Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-07T18:18:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviatoledoladeira.pdf: 446274 bytes, checksum: 222cdfcc1a9200025040967a20331ba2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-11T15:48:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviatoledoladeira.pdf: 446274 bytes, checksum: 222cdfcc1a9200025040967a20331ba2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T15:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviatoledoladeira.pdf: 446274 bytes, checksum: 222cdfcc1a9200025040967a20331ba2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-04 / Esta dissertação é um estudo sobre as torcidas organizadas de futebol no Brasil, em especial a Máfia Azul, torcida organizada do Cruzeiro, e a Galoucura, torcida organizada do Atlético Mineiro. Em meados dos anos 60, quando ocorreu à transformação das Torcidas Uniformizadas em Torcidas Organizadas, houve também modificações nas práticas, nos comportamentos e nas relações entre esses torcedores. Com o aumento da visibilidade do comportamento das Organizadas, diversos estudos de áreas e campos científicos diferentes surgiram. Devido às modificações ocorridas na prática de torcer, os torcedores organizados passaram a ser alvo dos poderes públicos que, desde o ano de 2000, vêm pedindo sua extinção por causa dos atos de violência e vandalismo praticados por alguns deles. Um estudo sobre a violência praticada por torcedores organizados de futebol se faz necessário uma vez que o futebol é a atividade esportiva mais praticada no mundo e, portanto, de grande relevância social. Com um estudo que combina pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa de dados veiculados na mídia (entendendo-se por mídia os jornais, revistas especializadas e a televisão) e pesquisa de campo realizada durante o Campeonato Mineiro de Futebol de 2008, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a construção social das torcidas organizadas de futebol como um problema público. A comunicação e o discurso lingüístico são de extrema importância na construção da estrutura social, na constituição do indivíduo e da sua imagem social. A partir do entendimento das diferentes perspectivas e concepções presentes nas teorias sociais, visualizaremos o processo de criminalização das torcidas organizadas tendo como referencial teórico a abordagem de Howard Becker e Joseph R. Gusfield, interacionistas que nos mostram que um comportamento somente se torna desviante, ou seja criminalizado, no momento em que ele assim foi definido como tal. Assim sendo, os responsáveis por formular e impor as regras na sociedade são também os responsáveis pela maior parte da rotulagem e construção de verdades. Esses teóricos percebem o ambiente social como fornecedor de categorias que rotulam e estigmatizam o indivíduo. A pesquisa de campo serviu para corroborar a pesquisa bibliográfica e científica quanto à criminalização das torcidas organizadas. / This paper is a study of the organized cheerers of the Brazilian soccer game, in special the Mafia Azul, organized cheerers of the Cruzeiro team, and the Galoucura, organized cheerers of the Atlético Mineiro team. In the middle of the 60's, when the Standardized Cheerers turned into Organized Cheerers, there were also modifications in the practices, in the behavior and in the relations between these fans. With the increase of the visibility of the behavior of the Organized ones, several studies of areas and different scientific ideas appeared. Due to modifications which occurred in the practice of cheering, the organized fans started to be a target of the government that, since 2000, is asking for its extinction because of the violence and vandalism practiced by some of them. A study on the violence practiced by organized soccer fans is necessary since the soccer is the most practiced sporting activity in the world and, so, of great social relevance. With a study that combines bibliographical research, research of data published by the media (newspapers, specialized magazines and television) and field work carried out during the Mineiro Soccer Championship of 2008, the present work has as objective the analyses of the social construction of the organized soccer cheerers as a public problem. The communication and the linguistic speech have an extreme importance in the construction of the social structure, in the constitution of the individual and of his social image. From the understanding of the different perspectives and present conceptions in the social theories, we will observe the processes relating to crimes of the organized cheerers taking as a theoretical referential the approach of Howard Becker and Joseph R. Gusfield, researches who showed us that a behavior is only diverting, in other words criminal, at the exact moment it was defined. In this way, the people in charge of formulating and imposing the rules in the society are also the people responsible for most of the labels and construction of the truth. These theoreticians realize the social environment like supplier of categories that label and stigmatize the individual. The field work corroborated with the bibliographical and scientific researches relating the criminal of the organized cheerers.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka samband mellan risken för avhopp inom organiserad barn-och ungdomsfotboll och psykosociala faktorer (motivationsregleringar, upplevt autonomistöd från tränaren och socialt stöd). Studien är kvantitativ med en prospektiv design. Insamling av data skedde via ett stratifierat urval med fotbollsspelare i åldrarna 10-18 år (M=13.71,SD=1.77). Sammanlagt deltog 737 varav 275 flickor samt 462 pojkar. Resultatet visade signifikant samband mellan lägre nivåer av autonom motivation och upplevt autonomistöd och en ökad risk för avhopp. Däremot visade amotivation, kontrollerad motivation och socialt stöd inget statistiskt signifikant samband med ökad risk för avhopp. Sammantaget indikerade studiens resultat att lägre nivåer av autonom motivation och upplevt autonomistöd från tränaren kan vara viktiga psykosociala faktorer att beakta för att förebygga avhopp. Studiens resultat bidrar med ökad förståelse och kunskap avseende sambanden mellan risk för avhopp och de psykosociala faktorerna. Resultatet kan användas för att exempelvis ta fram riktlinjer som syftar till att skapa positiva idrottsmiljöer som är relevanta för att förebygga risk för och förhindra avhopp för barn och ungdomar. / The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the risk of dropout in organized children's and youth football and the psychosocial variables (motivation regulations, amotivation, experienced coach autonomy support and social support) and. The study used a quantitative prospective design. The collection of the data was done through a stratified sample with football players aged 10-18 years (M=13.71, SD=1.77). In total 737 athletes, 275 girls and 462 boys. The result showed statistically significant association between lower levels of autonomous motivation and experienced coach autonomy support with increased risk of dropout. Whereas there appeared to be no significant correlation with amotivation, controlled motivation and social support and increased risk of drop out. The study’s results indicate that lower levels of autonomous motivation and experienced coach autonomy support can be important to consider when preventing dropouts. The result of the study contributes with an understanding of the correlations between risk of dropping out and the psychosocial factors. For example, the result can be used for guidelines that seek to create positive sports environments that are relevant to decrease risk and prevent dropouts among children and teenagers.