<h1>Abstract</h1><p><strong>Background: </strong>Pain is usually common patients who undergo high-dose treatment in combination with HSCT. Pain is usually associated with side effects as for example mucositis. The purpose of this study was to examine patients’ experiences of pain in relation to stemcellstransplantation. The purpose was also to examine how patients experience that they have been treated by the personnel regarding their pain, and also if the pain relief correspond to the patients expectations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study is a descriptive, longitudinal study. Eight patients who underwent HSCT were interviewed. The study implemented in three parts, whereof two interviews and one questionnaire. The interview material was analyzed by means of content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The result shows that five of eight patients experienced pain during HSCT treatment. Three of these informants experienced pain in their mouth, their head and in their stomach. This is usually commonly side effects of the treatment. Back pain occurs in two of the patients and this pain hasn’t proceeded during the treatment.</p><p>Three informants did not experience any pain at all during the time of nursing. The result even shows that the all of the informants had experienced a well refutation of the personnel in terms of their pain. All informants reported that it was important to be well pain relieved. Those informants who had pain during their treatment were very satisfied with the pain relief they have got.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>stem cell transplantation, oral pain, pain treatment, oral mucositis, satisfaction with care.</p> / <p> </p><h1>Sammanfattning</h1><p><strong>Bakgrund och syfte: </strong>Smärta är vanligt förekommande bland patienter som genomgår högdosbehandling i kombination med HSCT. Smärta är vanligtvis förknippad med biverkningar som t ex mucosit. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka patienters upplevelse av smärta i samband med stamcellstransplantation. Syftet är även att undersöka hur patienterna upplever att de blir bemötta av personalen angående sin smärta, samt om smärtlindringen motsvarar patientens förväntningar.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Studien är en deskriptiv, longitudinell studie. Åtta patienter som skulle genomgå stamcellstransplantation intervjuades. Studien genomfördes i tre delar, varav två intervjuer och ett frågeformulär. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med innehållsanalys.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> Resultatet visar att fem av åtta patienter upplevde smärta i samband med HSCT. Tre av dessa informanter upplevde smärtor i munnen, huvudet och i magen. Ryggsmärta förekom hos två av informanterna och denna smärta hade inte uppstått i samband med behandlingen. Tre informanter upplevde ingen smärta alls under hela vårdtiden. Resultatet visar även att samtliga informanter upplevt ett bra bemötande av personalen vad gäller deras smärta. Alla informanter uppgav att det var viktigt att vara bra smärtlindrad. De informanter som hade smärta under behandlingen var mycket nöjda med den smärtlindring de fick.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Nyckelord: </strong>stamcellstransplantation, oral smärta, smärtbehandling, oral mucosit, tillfredsställelse med vård.</p>

Abstract Background: Pain is usually common patients who undergo high-dose treatment in combination with HSCT. Pain is usually associated with side effects as for example mucositis. The purpose of this study was to examine patients’ experiences of pain in relation to stemcellstransplantation. The purpose was also to examine how patients experience that they have been treated by the personnel regarding their pain, and also if the pain relief correspond to the patients expectations. Method: The study is a descriptive, longitudinal study. Eight patients who underwent HSCT were interviewed. The study implemented in three parts, whereof two interviews and one questionnaire. The interview material was analyzed by means of content analysis. Results: The result shows that five of eight patients experienced pain during HSCT treatment. Three of these informants experienced pain in their mouth, their head and in their stomach. This is usually commonly side effects of the treatment. Back pain occurs in two of the patients and this pain hasn’t proceeded during the treatment. Three informants did not experience any pain at all during the time of nursing. The result even shows that the all of the informants had experienced a well refutation of the personnel in terms of their pain. All informants reported that it was important to be well pain relieved. Those informants who had pain during their treatment were very satisfied with the pain relief they have got.   Keywords: stem cell transplantation, oral pain, pain treatment, oral mucositis, satisfaction with care. / Sammanfattning Bakgrund och syfte: Smärta är vanligt förekommande bland patienter som genomgår högdosbehandling i kombination med HSCT. Smärta är vanligtvis förknippad med biverkningar som t ex mucosit. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka patienters upplevelse av smärta i samband med stamcellstransplantation. Syftet är även att undersöka hur patienterna upplever att de blir bemötta av personalen angående sin smärta, samt om smärtlindringen motsvarar patientens förväntningar. Metod: Studien är en deskriptiv, longitudinell studie. Åtta patienter som skulle genomgå stamcellstransplantation intervjuades. Studien genomfördes i tre delar, varav två intervjuer och ett frågeformulär. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visar att fem av åtta patienter upplevde smärta i samband med HSCT. Tre av dessa informanter upplevde smärtor i munnen, huvudet och i magen. Ryggsmärta förekom hos två av informanterna och denna smärta hade inte uppstått i samband med behandlingen. Tre informanter upplevde ingen smärta alls under hela vårdtiden. Resultatet visar även att samtliga informanter upplevt ett bra bemötande av personalen vad gäller deras smärta. Alla informanter uppgav att det var viktigt att vara bra smärtlindrad. De informanter som hade smärta under behandlingen var mycket nöjda med den smärtlindring de fick.   Nyckelord: stamcellstransplantation, oral smärta, smärtbehandling, oral mucosit, tillfredsställelse med vård.

Modification of the radiation response of oral mucosa (mouse) by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase via nitro-L-arginin-methyl-ester (L-NAME)

Die Mucositis enoralis ist eine häufige und dosislimitierende Nebenwirkung der Strahlentherapie von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren. Die zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen sind komplex und beinhalten die Reaktionen und Interaktionen von Epithelzellen, Fibroblasten, Makrophagen und Gef¨aßendothelzellen. Dies schließt die vermehrte Bildung von Stickstoff-Monoxid (NO) in Folge einer Stimulation der induzierbaren NO-Synthase (iNOS) ein. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Wirkung von L-NAME (nitro-L-Arginin-Methyl-Ester), einem unselektiven Inhibitor der NOS, auf die Strahlenreaktion der oralen Mukosa im etablierten Tiermodell der Schleimhaut der Zungenunterseite der Maus zu untersuchen. Materialien und Methoden: Die Untersuchungen erfolgen mit Mäusen des InzuchtWildtypstammes C3H/Neu. Als Bestrahlungstechniken kommen die perkutane Schnauzenbestrahlung (200 kV Röntgenstrahlung) und/oder die lokale Bestrahlung (25 kV Röntgenstrahlung) eines 3·3 mm2 großen Testfeldes der Zungenunterseite der Maus zum Einsatz. In Fraktionierungsprotokollen werden 5x3 Gy/Woche über 1 (Tage 04) sowie 2 Wochen (Tage 0-4, 7-11) auf die gesamte Schnauze der Tiere appliziert. Anschließend erfolgt eine lokale Aufsättigungsbestrahlung mit gestaffelten Dosen (5 Dosisgruppen, je 10 Tiere) zur Generierung kompletter Dosis-Effekt-Kurven (Tag 7 bzw. 14). Einzeitbestrahlungen des lokalen Testfeldes finden ebenfalls mit gestaffelten Dosen statt. L-NAME (täglich 0,2 mg/kg i.p.) wird an den Bestrahlungstagen 30 Minuten vor der Bestrahlung appliziert. Bei Einzeitbestrahlung werden 2 verschiedene Behandlungszeiträume getestet: 3 Tage vor der Bestrahlung bis zur Erstdiagnose (-3/D) oder Ausheilung der Ulzerationen (-3/H). In Kombination mit fraktionierter Bestrahlung über 1 Woche werden 3 Zeiträume untersucht (-3/7, -3/D oder -3/H). Bei 2 Wochen fraktionierter Bestrahlung erfolgt die L-NAME-Gabe in folgenden Intervallen: -3/7, -3/D, -3/H, -3/14 oder 7/14. Als quantaler Endpunkt für Dosis-EffektAnalysen dient die Ulzeration der Schleimhaut im Testfeld. Mittels Logit-Analyse werden Dosis-Effekt-Beziehungen ermittelt. Der ED50-Wert und dessen Standardabweichung σ dienen der Charakterisierung der Dosis-Effekt-Kurven. In histologischen Untersuchungen werden maximal 10 Fraktionen zu 3 Gy über 2 Wochen appliziert, mit/ohne Gabe von L-NAME von Tag -3 bis zur Tötung. Die Zungenentnahme erfolgt bei je 5 Tieren in zweitägigen Abständen (Tag 1 bis 25). Ergebnisse: Für die alleinige Einzeitbestrahlung ergibt sich eine signifikante Dosisabhängigkeit der Ulkusinzidenz mit einer ED50 von 13,6±1,0 Gy. Die mittlere Latenzzeit beträgt 10,6±1,1 Tage, die durchschnittliche Ulkusdauer 3,5±1,0 Tage. Nach alleiniger einwöchig fraktionierter Bestrahlung beträgt die ED50 der Testbestrahlung 12,3±0,8 Gy. L-NAME von Tag -3 bis Tag 6 bzw. -3/D hat keinen signifikanten Einfluss (ED50 13,3±1,2 Gy bzw. 12,8±1,0 Gy). Lediglich für den Applikationszeitraum Tag -3/H kann eine signifikante Erhöhung der ED50 auf 14,7±1,7 Gy (p=0,0298) nachgewiesen werden. Die Testbestrahlung nach 2-wöchiger Fraktionierung ohne L-NAME ergibt eine ED50 von 13,0±0,1 Gy. L-NAME hat wiederum keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Mundschleimhaut (ED50-Werte: -3/6 - 12,9±0,1 Gy, -3/14 - 13,0±0,1 Gy, -3/H - 13,8±1,4 Gy und 7/14 - 13,1±0,8 Gy). Während alleiniger fraktionierter Bestrahlung nimmt die Zellzahl zunächst ab (Tag 11: 70 %). Im Anschluss steigt sie über das Ausgangsniveau (Tag 19: 126 %). F¨ur die L-NAME-behandelte Schleimhaut findet sich ein qualitativ vergleichbarer Verlauf; es zeigt sich lediglich eine geringfügige Erhöhung der Zellzahl in der funktionellen Schicht (150 % statt 140 %). Die Epitheldicke nimmt unter L-NAME-Behandlung in den ersten Tagen der Nachbeobachtungszeit deutlich zu. Schlußfolgerungen: Zusammenfassend erweist sich in der vorliegenden Arbeit nur die L-NAME-Applikation -3/H bei einwöchig fraktionierter Bestrahlung als wirksam, wobei der Grund f¨ur diese selektive Wirkung unklar bleibt. Offensichtlich sind NOvermittelte Prozesse ohne substanzielle Relevanz f¨ur die epitheliale Strahlenreaktion der Mundschleimhaut. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse ist die Hemmung von iNOS durch L-NAME keine aussichtsreiche Strategie zur Reduktion der radiogenen Mucositis enoralis, und sollte deshalb auch nicht in klinischen Studien verfolgt werden. Die Frage, ob andere (i)NOS-Hemmstoffe ein mukoprotektives Potential besitzen, sollte in weiteren, translationalen strahlenbiologischen Studien geklärt werden.

A mucosite oral (MO) constitui uma condição dolorosa que se desenvolve entre 47% e 100% dos pacientes submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH), impactando enormemente em sua qualidade de vida. Investigar fatores preditivos para MO por meio de exames não invasivos faz-se necessário, visando melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação dos regimes de condicionamento e dos níveis salivares de Interleucina 6 (IL- 6) e Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa (TNF-?) com a MO, bem como investigar o impacto destes na qualidade de vida. Foram selecionados 82 pacientes submetidos a TCTH, que foram avaliados em 4 momentos diferentes: no início do condicionamento para o TCTH (M1), no dia da infusão das células (M2), após 12/20 dias do início do condicionamento para transplante autólogo e alogênico, respectivamente (M3), e após 30 dias ou na alta hospitalar para ambos (M4). Nestes momentos, foi avaliado clinicamente o grau de MO segundo critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), coletada saliva total e aplicados 3 questionários de avaliação de qualidade de vida em relação à MO e à saúde bucal: PROMS, OHIP-14 e OMQoL. As informações clínicas e laboratoriais foram correlacionadas através do STATA 13.0 com 5% de nível de significância. Verificou-se que a maior incidência e intensidade de MO, os piores índices de qualidade de vida e os maiores níveis de IL- 6 e TNF-? foram registrados no M3, porém não houve correlação entre as citocinas e graus de MO. Houve associação entre altos níveis salivares de IL-6 e maiores pontuações no PROMS. O regime de condicionamento mieloablativo (ML) foi relacionado à MO intensa (graus 3 e 4) e à maiores pontuações nos 3 questionários de qualidade de vida, e os escores dos questionários foram maiores conforme maior foi intensidade da MO (p<0,05). / Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful condition that develops between 47% and 100% of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), impacting greatly on their quality of life. Investigation of predictive factors for OM through noninvasive exams is necessary, in order to improve the quality of life of patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of conditioning regimens and salivary levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-?) with OM, and to investigate their impact on quality of life. We selected 82 patients undergoing HSCT, which were assessed at four different moments: at the start of conditioning for HSCT (M1), on the cell infusion day (M2), after 12/20 days of the start of conditioning for autologous and allogeneic transplantation, respectively (M3), and after 30 days or at hospital discharge for both (M4). In these moments, it was clinically evaluated the degree of OM according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), collected whole saliva and applied 3 questionnaires of assessment of quality of life related to OM and oral health: PROMS, OHIP-14 and OMQoL. Clinical and laboratorial data were correlated using STATA 13.0 in a 5% significance level. It was found that the highest incidence and intensity of OM, the worst indices of quality of life and higher IL-6 and TNF-? levels were found in M3, but there was no correlation between cytokines and levels of OM. There was an association between high levels of salivary IL-6 and higher scores in PROMS. The myeloablative conditioning regimen (ML) was related to intense OM (grades 3 and 4) and to highest scores in the 3 questionnaires of quality of life, and the scores of questionnaires were higher as higher was the intensity of OM (p<0,05).

Modification of the radiation response of oral mucosa (mouse) by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase via nitro-L-arginin-methyl-ester (L-NAME)

Die Mucositis enoralis ist eine häufige und dosislimitierende Nebenwirkung der Strahlentherapie von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren. Die zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen sind komplex und beinhalten die Reaktionen und Interaktionen von Epithelzellen, Fibroblasten, Makrophagen und Gef¨aßendothelzellen. Dies schließt die vermehrte Bildung von Stickstoff-Monoxid (NO) in Folge einer Stimulation der induzierbaren NO-Synthase (iNOS) ein. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Wirkung von L-NAME (nitro-L-Arginin-Methyl-Ester), einem unselektiven Inhibitor der NOS, auf die Strahlenreaktion der oralen Mukosa im etablierten Tiermodell der Schleimhaut der Zungenunterseite der Maus zu untersuchen. Materialien und Methoden: Die Untersuchungen erfolgen mit Mäusen des InzuchtWildtypstammes C3H/Neu. Als Bestrahlungstechniken kommen die perkutane Schnauzenbestrahlung (200 kV Röntgenstrahlung) und/oder die lokale Bestrahlung (25 kV Röntgenstrahlung) eines 3·3 mm2 großen Testfeldes der Zungenunterseite der Maus zum Einsatz. In Fraktionierungsprotokollen werden 5x3 Gy/Woche über 1 (Tage 04) sowie 2 Wochen (Tage 0-4, 7-11) auf die gesamte Schnauze der Tiere appliziert. Anschließend erfolgt eine lokale Aufsättigungsbestrahlung mit gestaffelten Dosen (5 Dosisgruppen, je 10 Tiere) zur Generierung kompletter Dosis-Effekt-Kurven (Tag 7 bzw. 14). Einzeitbestrahlungen des lokalen Testfeldes finden ebenfalls mit gestaffelten Dosen statt. L-NAME (täglich 0,2 mg/kg i.p.) wird an den Bestrahlungstagen 30 Minuten vor der Bestrahlung appliziert. Bei Einzeitbestrahlung werden 2 verschiedene Behandlungszeiträume getestet: 3 Tage vor der Bestrahlung bis zur Erstdiagnose (-3/D) oder Ausheilung der Ulzerationen (-3/H). In Kombination mit fraktionierter Bestrahlung über 1 Woche werden 3 Zeiträume untersucht (-3/7, -3/D oder -3/H). Bei 2 Wochen fraktionierter Bestrahlung erfolgt die L-NAME-Gabe in folgenden Intervallen: -3/7, -3/D, -3/H, -3/14 oder 7/14. Als quantaler Endpunkt für Dosis-EffektAnalysen dient die Ulzeration der Schleimhaut im Testfeld. Mittels Logit-Analyse werden Dosis-Effekt-Beziehungen ermittelt. Der ED50-Wert und dessen Standardabweichung σ dienen der Charakterisierung der Dosis-Effekt-Kurven. In histologischen Untersuchungen werden maximal 10 Fraktionen zu 3 Gy über 2 Wochen appliziert, mit/ohne Gabe von L-NAME von Tag -3 bis zur Tötung. Die Zungenentnahme erfolgt bei je 5 Tieren in zweitägigen Abständen (Tag 1 bis 25). Ergebnisse: Für die alleinige Einzeitbestrahlung ergibt sich eine signifikante Dosisabhängigkeit der Ulkusinzidenz mit einer ED50 von 13,6±1,0 Gy. Die mittlere Latenzzeit beträgt 10,6±1,1 Tage, die durchschnittliche Ulkusdauer 3,5±1,0 Tage. Nach alleiniger einwöchig fraktionierter Bestrahlung beträgt die ED50 der Testbestrahlung 12,3±0,8 Gy. L-NAME von Tag -3 bis Tag 6 bzw. -3/D hat keinen signifikanten Einfluss (ED50 13,3±1,2 Gy bzw. 12,8±1,0 Gy). Lediglich für den Applikationszeitraum Tag -3/H kann eine signifikante Erhöhung der ED50 auf 14,7±1,7 Gy (p=0,0298) nachgewiesen werden. Die Testbestrahlung nach 2-wöchiger Fraktionierung ohne L-NAME ergibt eine ED50 von 13,0±0,1 Gy. L-NAME hat wiederum keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Mundschleimhaut (ED50-Werte: -3/6 - 12,9±0,1 Gy, -3/14 - 13,0±0,1 Gy, -3/H - 13,8±1,4 Gy und 7/14 - 13,1±0,8 Gy). Während alleiniger fraktionierter Bestrahlung nimmt die Zellzahl zunächst ab (Tag 11: 70 %). Im Anschluss steigt sie über das Ausgangsniveau (Tag 19: 126 %). F¨ur die L-NAME-behandelte Schleimhaut findet sich ein qualitativ vergleichbarer Verlauf; es zeigt sich lediglich eine geringfügige Erhöhung der Zellzahl in der funktionellen Schicht (150 % statt 140 %). Die Epitheldicke nimmt unter L-NAME-Behandlung in den ersten Tagen der Nachbeobachtungszeit deutlich zu. Schlußfolgerungen: Zusammenfassend erweist sich in der vorliegenden Arbeit nur die L-NAME-Applikation -3/H bei einwöchig fraktionierter Bestrahlung als wirksam, wobei der Grund f¨ur diese selektive Wirkung unklar bleibt. Offensichtlich sind NOvermittelte Prozesse ohne substanzielle Relevanz f¨ur die epitheliale Strahlenreaktion der Mundschleimhaut. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse ist die Hemmung von iNOS durch L-NAME keine aussichtsreiche Strategie zur Reduktion der radiogenen Mucositis enoralis, und sollte deshalb auch nicht in klinischen Studien verfolgt werden. Die Frage, ob andere (i)NOS-Hemmstoffe ein mukoprotektives Potential besitzen, sollte in weiteren, translationalen strahlenbiologischen Studien geklärt werden.

A Mucosite Oral é uma das principais e mais debilitantes complicações do Transplante de Medula Óssea. (Schubert et al., 1986; Borowski et al., 1994; Sonis, 1998; Peterson, 2004; Sonis, 2004; Scully, 2006; Sonis, 2009). Nessa terapia sua incidência varia entre 75-100%. (Wardley et al., 2000; Barasch; Peterson, 2003; Schubert et al., 2007; Blijlevens, 2008; Vokurka et al., 2009 ). A extensão e a severidade da Mucosite Oral estão significativamente correlacionadas com dias de narcótico injetável, alimentação parenteral, febre, risco de infecção importante, dias de hospitalização, custos hospitalares e mortalidade. (Sonis et al., 2001; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007). Nosso trabalho trata-se de um estudo de avaliação clínica e econômica, retrospectivo, de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, entre os anos de 2000 e 2008. Foram avaliados 167 pacientes, que foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I, composto por 91 pacientes que receberam atendimento odontológico e Laserterapia durante o TMO e Grupo II, composto por 76 pacientes que não receberam atendimento odontológico nem Laserterapia. Dados como idade, sexo, diagnóstico da doença de base, protocolo quimioterápico, tipo de transplante, uso de medicação para dor, dias de febre, utilização de alimentação parenteral, dias de internação, presença de infecção e grau de mucosite oral, com e sem atendimento odontológico, foram coletados e analisados. Uma análise descritiva, com base em tabelas de frequências e testes Qui-quadrado (ou exato de Fisher, quando este se mostrou mais apropriado), foi feita com o objetivo de verificar a associação estatística entre as variáveis de interesse. Estimativas dos riscos relativos, com intervalos de confiança de 95%, foram calculadas para avaliar a associação entre o desfecho (grau máximo) e as variáveis explicativas de interesse e o tempo médio de internação (em dias) nos diferentes grupos e tipos de transplantes foi comparado por meio de um modelo de análise de variância. Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados como estatisticamente significantes. Pudemos concluir com esse trabalho que a extensão e a severidade da Mucosite Oral foram maiores no grupo sem atendimento Odontológico, sendo que o risco do paciente desse grupo apresentar grau III ou IV foi de 13 vezes maior que o grupo com Cirurgião-Dentista. Além disso, observamos que atendimento odontológico durante o TMO, quando praticado da forma descrita nesse estudo, é custo-efetivo, sendo capaz de reduzir as morbidades clínicas do TMO e que os benefícios do atendimento odontológico excederam os custos e, portanto, devem ser adotados. Foi constatado também que os pacientes que tiveram o acompanhamento do Cirurgião-Dentista apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida durante TMO e que o atendimento odontológico durante o TMO gerou economia para o hospital. / Oral mucositis is one of the main and most debilitating complications of Bone Marrow Transplants. In this therapy its incidence ranges between 75-100%. The extent and severity of Oral Mucositis are significantly correlated with the days of receiving injectable narcotics, parenteral feeding, fever, and risk of important infection, number of days of hospitalization, hospital costs and mortality. This study is a retrospective clinical and economic evaluation of patients submitted to bone marrow transplant at the \"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein\", between the years 2000 and 2008. A total of 167 patients were evaluated, and were divided into two groups: Group I, composed of 91 patients who received dental treatment and Laser therapy during the BMT and Group II, composed of 76 patients who did not receive dental attendance or laser therapy. Data such as age, sex, diagnosis of the underlying disease, chemotherapy protocol, type of transplant, use of pain relief medication, days of fever, use of parenteral feeding, days of hospitalization, presence of infection and degree of oral mucositis, with and without dental attendance were collected and analyzed. A descriptive analysis, based on Frequency tables and Chi-square tests (or Fishers exact test, when this was shown to be more appropriate), was performed with the aim of verifying the statistical association among the variables of interest. Estimates of relative risks, with confidence intervals of 95% were calculated to evaluate the association between the outcome (maximum degree) and the explicative variables of interest and the mean time of hospitalization (in days) in the different groups and types of transplants was compared by means of an analysis of variance model. p- Values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. By means of this study, it could be concluded that the extent and severity of Oral Mucositis were greater in the group without Dental attendance, as the risk of the patient in this group presenting Grade III or IV was 13 times higher than it was in the group attended by a Dentist. Moreover, it was observed that dental attendance during BMT, when performed in the manner described in this study, is cost-effective, as it is capable of reducing the clinical morbidities of BMT. Furthermore the benefits of dental attendance outweighed the costs, and therefore, must be adopted. It was also found that patients that were followed-up by the Dentist presented a better quality of life during BMT and that dental attendance during BMT resulted in savings for the hospital.

A boca é local de frequentes complicações relacionadas ao transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) tais como xerostomia, disgeusia, disfagia, mucosite, infecções oportunistas e doença do enxerto contra hospedeiro (DECH). Sabe-se que estas complicações podem comprometer a qualidade de vida do paciente e interferir na morbidade pós-TCTH. O dentista é o profissional da saúde que deverá intervir no momento correto para tratar e minimizar esses efeitos secundários do TCTH. Para tanto é importante conhecermos o momento em que cada complicação ocorre para que a intervenção seja pronta e eficiente. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar as alterações bucais em indivíduos submetidos ao TCTH em cinco momentos consecutivos desde antes do início do condicionamento pré-TCTH até o dia 100 pós-TCTH. Como objetivos secundários buscamos investigar possíveis relações entre a severidade da mucosite oral e a manifestação da DECH com dados demograficos (sexo, idade), com o status de saude bucal (por meio dos índices IHO-S, CPOD, número de dentes cariados) e com a realização de adequação bucal pré-TCTH, e ainda, somente para a DECH, também foi investigada a possível relação entre esta doença com infecção sistêmica por citomegalovírus e com a manifestação de mucosite oral severa. Foram incluídos no estudo 27 indivíduos com doenças hematológicas do Serviço de Transplante de Medula Óssea do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), com idade 12 anos que receberam TCTH alogênico. Os indivíduos foram examinados em cinco momentos consecutivos. No primeiro momento, pré-TCTH, foi realizada a coleta de índices de saúde bucal e aplicação de questionário sobre o histórico de tratamentos odontológico prévios. Nos momentos de 10, 20, 60 e 100 dias pós-TCTH foram avaliadas as manifestações bucais presentes. A incidência de mucosite oral foi de 82,6% considerando todos os momentos avaliados. Mucosite oral severa, ou seja, graus 3 e 4 (OMS) foi observada em 57,9% dos pacientes avaliados nos momentos 2 e 3. Dez (37%) pacientes apresentaram GVHD em algum órgão, e destes, 8 (80%) apresentaram GVHD de boca. Infecção sistêmica por CMV foi diagnosticada em 6 (22,2%) pacientes. Concluímos que entre as queixas levantadas, dor bucal e disfagia foram as mais referidas. O período de maior incidência das complicações bucais foi nos segundo e terceiro momentos, ou seja, D+10 e D+20, representando deste forma, o período de maior morbidade do tratamento. Não houve associação entre a severidade de mucosite oral e idade, sexo, fonte de células, regime de condicionamento, número de dentes cariados, IHO-S, CPOD e preparo bucal pré-TCTH. Para a DECH a única relação encontrada foi para fonte de células, tendo sido observada menor chance de ocorrer DECH quando a fonte de células foi o sangue periférico. / The mouth is a well-known site of complications of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) such as dry mouth, dysgeusia, dysphagia, mucositis, opportunistic infections and graft versus host disease (GVDH). It is known that these complications can compromise the patients quality of life and morbidity post-HSCT. The dentist is the health professional who should interfere at the right time to treat and minimize these side effects of HSCT. Thus, it is important to know the time at which each complication occurs to be dynamic and efficient. The main objective of this study was to identify and quantify the oral complications in patients treated with HSCT in five consecutive moments starting before conditioning chemotherapy until day 100 post-HSTC. As secondary objectives we seek to investigate possible relationships between the severity of oral mucositis and the manifestation of GVHD with demographic data (gender, age), with the oral health status (IHO-S, CPOD, number of decayed teeth) and dental treatment previously HSCT, and, only for GVHD, was also investigated the possible relationship between this disease with systemic cytomegalovirus infection and the manifestation of severe oral mucositis. It was included in the study 27 patients with hematologic diseases who were admitted in the Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hospital of Clinics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), 12 years old whom received allogeneic HSCT. The subjects were examined in five consecutive moments. At the first moment, before HSCT, the oral health índex evaluation and a questionnaire about history of previous dental treatments were performed. Besides that, 10, 20, 60 and 100 days after HSCT they were evaluated for oral manifestations. Oral mucositis incidence was 82,6% and 57,9% of these patients presented severe mucositis. Ten (37%) patients had GVHD in any organ, and of these, 8 (80%) had oral GVHD. Infection by CMV was diagnosed in 6 (22.2%) patients. We conclude that among the complaints raised, mouth pain and dysphagia were the most mentioned. The period of increased incidence of oral complications was the second and third times (D +10 and +20), representing the increased morbidity period. There was no association between the severity of oral mucositis and age, sex, cell source, conditioning regimen, number of decayed teeth, IHO-S, CPOD and dental treatment pre-HSCT. For GVHD the only relation found was with source of cells, in which, GVHD was less likely to occur when the source of cells was peripheral blood.

A boca é local de frequentes complicações relacionadas ao transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) tais como xerostomia, disgeusia, disfagia, mucosite, infecções oportunistas e doença do enxerto contra hospedeiro (DECH). Sabe-se que estas complicações podem comprometer a qualidade de vida do paciente e interferir na morbidade pós-TCTH. O dentista é o profissional da saúde que deverá intervir no momento correto para tratar e minimizar esses efeitos secundários do TCTH. Para tanto é importante conhecermos o momento em que cada complicação ocorre para que a intervenção seja pronta e eficiente. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar as alterações bucais em indivíduos submetidos ao TCTH em cinco momentos consecutivos desde antes do início do condicionamento pré-TCTH até o dia 100 pós-TCTH. Como objetivos secundários buscamos investigar possíveis relações entre a severidade da mucosite oral e a manifestação da DECH com dados demograficos (sexo, idade), com o status de saude bucal (por meio dos índices IHO-S, CPOD, número de dentes cariados) e com a realização de adequação bucal pré-TCTH, e ainda, somente para a DECH, também foi investigada a possível relação entre esta doença com infecção sistêmica por citomegalovírus e com a manifestação de mucosite oral severa. Foram incluídos no estudo 27 indivíduos com doenças hematológicas do Serviço de Transplante de Medula Óssea do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), com idade 12 anos que receberam TCTH alogênico. Os indivíduos foram examinados em cinco momentos consecutivos. No primeiro momento, pré-TCTH, foi realizada a coleta de índices de saúde bucal e aplicação de questionário sobre o histórico de tratamentos odontológico prévios. Nos momentos de 10, 20, 60 e 100 dias pós-TCTH foram avaliadas as manifestações bucais presentes. A incidência de mucosite oral foi de 82,6% considerando todos os momentos avaliados. Mucosite oral severa, ou seja, graus 3 e 4 (OMS) foi observada em 57,9% dos pacientes avaliados nos momentos 2 e 3. Dez (37%) pacientes apresentaram GVHD em algum órgão, e destes, 8 (80%) apresentaram GVHD de boca. Infecção sistêmica por CMV foi diagnosticada em 6 (22,2%) pacientes. Concluímos que entre as queixas levantadas, dor bucal e disfagia foram as mais referidas. O período de maior incidência das complicações bucais foi nos segundo e terceiro momentos, ou seja, D+10 e D+20, representando deste forma, o período de maior morbidade do tratamento. Não houve associação entre a severidade de mucosite oral e idade, sexo, fonte de células, regime de condicionamento, número de dentes cariados, IHO-S, CPOD e preparo bucal pré-TCTH. Para a DECH a única relação encontrada foi para fonte de células, tendo sido observada menor chance de ocorrer DECH quando a fonte de células foi o sangue periférico. / The mouth is a well-known site of complications of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) such as dry mouth, dysgeusia, dysphagia, mucositis, opportunistic infections and graft versus host disease (GVDH). It is known that these complications can compromise the patients quality of life and morbidity post-HSCT. The dentist is the health professional who should interfere at the right time to treat and minimize these side effects of HSCT. Thus, it is important to know the time at which each complication occurs to be dynamic and efficient. The main objective of this study was to identify and quantify the oral complications in patients treated with HSCT in five consecutive moments starting before conditioning chemotherapy until day 100 post-HSTC. As secondary objectives we seek to investigate possible relationships between the severity of oral mucositis and the manifestation of GVHD with demographic data (gender, age), with the oral health status (IHO-S, CPOD, number of decayed teeth) and dental treatment previously HSCT, and, only for GVHD, was also investigated the possible relationship between this disease with systemic cytomegalovirus infection and the manifestation of severe oral mucositis. It was included in the study 27 patients with hematologic diseases who were admitted in the Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hospital of Clinics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), 12 years old whom received allogeneic HSCT. The subjects were examined in five consecutive moments. At the first moment, before HSCT, the oral health índex evaluation and a questionnaire about history of previous dental treatments were performed. Besides that, 10, 20, 60 and 100 days after HSCT they were evaluated for oral manifestations. Oral mucositis incidence was 82,6% and 57,9% of these patients presented severe mucositis. Ten (37%) patients had GVHD in any organ, and of these, 8 (80%) had oral GVHD. Infection by CMV was diagnosed in 6 (22.2%) patients. We conclude that among the complaints raised, mouth pain and dysphagia were the most mentioned. The period of increased incidence of oral complications was the second and third times (D +10 and +20), representing the increased morbidity period. There was no association between the severity of oral mucositis and age, sex, cell source, conditioning regimen, number of decayed teeth, IHO-S, CPOD and dental treatment pre-HSCT. For GVHD the only relation found was with source of cells, in which, GVHD was less likely to occur when the source of cells was peripheral blood.