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This thesis consists of two topics. The first topic is a performance assessment study of the flight operations in the North Atlantic Organized Track System. This study begins with the demand shortfall analysis of demand sets provided by the Federal Aviation Association (FAA). These sets were used to simulate OTS traffic for a number of scenarios that consider different separation minima. For this reason, algorithms were developed to modify the NAT OTS configuration applying reduced lateral separation between tracks and estimate the probability that any given flight that traverses the Atlantic will use the OTS. The preliminary results showed that the scenario with reduced lateral separation minimum (RLatSM) (25 nm) and the reduced longitudinal separation minimum (RLongSM) (8 nm) was the most optimal among all five that were simulated. The application of RLatSM also decrease the mean fuel consumption of flights that shift from traversing the OTS to flying random routes. The second topic is a noise study performed for the Chicago O'Hare International Airport. The contributions to this topic were three fold: 1) we analyzed data to understand the current operations at ORD airport 2) we verified the noise contours produced in 2002 by the FAA, Chicago Department of Aviation (CDA) and the engineering contractors 3) we produced noise contours for today's airport activity. / Master of Science

This study illustrates the changing nature of organized crime at both national and international levels. Organized crime groups have changed in that they have entered the realm of high technology. In response this change, the use of new or modified analytical tools is suggested to enhance law enforcement efforts. This study highlights the problems of, and offers particular solutions for information analysis in its use in the fight against organized crime. Ultimately, it is argued that combined crime and intelligence analysis can be an effective and efficient method for the detection and prevention of modern organized crime.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis argues that the building of the democratic institutions in new democracies was and still is a painstaking task. It shows that the new institutions are fragile and at times unable to cope with powerful organized criminal syndicates, rampant corruption, illegalism, elite bureaucratic cartels, and weak judicial systems still in the process of post communist reconstruction. This thesis proceeds from the premise that organized crime constitutes a threat to democracy, in particular a serious threat to new democracies and subsequently to the national security of the country. The first section defines organized crime as phenomena corroding the democratic institutions. It deals in particular with the fragility of the new democratic institutions focusing mainly on the organized crime activities that threaten the national security. It tackles problems of corruption in government and law enforcing agencies. Secondly, it considers issues of merging of crime and legal business and their impact on the institutions and society at large. Thirdly and most importantly it focuses on the fact that organized crime merges with the State machinery, thus undermining the very existence of democratic institutions. Fourthly, it looks into some forms of criminal activities such as drug business, weapons trade, money laundering, and white-slave trade. Finally it provides some policy recommendations for tackling the organized crime in Albania. / MP, Parliament of the Republic of Albania

6 Abstract The goal of this thesis is to provide a basic overview of the legislative acts taken against organized crime in Japan, and to map the intriguing historical evolution of organized crime until the present day. Also, to show how the connection and the historically advantageous relationship between the yakuza and the ruling elites affected the law in Japan. The first chapter is dedicated to the historical milestones of organized crime in Japan from the 17th century to the implementation of the first comprehensive law against the organized crime - the Bōtaihō, in 1991. In the next part of this thesis the particularities of the legislation against organized crime can be found, including the differences of the American and European models as well as the details of the Bōtaihō law itself. The third chapter is dedicated to the complementary and follow-up legislations concerning the fight against organized crime. Key words: organized crime, yakuza, legal instruments to fight organized crime

Santykiai tarp Europos ir Rusijos labai stipriai veikia pasaulio stabilumą. Magistrinio darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti, kokia Rusijos įtaka Europos saugumui, pateikti išsamią Europos ir Rusijos santykių kovos su organizuotu nusikalstamumu srityje analizę. Darbe nagrinėjami ES kovos su organizuotu nusikalstamumu politika, ES ir Rusijos teisės aktai, susitarimai, jų vykdoma politika. Taip pat siekiama atskleisti Lietuvos ir Rusijos bendradarbiavimo santykius kovoje su šiuo reiškiniu bei formuojamą politiką. Tuo tikslu buvo vykdoma ekspertų, politikų, mokslininkų apklausa, kad išsiaiškintume, ar, jų nuomone, Rusijos organizuotas nusikalstamumas kelia grėsmę Europos saugumui, kuo ši grėsmė pasireiškia, ar nekyla bendradarbiavimo sunkumų tarp Lietuvos ir Rusijos teisėsaugos institucijų bei kitus su tuo susijusius klausimus. Magistriniame darbe keliama hipotezė, kad Rusija kelia grėsmę Europos saugumui, nes Rusijos kova su organizuotu nusikalstamumu neatitinka ES ir tarptautinių standartų. / Relations between EU and Russia have a huge impact on global stability. This Master’s Thesis aims to define the impact of Russia on European security and to provide a detailed analysis of relations between EU and Russia in the field of detection of organized crime. The Thesis also aims to provide an analysis of the EU policy on the field of organized crime detection, of European and Russian legislation, agreements and the policy the countries are implementing. Another aim of the Thesis is to cast a light on the relations of cooperation between Lithuania and Russia in this field, and to describe the national policies. Experts, politicians and scientists have been interviewed in order to find out, whether, in their opinion, Russian organized crime is threatening European security, in which ways the threat is expressed, whether there are any difficulties in cooperation between Lithuanian and Russian law enforcement institutions, and other related matters. The hypothesis of this Thesis is that Russia causes threat to European security, as Russian’s measures of detection of organized crime are not up to EU and international standards.

Mass balance processes in glaciers are important for determining the growth or retreat of ice. Calving, the mechanical breakage of ice bergs from a glacier front, is a poorly understood phenomenon. This process has great importance to the mass balance of many glaciers, for example on Antarctica and in the Arctic. A recent paper by Åström et al. (2014) compare calving fronts to Self-Organized Critical (SOC) systems, especially the Abelian sand pile model, meaning that the calving front will stay at a critical state at all times. Fluctuations in external conditions will cause the glacier front to either retreat or advance. The calving frequency and size distribution of Tunabreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard, was studied during August and September, 2014, with the use of a time-lapse camera set up in front of the calving front. An 11-day period is studied in detail and compared to certain external factors, i.e. tide, air temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction. The results are also compared to the relationships found by Åström et al. (2014). The results vary: tide relationships are found as the amplitude reaches above 1 meter, but seize to correlate as the tide falls off. Temperature trends are found for certain periods, but are of low credibility. Humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction show low to no correlation with the calving size distribution. Fragment size distribution and calving rates show good correlation with the results from Åström et al. (2014). This helps to confirm the theory of SOC applied to calving fronts. Time-lapse photography is deemed as a good way to observe calving fronts, but have certain problems which are mostly related to the weather. Longer time periods would be needed to find better long term relationships between external conditions and calving frequencies, but data is hard to acquire and time consuming to process. The theory of SOC applied to calving fronts is promising and opens up new discussions for the research community. / Massbalansprocesser för glaciärer är viktiga för att bestämma om isen drar sig tillbaka eller avancerar. Den mekaniska brytningen av isberg från glaciärer kallas kalvning. Kalvning är väldigt viktig för ett flertal glaciärers massbalans, exempelvis för landisen på Antarktis och glaciärer i Arktis. Ny forskning visar att kalvande glaciärfronter alltid försöker befinna sig i ett kritiskt läge, liknande ett så kallat Self-Organized Critical (SOC) system. Detta kan liknas vid hur en sandhög försöker befinna sig vid sin kritiska sluttningsvinkel när ett konstant flöde av sandkorn adderas. Adderandet av sandkorn kan jämföras med hur externa förhållanden, så som temperatur och tidvatten, ändras. När dessa värden ändras med tid så kommer fronten kalva, mycket likt hur sandhögen rasar när sandkorn tillförs. Externa förhållanden kommer alltså styra om glaciären kalvar eller inte, och när.En time-lapse-kamera installerades framför Tunabreen, en tidvatten glaciär på Svalbard, under Augusti-September, 2014. Bilderna över Tunabreens kalvningsfront, som varade över en 11-dagars period, användes för att ta ut varje enskild kalvingshändelse. Denna data jämfördes sedan med tidvatten, temperatur, luftfuktighet, atmosfäriskt tryck, vindhastighet och vindriktning. Resultaten jämfördes även med de förhållanden som visades i den nya studien som beskrevs tidigare.Resultaten är blandade. När tidvattnets amplitud var större än 1 meter så följer kalvningen tidvattnets mönster, men detta avtar när amplituden är mindre. Temperaturen visar viss korrelation, men endast för kortare perioder. Då temperaturens förhållande till kalvningen inte följer under de högsta och lägsta värden som fanns så bedöms temperaturen ha låg trovärdighet som kontrollerande faktor. Luftfuktighet, atmosfäriskt tryck, vindhastighet och vindriktning visar låg, till ingen, korrelation med kalvning. Storleksfördelningen av fragment och kalvningshastigheten har god korrelation med forskningen kring SOC, resultaten hjälper till att bekräfta denna teori. Time-lapse-fotografi bedöms som en bra metod för att observera kalvningsfronter, men har ett flertal problem som relaterar till det lokala vädret.Längre tidsperioder behövs för att bedöma om förhållanden stämmer på lång sikt. Data är svår att förvärva och tidskrävande att behandla. SOC stämmer bra in på kalvningsfronter vilket öppnar upp nya diskussioner inom forskningsvärlden.

Name: Issues in organized crime Aims of the thesis: 1. To define and classify organized crime 2. To describe historical development of organized crime 3. To analyze organized crime in the states where its presence has become evident i.e. Italy, USA, Russia and Japan 4. To characterize the main activities of organized crime 5. To define the means of fighting organized crime Methods: When analyzing organized crime, it is impossible to use research methods that would comprise direct contact with a criminal environment. Indirect evidence was used to compile the thesis. Methods of research: 1. The use of information from publications 2. Analysis of documents 3. Research into selected legal means of fighting organized crime 4. Content analysis of the press 5. Statistics Results: Various views on organized crime, its features and its typology have been defined. Its causes and the conditions under which organized crime arises, as well as its beginnings, were described. Findings about organized crime in selected countries were analyzed; attention was drawn to history, the present day and occurrences and activities of the main organized groups. The main activities of organized crime were described in four groups, focusing on their description, organization and the legal issues. Eventually, possible means of...

107 Forms of crime committed by organized crime - Abstract The aim of this work was to map the range of criminal offenses and other criminal acts perpetrated by perpetrators of organized crime. Members and supporters of criminal organizations commit a large number of different offenses, primarily with the intention of obtaining illegal profits. However, some actions aim at legalizing previous revenues, establishing contacts in police, justice, and public administration, or to prevent these groups from being exposed. A specific crime may have multiple meanings in the overall strategy of the organized crime subject. Such an act is committed to both profits and cover- up (eg murder, extortion). This work is divided into three parts. The first part, consisting of Chapter 1, deals with the theoretical and legal definition of organized crime and other related concepts, such as organized groups and organized criminal groups. For these characteristics, both professional treatises and legal regulations are used, including international conventions, EU legislation and the laws of the Czech Republic. This section also provides a demonstrative list of the main criminal activities of organized crime. The second part, consisting of chapters 2 and 3, focuses on the historical development of organized crime and the...

O presente estudo teve como objetivos primeiramente classificar indivíduos em diferentes padrões por meio de inteligência artificial, caracterizando-os com base na composição corporal, aptidão física, assimetria do córtex pré frontal (CPF), perfil comportamental relacionado ao exercício e respostas psicofisiológicas antes, durante e depois de um teste incremental máximo (TIM), após realizadas essas classificações, comparar entre esses mesmos padrões suas respectivas respostas motivacionais, afetivas, de ativação e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) antes, durante e depois de um TIM, avaliando hierarquicamente o quanto suas características (composição corporal, aptidão física, perfil comportamental e assimetria do CPF) influenciaram nas respostas de cada momento. Participaram do estudo 76 sujeitos de ambos os sexos com idade de 20 a 29 anos, realizando uma única visita laboratorial, cuja mesma consistiu em uma avaliação física, avaliação do perfil comportamental relacionado ao exercício por meio de questionários, coleta de eletroencefalograma (EEG) e a realização de um TIM na esteira. Os participantes foram posteriormente alocados em grupos por seus respectivos padrões de similaridades definidos por análise de Self-Organized Maps (SOM), e na sequência foram comparadas as respostas psicofisiológicas de afeto, PSE e ativação entre os grupos durante 8 momentos (antes, durante e após) do TIM, juntamente do poder de influência de 29 covariáveis em cada momento. Foram identificados 4 padrões (grupos) pelo SOM, sendo que o Grupo 1 (G1) possuía melhor composição corporal, aptidão física, e um perfil comportamental de maior afinidade ao exercício, enquanto os demais apresentaram características gradativamente opostas, consequentemente, esses grupos também diferiram nas respostas psicofisiológicas mediante o exercício, sendo que, o G1 apresentou maior motivação (f = 1.999, p < .05), afeto (f = 3.459, p < .05) e menor PSE (f = 3.030, p = .05) comparado aos outros grupos. Todas as respostas psicofisiológicas foram influenciadas pelas covariáveis, porém, a hierarquia de qual covariável influencia mais ou menos muda a cada momento do TIM. Concluindo, pôde-se identificar 4 padrões de indivíduos cujos mesmos diferem nas respectivas respostas psicofisiológicas nos períodos antes, durante e depois de um TIM. Entretanto, apesar das respostas psicofisiológicas mediante ao TIM sofrerem influências pelas variáveis de composição corporal, aptidão física, perfil comportamental e assimetria do CPF, a ordem hierárquica do poder de influência dessas mesmas variáveis diferem a cada momento do teste / The aim of the present study was to classify individuals into different patterns using artificial intelligence, characterizing them based on body composition, physical fitness, prefrontal cortex (CPF) asymmetry, exercise-related behavioral profile, and psychophysiological responses before, during and after a maximal incremental test (TIM), after performing these classifications, the aim was to compare between these same patterns their respective motivational, affective and arousal responses and rating perceived effort (PSE) before, during and after a TIM, evaluating hierarchically how much their respective characteristics (body composition, physical fitness, exercise-related behavioral profile, and CPF asymmetry) influenced the responses in each TIM moment. The sample composed by 76 subjects of both sexes, aged 20 to 29 years, performed a single laboratory visit which consisted of body composition measurements, evaluation of exercise-related behavioral profile through questionnaires, rest electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement and performing a TIM on the treadmill. Participants were later allocated into groups by their respective patterns of similarities defined by the Self Organized Maps (SOM) analysis, and the psychophysiological responses of motivation, affect, PSE and arousal between groups were compared in 8 moments (before, during and after) of TIM, together with the power of influence of 29 covariates at each moment. Four patterns (groups) were identified by SOM, and Group 1 (G1) had better body composition, physical fitness, and exercise-related behavioral profile with greater affinity to exercise, while other groups presented characteristics gradually opposite, consequently, these groups also differed in psychophysiological responses to exercise, being that G1 showed greater motivation (f = 1.999, p < .05) , afect (f = 3.459, p < .05) and lower PSE (f = 3.030, p = .05) compared to other groups. All the psychophysiological responses were influenced by the covariates, however, the hierarchy of which covariate influences more or less these responses changes at each moment of the TIM. In conclusion, it was possible to identify 4 patterns of individuals whose differ in their respective psychophysiological responses before, during and after a TIM. However, although psychophysiological responses to TIM be influenced by variables of body composition, physical fitness, exercise-related behavioral profile and CPF asymmetry, the hierarchical order of influence power of these same variables differ at each moment of test