Univ., Diss u.d.T.: Reiter, Stephanie: Einfluss der Europäischen Union auf das österreichische Strafrecht--Wien, 2006.

International criminality has been a challenging phenomenon for national police forces for years. States have developed international police cooperation relations and extradition instruments in order to fight international criminal activity. This treatise explores the reasons for the rise in transnational organized crime activities in Europe and presents an in-depth explanation concerning the emergence, mandates, and structures of multilateral police collaboration systems such as Interpol, Trevi, Schengen, and Europol. Since the extradition has become an inseparable part of international policing, this study examines the improvements in extradition procedure and emphasizes the importance of extradition. Finally this study compares traditional (European Convention on Extradition of 1957) and new (European Arrest Warrant) extradition systems.

This diploma thesis is concerned with the instruments of criminal law used in a fight against organized crime. The objective of this thesis is to outline the current state of both international and domestic organized crime and to discuss some of the instruments used to fight against it which are provided to us by the criminal law. The first part of this thesis provides an overview of the development of organized crime as well as the defining characteristics of this phenomenon. However, the primary focus of the first part of presented thesis is on the conception of organized criminal group and the differentiation between organized criminal group, organized group, terrorism and terrorist group as provided in the Czech criminal code. The second part of this thesis discusses some of the individual instruments of both substantive and procedural criminal law in depth. Specifically, the criminal offense of participation in an organized criminal group, sentencing enhancements for individuals committing crimes that benefit an organized criminal group, criminal liability of legal entities, spatial wiretapping, use of an agent and cooperating witness. In this part especially, the author's aim is to evaluate the contemporary legislation, to present different opinions on mentioned topics and eventually, to...

Denna studie ämnar att undersöka och kartlägga det kommunala brottsförebyggande arbetet i Skåne med fokus på hur detta kan appliceras på organiserad avfallsbrottslighet. En kunskapslucka har identifierats i tidigare forskning om arbetet mot organiserad avfallsbrottslighet, vilket även framkom i denna studie gällande kommunernas brottsförebyggande arbete. Låg prioritering i det brottsförebyggande arbetet mot denna brottstyp är en bidragande orsak till ettbetydande mörkertal. Vikten av framtida strategier för det kommunala brottsförebyggande arbetet mot avfallsbrottslighet framhävs av de avsevärda miljöskador och samhällskostnader denna brottslighet medför, i kombination med förväntningar om en fortsatt expansion av den illegala avfallsbranschen. I denna studie analyseras intervjuer med kommunanställda med hjälp av tidigare forskning, rapporter och rutinaktivitetsteorin. Resultatet av studien presenterarutvecklingsförslag till det brottsförebyggande arbetet inom kommunerna som kan riktas mot organiserad avfallsbrottslighet. Studien visar att det finns ett behov av tillräckliga resurser som möjliggör att de mindre kommunerna kan tillgodose mer än de grundläggande kraven för att uppfylla det brottsförebyggande arbetet. Detta är nödvändigt för att jämna ut förutsättningarna mellan de större och mindre kommunerna, då flera av de större kommunerna redan har ett brottsförebyggande arbete som nu kan utökas. Resultat av teorianalysen indikerar även att storleken på kommunernas obebodda landyta kan vara en relevant faktor vid fördelningen av resurser, då dessa områden skapar ideala brottstillfällen för dumpning av avfall och anpassade resurser ökar möjligheten för varje kommun att implementera effektiva åtgärder. Dessa resurser kan med fördel användas för att höja kompetensen inom verksamheterna, effektivisera tillsyner och stärka samverkansarbetet. / This study aims to examine and map the municipal crime prevention efforts in Skåne in an effort to see how this can be applied to organized waste crime. Previous research in the field indicates a deficiency of knowledge in crime prevention. A lack of prioritization of crime prevention efforts against this type of crime contributes to the absence of concrete statistics. Substantial environmental damage and societal costs, combined with an expected continued expansion of the illegal waste industry, strengthen the importance of future strategies for crime prevention efforts against this crime. Interviews with municipal employees will be analyzed using previous research as well as the routine activity theory, where the results of the study will include potential development suggestions for municipal crime prevention efforts that can be directed towards organized waste crime. The findings of this study indicate that sufficient resources beyond basic needs are essential to equalize the conditions between the different sizes of municipalities. The results from the theory analysis implies that the size of the municipalities' uninhabited areas could be a relevant part of the distribution of resources, this is due to the areas creating ideal crime opportunities for waste dumping. Adjusted resources to meet these needs secures every municipality's ability to implement efficient measures. These resources can be utilized effectively to enhance staff competence, conduct efficient inspections,and further strengthen the collaboration inbetween agencies.

The most challenging and spoken criminal phenomenon today is indisputably organised crime. It is a crime that both the general public, business community, commentators, researchers, scholars, journalists, writers, politicians, prosecutors, jurists and presiding officials debate with different interpretation and understanding of the concept as well as the manifestation of the phenomena. Debates on the subject have seen the dawn of rival terminologies of organised crime and crimes that are organised. While the United Nations has not assisted the nations in finding a definition of what organised crime is, the confusion has spread throughout the globe and South Africa has not been spared the pandemonium. The objective of this study is to comparatively assess the present understanding and setup in South Africa in comparison with Italy, Tanzania and the United States of America, identify the root causes of the confusion and find possible remedies to liberate the situation. The research concludes with the findings and recommendations. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D.

This thesis focuses on legal protection of victims of human trafficking in Sweden. Human trafficking involves the exploitation of often already vulnerable individuals and is a violation of their human rights. Human trafficking is also a threat to state security as a component of transnational organized crime and illegal migration, and has therefore long been a subject of international cooperation.      In this thesis international responses to human trafficking are categorized as being focused on two distinct and separately protected parties, namely the individual and the state. The implementation of these international responses have, in the case of Sweden, mainly led to new criminal regulation relating to human trafficking, and in this thesis international as well as Swedish legal measures against human trafficking are analyzed from a victimological perspective. The overall aim is to investigate and analyze whether victims of trafficking have received an enhanced legal protection through Swedish criminal law.      The thesis shows that human trafficking is not considered a problem in the Swedish legislative context, and that the international measures to protect victims of trafficking have not been regarded to any great extent. Few victims of trafficking in Sweden are even identified as victims, and measures against human trafficking have largely been associated with measures against prostitution. To legally connect human trafficking with prostitution is, however, problematic because these crimes have different primary protective interests and the victims have different roles in the investigation and litigation process. From a victim's perspective, the categorization of the crime is crucial because the status of plaintiff, as is required for the possibility for financial redress and other legal rights, is assessed in Sweden by how the offense is classified. It is therefore important for the victims of human trafficking to be identified and categorized correctly in order to be defined as plaintiffs and obtain protection under criminal law. As a result of all these factors, the intended enhanced legal protection for victims of trafficking in Sweden is lost.

Il lavoro concerne il tema del contrasto patrimoniale alla criminalità organizzata e la confisca di prevenzione ante delictum (art. 24, d.lgs. n. 159/2011). Lo spregiudicato ricorso a questo strumento ha creato una confusione tra i piani della prevenzione (ante delictum) e della repressione (post delictum) della criminalità. Si nota, inoltre, la tendenza della confisca a sconfinare verso settori d’intervento della giustizia penale differenti da quelli per i quali è espressamente prevista. La Parte prima della tesi è dedicata alla ricostruzione delle origini storiche delle misure di prevenzione patrimoniali, nonché ai presupposti e alle finalità di sequestro e confisca. La Parte seconda affronta il problema della natura giuridica della confisca. Alla dottrina che si è espressa per la sostanziale natura sanzionatoria della misura (formalmente) di “prevenzione”, si oppone la giurisprudenza che la estromette dalla materia penale e dalle garanzie (costituzionali e convenzionali). La Parte terza è dedicata alla ‘sfida’ del principio di proporzione: la verifica della ragionevolezza della confisca secondo il modello del giudizio trilaterale. Nelle conclusioni si espongono delle considerazioni sui rapporti tra prevenzione ante delictum e principio di sussidiarietà, nell’ottica di una valorizzazione dell’idea di gradualità e di promozione dell’uguaglianza tra cittadini. / The work concerns the contrast against organized crime and the preventive confiscation (art. 24, d.lgs. n. 159/2011). The use of confiscation has created a confusion between the plans of crime prevention (ante delictum) and crime repression (post delictum). The first part of the thesis concerns: reconstruction of the historical origins of the preventive system; conditions and purposes of seizure and confiscation. The second part deals with the problem of the legal nature of confiscation. The doctrine has been expressed for substantial punitive measure; jurisprudence excludes confiscation from criminal law and its guarantees. The third part concerns the 'challenge' of the principle of proportionality: the verification of the reasonableness of confiscatione. The conclusions expose the considerations on the relationship between prevention ante delictum and the principle of subsidiarity, to valorize the idea of gradually and of equality between citizens.

Syftet med denna studie är att studera pedagogers syn och åsikter kring mobbning på skolgården och hur de vill arbeta för att motverka detta; genom till exempel övervakning eller rastverksamhet. Vi ville även undersöka om pedagoger upplevde att det fanns en skillnad mellan flickor och pojkars mobbning, och om detta påverkade deras arbete på rasten. Vi har i studien använt oss av ett sociokonstruktionistiskt perspektiv. Vi valde att genomföra intervjuer på fyra skolor med totalt fjorton personer. Intervjuerna analyserades sedan för att identifiera teman som reflekterade pedagogernas tankar. Resultaten visade att många pedagoger är positiva till rastverksamhet men har främst andra idéer på hur mobbning skall bekämpas på skolgården. Många pedagoger såg skillnader mellan flickor och pojkars mobbning, vilket stämde väl överens med tidigare forskning. För att motverka skillnader ville pedagogerna gärna blanda flickor och pojkar mer i lek. När det kom till pedagogers roll på skolgården visade det sig att många pedagoger ogillade titeln rastvakt, samtidigt som de sa emot sig kring denna roll då de efterlyste mer övervakning på skolgården.

AND KEY WORDS The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the institute of criminal informant as a legal instrument in the fight against organized crime. I introduce the historical background of cooperation between criminals and state on uncovering criminal activities. Then I follow with the analysis of current Czech legislation of cooperating accused and the so far limited cases of its application and also offer a comparative view of the law and its application in United States, Great Britain and Slovakia. The thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis: cooperating accused and crown witness. In this chapter I argue that the terms can be used interchangeably In the second chapter I introduce the history of cooperation between criminals and the state. Special subsection deals with the development of Czech legislation on cooperating accused. Chapter Three examines relevant Czech legislation and the limited number of documented cases of application of the institute. Chapter Four offers a comparative view of relevant legislation and approach to decision-making by trial courts in the United States and Great Britain and also the legislation passed in neighboring Slovakia. Chapter Five concentrates on problems resulting from organized crime,...

Taglit Birthright is an organization that provides free ten-day diaspora-heritage trips to Israel for young Jewish adults between 18 and 26 years old. Taglit is Hebrew for discovery and this is the ambition of the organization: providing young Jewish people with an opportunity to discover their socio-cultural Jewish heritage. Taglit Birthright aims at ensuring the future of the Jewish people by strengthening the Jewish identity via an educational trip and pursues to foster the understanding and identification of the participants with Israel, its people and the culture. Since its foundation in 1999, over 500.000 young people have partaken in a Birthright trip.                                                     This case-study presents empirical data from one particular Taglit Birthright trip to Israel. The objective of this study is to provide insights in how emotions shaped a Taglit group and which emotions are constructed during a ten-day Taglit trip. Theoretically, this study is informed by the work of the post-colonial and feminist scholar Ahmed (2004 and 2013). Emotions are considered as ‘doing things’: collectives, such as a Taglit Birthright group, are constructed through shared emotions. Methodologically, emotional reflexivity will be applied in this research. Related to this positioning, hermeneutic circle informs this research in order to emphasize how temporal distance results in ‘understanding in multiple ways’. Besides, hermeneutic circle embraces reflexivity as it stresses the importance of self-understanding and pre-understanding as informing our understanding. The presented findings are based on participant observation during a Taglit Birthright trip in the summer of 2016. The empirical data consists of audio recordings of group activities, recorded personal reflections and diary entries. Based on this data, the following conclusions are drawn: strong feelings of connectiveness to and with the group derive from an intense ten-day trip in which embodied experiences, embedded in emotions, are shared. Sharing activities, such as circulizing (forming a circle with a large group of people), are tools which provoke strong feelings of ‘being part of something’. On a personal level, it can be argued that expressed emotions, which create feelings of connectiveness within a group, do not necessarily need to be personally felt simultaneously. When personal feelings do not align with the collectively expressed emotions, feelings of ‘not fitting in’ might arise. This study wishes to contribute to the ‘emotionalization of tourism’, which aims at foregrounding the role of emotions in tourism encounters and social relations.