de performances de VJing realizadas em casas noturnas, festivais e nos circuitos artísticos. / This work analyses the process of projecting and manipulating live images in the context of art and technology. VJs (visual jockeys) performances have been increasingly requested at electronic culture events and the generated images establish hybrid connections with music, cinema, video art and other contemporary artistic languages. The rapid increase of this kind of manifestation has incited the making of this dissertation, which aims at comprehending these connections based on observation of performances, interviews with the VJs and by reading the few existing texts about the subject, for VJing is recent and open to experiments that are held each day. A DVD with the video \"VJing: images of a scene\" is an essential part of the work and, far from being an artistic experimentation, it\'s a register of live visuals performances presented at clubs, festivals and artistic circuits.