The oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis L., was found to be an important seasonal household pest. Of 151 residents interviewed in two Roanoke apartment complexes in Virginia, 90% had seen oriental cockroaches, 60% considered one oriental cockroach indoors to be a problem, and 77% had taken steps to control these cockroaches. Monitoring oriental cockroach populations indicated when and where treatment would be necessary to reduce cockroach infestations. The adult cockroach population peaked in late June and July, and declined through August and September while the number of nymphs increased. Eighty percent of all cockroaches trapped at Roanoke apartment buildings were caught at porches, the primary cockroach harborage sites. In a mark-recapture study at four apartment buildings, 50% of the resighted oriental cockroaches remained at one porch, 36% moved along one side of a building, 13% moved between the front and back of a building, and 2% moved between two buildings. Only 1-5% of the oriental cockroaches marked outdoors were ever captured indoors. One exterior perimeter and crawlspace application of encapsulated chlorpyrifos or diazinon in early June was the most effective insecticide treatment, reducing oriental cockroach populations by at least 85% for two months. Oriental cockroaches populations were reduced 78% and 50% two months after application of Dursban 4E (chlorpyrifos) and Combat bait trays (hydramethylnon), respectively. Structurally modifying buildings, to limit cockroach access to harborage in porch and wall voids, did not significantly (P < 0.05) reduce oriental cockroach populations, even one year after treatment. Structural modification was labor intensive, requiring at least eight times more man-hours per building compared to insecticide applications. The evaniid wasp Prosevania punctata (Brullé) had been seen in apartments by 60% of the Roanoke residents interviewed. This wasp parasitizes and destroys the oothecae of oriental cockroaches. P. punctata exhibited a maximum parasitization rate of 51% for oothecae of oriental cockroaches in laboratory conditions. Three peaks of evaniid wasp field populations closely followed the rise, peak, and decline of adult oriental cockroach populations. A resident education program significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the percentage of residents in Roanoke apartment complexes who thought evaniid wasps were a problem or killed them. However, evaniid wasps parasitized only 15% of the field collected oriental cockroach oothecae, significantly fewer (P < 0.05) than the 36% parasitized by the eulophid wasp Tetrastich us hagenowii. In addition, 60% of the residents still killed evaniid wasps, despite the education program. / Ph. D.

A enzima L-asparaginase é responsável por converter o aminoácido L-asparagina em ácido L-aspártico e amônio. Esta enzima possui importantes aplicações, principalmente na indústria farmacêutica, onde é empregada como um fármaco antileucêmico e na indústria de alimentos, como uma forma de mitigar a formação de acrilamida, um composto altamente tóxico, formado em alguns alimentos processados a altas temperaturas. Leveduras destacam-se como micro-organismos importantes para a produção da Lasparaginase, uma vez que possivelmente produzem enzimas com menores efeitos colaterais para humanos e são, em geral, organismos GRAS, sem restrições de aplicação na indústria de alimentos. O presente trabalho avaliou metodologias de seleção de novas leveduras produtoras de L-asparaginase, selecionando aquelas capazes de produzir destacadas quantidades desta enzima a partir de um banco contendo 40 cepas e verificando aspectos da sua produção. Foram empregadas metodologias de seleção de leveduras em meio sólido e em meio líquido, avaliando-se a aplicabilidade da quantificação da atividade enzimática pelo método de Nessler e pelo método da hidroxilamina. A produção de L-asparaginase foi posteriormente confirmada por cromatografia em camada delgada. As leveduras selecionadas foram avaliadas quanto à influência dos aminoácidos L-asparagina, L-prolina e L-glutamina como indutores na produção de L-asparaginase e quanto à cinética de produção enzimática. De acordo com os resultados, nenhuma das leveduras foi capaz de produzir L-asparaginase extracelular. Entretanto, duas novas leveduras, até então não citadas na literatura pertinente como produtoras de Lasparaginase, foram capazes de produzir L-asparaginase periplasmática: Issatchenkia orientalis e Rhodotorula glutinis. Verificou-se, também, que a metodologia de screening em meio sólido não foi correlacionável com a produção de L-asparaginase em meio líquido por leveduras. Foi necessária a adição de moléculas indutoras ao meio de cultivo, como os aminoácidos L-asparagina, L-prolina e L-glutamina, para que houvesse produção de Lasparaginase pelas leveduras I. orientalis e R. glutinis. Verificou-se a maior produção de L-asparaginase periplasmática em meio suplementado com L-asparagina e nitrato de amônio para a levedura I. orientalis (20,38 ± 3,55 U.g-1) e em meio suplementado com Lprolina para a levedura R. glutinis (57,05 ± 0,57 U.g-1). Durante os ensaios de cinética, verificou-se que a produção da enzima ocorreu principalmente durante a fase logarítmica do crescimento microbiano, observando-se também estabilidade da atividade enzimática durante as 144 horas do cultivo. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho permitiram verificar a viabilidade das metodologias de seleção de novas leveduras produtoras de Lasparaginase bem como selecionar, com sucesso, duas novas leveduras capazes de produzir a enzima L-asparaginase periplasmática, I. orientalis e R. glutinis, determinando aspectos importantes da sua produção em meio líquido. / L-asparaginase is the enzyme responsible for converting the amino acid L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonium. This enzyme has important applications, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry, where it is used as an antileukemic drug, and in the food industry, as a treatment for mitigating the formation of acrylamide, a highly toxic compound produced in some foods exposed to high temperatures. Yeasts are highlighted as important microorganisms for the production of L-asparaginase since they are capable of producing enzymes with fewer side effects for humans and are, in general, GRAS organisms, being applicable in the food industry without restrictions. This study evaluated screening methods for selecting new yeasts capable of producing L-asparaginase, selecting those capable of producing high amounts of this enzyme from a culture collection containing 40 strains, also verifying aspects of enzyme production. Methods for screening L-asparaginase producing organisms in solid and liquid medium were tested, evaluating the applicability of Nessler and hydroxylamine methods as means for enzyme activity quantification. The production of L-asparaginase was later confirmed through thin layer chromatography. The selected yeasts were evaluated to confirm the influence of the amino acids L-asparagine, L-proline and L-glutamine as inducers in the production of L-asparaginase, and the kinetics of Lasparaginase production were also evaluated. According to the results, none of the assessed yeasts were able to produce extracellular L-asparaginase. However, two novel yeasts, so far not cited in the pertinent literature as L-asparaginase producers, were able to produce periplasmic L-asparaginase: Issatchenkia orientalis and Rhodotorula glutinis. Tests also verified that the screening methods in solid medium did not correlate with the production of L-asparaginase in liquid medium by yeasts. It was necessary to add inducing molecules, such as the amino acids L-asparagine, L-proline and L-glutamine, to stimulate L-asparaginase production by the yeasts I. orientalis and R. glutinis. The highest production of periplasmic L-asparaginase was obtained in liquid medium supplemented with Lasparagine and ammonium nitrate for the yeast I. orientalis (20,38 ± 3,55 U.g-1) and in medium supplemented with L-proline for the yeast R. glutinis (57,05 ± 0,57 U.g-1). The production kinetics assay verified that the production of the enzyme took place mainly during the log phase of microbial growth, being stable after144 hours of cultivation. The results presented in this study were able to confirm the viability of the methods for the screening of novel L-asparaginase producing yeasts as well as to select two novel yeasts able to produce this enzyme, I. orientalis and R. glutinis, determining some important aspects in L-asparaginase production in liquid medium.

A enzima L-asparaginase é responsável por converter o aminoácido L-asparagina em ácido L-aspártico e amônio. Esta enzima possui importantes aplicações, principalmente na indústria farmacêutica, onde é empregada como um fármaco antileucêmico e na indústria de alimentos, como uma forma de mitigar a formação de acrilamida, um composto altamente tóxico, formado em alguns alimentos processados a altas temperaturas. Leveduras destacam-se como micro-organismos importantes para a produção da Lasparaginase, uma vez que possivelmente produzem enzimas com menores efeitos colaterais para humanos e são, em geral, organismos GRAS, sem restrições de aplicação na indústria de alimentos. O presente trabalho avaliou metodologias de seleção de novas leveduras produtoras de L-asparaginase, selecionando aquelas capazes de produzir destacadas quantidades desta enzima a partir de um banco contendo 40 cepas e verificando aspectos da sua produção. Foram empregadas metodologias de seleção de leveduras em meio sólido e em meio líquido, avaliando-se a aplicabilidade da quantificação da atividade enzimática pelo método de Nessler e pelo método da hidroxilamina. A produção de L-asparaginase foi posteriormente confirmada por cromatografia em camada delgada. As leveduras selecionadas foram avaliadas quanto à influência dos aminoácidos L-asparagina, L-prolina e L-glutamina como indutores na produção de L-asparaginase e quanto à cinética de produção enzimática. De acordo com os resultados, nenhuma das leveduras foi capaz de produzir L-asparaginase extracelular. Entretanto, duas novas leveduras, até então não citadas na literatura pertinente como produtoras de Lasparaginase, foram capazes de produzir L-asparaginase periplasmática: Issatchenkia orientalis e Rhodotorula glutinis. Verificou-se, também, que a metodologia de screening em meio sólido não foi correlacionável com a produção de L-asparaginase em meio líquido por leveduras. Foi necessária a adição de moléculas indutoras ao meio de cultivo, como os aminoácidos L-asparagina, L-prolina e L-glutamina, para que houvesse produção de Lasparaginase pelas leveduras I. orientalis e R. glutinis. Verificou-se a maior produção de L-asparaginase periplasmática em meio suplementado com L-asparagina e nitrato de amônio para a levedura I. orientalis (20,38 ± 3,55 U.g-1) e em meio suplementado com Lprolina para a levedura R. glutinis (57,05 ± 0,57 U.g-1). Durante os ensaios de cinética, verificou-se que a produção da enzima ocorreu principalmente durante a fase logarítmica do crescimento microbiano, observando-se também estabilidade da atividade enzimática durante as 144 horas do cultivo. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho permitiram verificar a viabilidade das metodologias de seleção de novas leveduras produtoras de Lasparaginase bem como selecionar, com sucesso, duas novas leveduras capazes de produzir a enzima L-asparaginase periplasmática, I. orientalis e R. glutinis, determinando aspectos importantes da sua produção em meio líquido. / L-asparaginase is the enzyme responsible for converting the amino acid L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonium. This enzyme has important applications, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry, where it is used as an antileukemic drug, and in the food industry, as a treatment for mitigating the formation of acrylamide, a highly toxic compound produced in some foods exposed to high temperatures. Yeasts are highlighted as important microorganisms for the production of L-asparaginase since they are capable of producing enzymes with fewer side effects for humans and are, in general, GRAS organisms, being applicable in the food industry without restrictions. This study evaluated screening methods for selecting new yeasts capable of producing L-asparaginase, selecting those capable of producing high amounts of this enzyme from a culture collection containing 40 strains, also verifying aspects of enzyme production. Methods for screening L-asparaginase producing organisms in solid and liquid medium were tested, evaluating the applicability of Nessler and hydroxylamine methods as means for enzyme activity quantification. The production of L-asparaginase was later confirmed through thin layer chromatography. The selected yeasts were evaluated to confirm the influence of the amino acids L-asparagine, L-proline and L-glutamine as inducers in the production of L-asparaginase, and the kinetics of Lasparaginase production were also evaluated. According to the results, none of the assessed yeasts were able to produce extracellular L-asparaginase. However, two novel yeasts, so far not cited in the pertinent literature as L-asparaginase producers, were able to produce periplasmic L-asparaginase: Issatchenkia orientalis and Rhodotorula glutinis. Tests also verified that the screening methods in solid medium did not correlate with the production of L-asparaginase in liquid medium by yeasts. It was necessary to add inducing molecules, such as the amino acids L-asparagine, L-proline and L-glutamine, to stimulate L-asparaginase production by the yeasts I. orientalis and R. glutinis. The highest production of periplasmic L-asparaginase was obtained in liquid medium supplemented with Lasparagine and ammonium nitrate for the yeast I. orientalis (20,38 ± 3,55 U.g-1) and in medium supplemented with L-proline for the yeast R. glutinis (57,05 ± 0,57 U.g-1). The production kinetics assay verified that the production of the enzyme took place mainly during the log phase of microbial growth, being stable after144 hours of cultivation. The results presented in this study were able to confirm the viability of the methods for the screening of novel L-asparaginase producing yeasts as well as to select two novel yeasts able to produce this enzyme, I. orientalis and R. glutinis, determining some important aspects in L-asparaginase production in liquid medium.

O gênero Odontesthes é composto por 19 espécies válidas que se encontram em ambientes marinhos, estuarinos e de água doce. A primeira hipótese filogenética sugerindo o monofiletismo de Odontesthes foi realizada em 1985. Desde então, outros trabalhos, principalmente envolvendo caracteres morfológicos, corroboraram essa hipótese, porém não abrangeram a totalidade de táxons descritos para o gênero como as espécies descritas recentemente ocorrentes nas drenagens do sul do Brasil. Desse modo, o monofiletismo de Odontesthes e as relações filogenéticas entre suas espécies são aqui investigadas com base em dados morfológicos e moleculares. Além disso, com base na intensa revisão realizada, Odontesthes perugiae (espécie-tipo, conhecida por uma descrição antiga e proveniente de uma localidade incerta) é redescrita e sua distribuição é definida para as porções baixas das bacias do rio Uruguai e rio Paraná. Ainda é proposta e descrita uma nova espécie do gênero, endêmica da bacia do alto rio Uruguai, e reconhecida através de uma comparação detalhada com seus congêneres, principalmente, aqueles incluídos no “grupo perugiae”. / Odontesthes is currently composed of 19 valid species inhabiting freshwater, oceans and estuaries. The first phylogenetic hypothesis suggesting the monofiletism of Odontesthes was done in 1985. Posteriorly, other studies (mainly based on morphological characters) corroborated this hypothesis, although the southern Brazil species, recently described, one not included. In view of these facts, the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Odontesthes and its species are presented based on morphological and molecular data. In addition, Odontesthes perugiae, type species on genus, known by an old description and uncertain type-locality, is described and inhabits the lower portions of the rio Paraná and Uruguay. Also, a new species on genus endemic to the upper rio Uruguay is recognized based on a detailed comparison with its congeners, mainly, those included in the “O. perugiae species group”

The morphological characters, pollen viability, and molecular markers are used in this study to assess the inter-species differentiation in Taiwan Trema( T. orientalis, T. tomentosa, T. cannabina, and the hybrid ). The hybrid was proposed to have been originated from T. tomentosa and T. cannabina natural hybridization with morphological, pollen viability and molecular marker evidences. The four taxa are variable in the following morphological characters: growth form, terminal bud color, leaf size, leaf apex, leaf base, leaf vestiture, leaf texture, leaf nerves, petiole, stipule size, inflorescence sex, male and female inflorescence length, flower number, mature fruit color, perianth vestiture, male flower perianth size, pistillode size, pistillode shape, filament length, and female flower size. The author also found differences in leaf shape, leaf size, leaf base, and leaf vestiture between adult and juvenile individuals of T. orientalis are ontogenetical variations. The hybrid is morphological intermediate between T. tomentosa and T. cannabina, possessing species-specific morphological characters of either species. Leaf trichome morphology was observed under scanning electronic microscope, and a unicellular trichome type with bulbous base, smooth surface, and creeping looking, is specific to T. orientalis leaf abaxial surface. In pollen viability tests, the hybrid had the lowest average pollen stainbility among tour taxa, but varied widely from 48.5 % to 81.6 %. In additivity test of molecular markers, for all 8 species-specific molecular markers of T. tomentosa, 6 were detected in hybrid; for all 14 species-specific molecular markers of T. cannabina, 11 were detected in hybrid; and none of 14 species-specific molecular markers of T. orientalis were detected in hybrid. Additionally, there were some recessive homozygote alleles detected in hybrid molecular marker, and even missing in T. tomentosa molecular markers. According to this evidence, there was a possible introgression between the hybrid and parental species-T. cannabina. In similarity dendrogram derived from molecular markers, all samples were clustered into four taxa-corresponded groups, the hybrid was placed between T. tomentosa and T. cannabina, and closely related to T. cannabina.

ABSTRACT GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF LIQUIDAMBAR ORIENTALIS MILL. VARIETIES WITH RESPECT TO matK REGION OF CHLOROPLAST GENOME &Ouml / ZD&amp / #272 / LEK, Asli M.S., Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya August 2007, 87 pages Liquidambar L. genus is represented with mainly 4 species in the world and one of these species, Turkish sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) which is a relictendemic species is naturally found in only southwestern Turkey, mainly in Mugla Province. The limited distribution of species with two disputed varieties (var. integriloba Fiori and var. orientalis) and increased anthropogenic threats to its genetic resources signify the importance of studying genetic diversity in the species to have better conservation and management programs. For this purpose, 18 different populations were sampled throughout the species range and matK region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was sequenced to assess the genetic structure of the species. Turkish Liquidambar orientalis populations were evaluated at two categories: variety level and geographic level. Also, two sectors of matK region were examined to assess which part of the region was more variable. All molecular analysis was conducted in this study by using MEGA version 3.1 and Arlequin 2.000 softwares. v Moleculer diversity analysis indicated that the population located in Fethiye- G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi district has the highest number of polymorphic sites. This population is also genetically the most distant from the others (average genetic distance 0.0038). Among the studied varieties, the average genetic distance within var. integriloba (0.0016) which also includes population Fethiye-G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi was the greatest. Among the geographic regions, Mugla-1 including Fethiye-K&ouml / ycegiz-Aydin district as well as population Fethiye-G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi showed the highest average genetic distances within the region with a value of 0.0015. According to the molecular variance results, among varieties and among geographic regions, there was no significant differentiation, but great amount of total variation was found (~86%) within Turkish sweet gum populations. With respect to the Fst values among varieties, the highest genetic differentiation was observed between var. orientalis and unknown group (0.040). Furthermore, based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, Turkish populations of L. orientalis have genetically closer to USA relative (L. styraciflua L.) than Chinese relatives (L. acalycina H.T Chang and L. formosana Hance). In conclusion, 10 Turkish sweet gum populations were found to be important for conservation issues. Furthermore, eight of these located in Mugla province and sixth of them belong to var. integriloba. Especially Fethiye-G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi, Marmaris&Ccedil / etibeli and Mugla-Kiyra populations should be included in either insitu or exsitu or in both conservation programs in the future.

O gênero Odontesthes é composto por 19 espécies válidas que se encontram em ambientes marinhos, estuarinos e de água doce. A primeira hipótese filogenética sugerindo o monofiletismo de Odontesthes foi realizada em 1985. Desde então, outros trabalhos, principalmente envolvendo caracteres morfológicos, corroboraram essa hipótese, porém não abrangeram a totalidade de táxons descritos para o gênero como as espécies descritas recentemente ocorrentes nas drenagens do sul do Brasil. Desse modo, o monofiletismo de Odontesthes e as relações filogenéticas entre suas espécies são aqui investigadas com base em dados morfológicos e moleculares. Além disso, com base na intensa revisão realizada, Odontesthes perugiae (espécie-tipo, conhecida por uma descrição antiga e proveniente de uma localidade incerta) é redescrita e sua distribuição é definida para as porções baixas das bacias do rio Uruguai e rio Paraná. Ainda é proposta e descrita uma nova espécie do gênero, endêmica da bacia do alto rio Uruguai, e reconhecida através de uma comparação detalhada com seus congêneres, principalmente, aqueles incluídos no “grupo perugiae”. / Odontesthes is currently composed of 19 valid species inhabiting freshwater, oceans and estuaries. The first phylogenetic hypothesis suggesting the monofiletism of Odontesthes was done in 1985. Posteriorly, other studies (mainly based on morphological characters) corroborated this hypothesis, although the southern Brazil species, recently described, one not included. In view of these facts, the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Odontesthes and its species are presented based on morphological and molecular data. In addition, Odontesthes perugiae, type species on genus, known by an old description and uncertain type-locality, is described and inhabits the lower portions of the rio Paraná and Uruguay. Also, a new species on genus endemic to the upper rio Uruguay is recognized based on a detailed comparison with its congeners, mainly, those included in the “O. perugiae species group”

Hydroprene [ethyl (E,E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4- dodecadienoate], an insect growth regulator (IGR) "or juvenile hormone analog, was applied to substrata where oriental cockroach nymphs, Blatta orientalis, were reared. A detailed study of the morphology of B. orientalis external genitalia indicated that hydroprene affected the development of these structures. Both the male and female genitalia were malformed after exposure to hydroprene. The epithelial cells of the male genitalia, particularly of the right and left phallomeres, were more sensitive to the IGR than that of the female. A study on the configurational fitness of genitalia, or coupled genital structures, at copulation revealed that adults with malformed genitalia were unable to initiate mating and to copulate successfully. Wings of the male were ranked into four degrees of malformation, with o being normal and 3 being the most malformed. There was a 95% correlation between wrinkled wings (ranked 1 to 3) and male genital malformation. Wings rated 2 and 3 were 100% correlated with genital malformation. Approximately 93% of hydroprene-exposed nymphs were sterilized when they molted to the adult stage. This was highly significant in comparison to the normal (P<0.001). Late instar nymphs were more sensitive to hydroprene than early instar nymphs. The development of ovaries, testes and accessory glands was morphologically inhibited in the adultoids or sterile individuals. The majority (99%) of the !GR-treated nymphs underwent molts and metamorphosis, which did not differ significantly from the controls (P>0.25). An unusual post-adultoid molting occurred in approximately 39% of the adultoids, which resulted in significantly higher mortalities than the normal (P<0.001). Mean wet body weights of adultoids were significantly heavier than that of the normals (P<0.05). / M.S.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-26T17:58:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 7579371 bytes, checksum: d06a4fa8c7de01b4e35e645dfddfe9b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T17:58:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 7579371 bytes, checksum: d06a4fa8c7de01b4e35e645dfddfe9b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Objetivou-se verificar fatores que influenciam a germinação de S. orientalis, o seu crescimento, aspectos anatômicos, histoquímicos e químicos. O primeiro experimento verificou o efeito da temperatura e da giberelina (GA3) sobre a germinação, utilizando-se do paclobutrazol (PZ), na indução da dormência e, a prevenção ou reversão desta inibição, pela aplicação de GA3. Ocorreram as maiores médias de germinação em substrato com GA3, sendo as maiores porcentagens aos 17 °C em GA3 e aos 19 °C em água, estabelecendo-se a temperatura ótima de 18 ± 2 °C. Verificou-se total inibição da germinação na dose de PZ 10-2 M. A aplicação de GA3 junto ao PZ não reverteu o efeito inibitório do PZ, assim como, a transferência dos aquênios incubados em PZ, para o substrato umedecido com GA3. O segundo experimento contrastou os efeitos de sombreamento sobre o crescimento de S. orientalis, através de análise de crescimento. As plantas cultivadas sob sombreamento, tiveram maior duração do ciclo cultural, cerca de 30 dias, retardando os valores máximos e/ou mínimos, em relação às plantas a luz plena. A espécie é favorecida pelo sombreamento. O terceiro experimento descreveu a anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de S. orientalis, caracterizando suas estruturas secretoras e aplicando testes histoquímicos. Anatomicamente, os órgãos vegetativos são semelhantes aos caracteres descritos para Asteraceae. Ductos estão ausentes na raiz e presentes no caule e na folha. Três tipos de estruturas secretoras foram observados: ductos, hidatódios e tricomas glandulares. Os testes histoquímicos demonstraram compostos fenólicos e alcalóides nos ductos e, nos tricomas, compostos lipofílicos e fenólicos. O quarto experimento descreveu a anatomia e histoquímica de seus órgãos reprodutivos, a caracterização das estruturas secretoras, junto à extração e identificação dos principais compostos do óleo essencial das folhas e capítulos. Tricomas glandulares bisseriados reagiram a compostos lipofílicos e fenólicos. Cristais de oxalato de cálcio foram observados em tricomas glandulares pedunculados, que também reagiram a compostos lipofílicos, protéicos e alcalóides. O principal composto detectado no óleo essencial dos capítulos foi o sesquiterpeno γ-elemeno e nas folhas o (+)-espatulenol. O óleo essencial das flores apresentou compostos mais voláteis, devido à presença dos tricomas glandulares pedunculados, que podem estar relacionados à atração de polinizadores e à dispersão por epizoocoria. / This work aimed to verify the factors influencing the germination and growth as well as anatomical, histochemical and chemical aspects of S. orientalis. The first experiment verified the effect of temperature and gibberelin (GA3) on S. orientalis using paclobutrazol (PZ) for dormancy induction and prevention or reversion of such inhibition by applying GA3. The highest germination averages occurred in substrate with GA3, the highest percentages being at 17 °C in GA3 and at 19 °C in water, with optimum temperature at 18 ± 2 °C being established. Total germination inhibition was verified at dose PZ 10-2 M. The application of GA3 along with PZ did not revert the inhibitory effect of PZ nor the transfer of achenes incubated in PZ into the substrate moistened with GA3. The second experiment contrasted the effects of shading on the growth of S. orientalis, through growth analysis. The plants cultivated under shading had a longer cultural cycle duration, around 30 days, with their maximum and/or minimum values being much slower than those of the plants cultivated under full sunlight. This species is favored by shading. The third experiment described the anatomy of the vegetative organs of S. orientalis, characterizing its secretory structures and applying histochemical tests. Anatomically, the vegetative organs are similar to the characters described for Asteraceae. Ducts are absent in the root and present in the stem and leaves. Three types of secretory structures were observed: ducts, hydathodes and glandular trichomes. The histochemical tests showed the presence of phenolic and alkaloid compounds in the ducts, while lipophilic and phenolic compounds were found in the trichomes. The fourth experiment described the anatomy and histochemistry of the reproductive organs of S. orientalis, as well as the characterization of its secretory structures, along with the extraction and identification of the major essential oil compounds in its leaves and capitula. Biseriate glandular trichomes reacted to lipophilic and phenolic compounds. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in stalketed glandular trichomes, which also reacted to lipophilic, protein, and alkaloid compounds. The main compound detected in the essential oil of the capitula was sesquiterpene γ-elemene and in the leaves, (+)-espathulenol. The essential oil of the flowers presented more volatile compounds due to the presence of stalketed glandular trichomes, what may be associated to pollinator attraction and epizoochory dispersion.

Le platane est un arbre de la famille des Platanaceae très commun en ville en particulier en Europe et dans toutes les zones tempérées. Les espèces du genre Platanus et plus particulièrement l’espèce Platanus orientalis, très répandue en Grèce, sont sévèrement attaquées par des agents phytopathogènes provoquant le chancre coloré du platane, l’anthracnose ou l’oïdium. En revanche, Platanus acerifolia, un hybride obtenu entre P. occidentalis and P. orientalis, très commun en France, se montre plus résistant vis-à-vis de ces pathogènes. L’étude par HPLC d’extraits de deux espèces de Platanaceae européennes P. acerifolia et P. orientalis a montré des différences selon le solvant d’extraction. L’extrait dichlorométhanique de P. acerifolia s’est montré plus riche en composés que l’espèce P. orientalis. Par contre, les chromatogrammes obtenus à partir des extraits méthanoliques sont très similaires et dominés par les deux composés majoritaires (tiliroside et platanoside). Des techniques préparatives comme la chromatographie de partage centrifuge (CPC), la moyenne pression (MPLC), la chromatographie sur colonne de Sephadex ou sur résine XAD-7 ont été utilisées afin d’isoler les différents constituants majoritaires et d’identifier les composés qui diffèrent d’une espèce à l’autre. L’élucidation structurale est réalisée grâce à des techniques telles que HR-EIS-MS et RMN 1D & 2D. L’étude de l’extrait dichlorométhanique nous a permis de compléter la connaissance phytochimique de ces deux plantes européennes et a conduit à l’isolement et à la détermination structurale de 38 molécules dont 7 composés nouveaux (1 coumarine, 3 flavonols prenylés, 2 dihydrochalcones, un terpénoïde. Par ailleurs, l’extrait méthanolique a conduit d’une part à l’isolement du tiliroside et du platanoside majoritaires et d’autre part à l’isolement de composés minoritaires, trente-trois autres molécules dont 5 nouveaux composés (1 flavonol glucosylé, 3 coumarines, 1 dihydrochalcone). Enfin, l’évaluation biologique des composés isolés in vitro ou in vivo a été réalisée sur différentes cibles : activités antifongiques, anti-âge, antioestrogéniques. Les activités cytotoxiques sur les cellules de cancer du sein MCF-7 et sur les cellules de cancer de l’endomètre (ISHIKAWA). / Platanus is a small genus of trees belonging to Platanaceae family, very common in Europe and temperate zones. Platanus species, and especially Platanus orientalis (Oriental plane), wide-spread in Greece are known to be severely attacked by phytopathogens such as Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani for canker stain, Apiognomonia veneta for anthracnose and Microsphaera platini for powdery mildew. However Platanus acerifolia (London plane), a hybrid between the P. occidentalis and P. orientalis, which is very common in France, have been found to be resistant to these pathogenic fungi. The HPLC profile of the dichloromethane extracts of the two species P. orientalis and P. acerifolia revealed a qualititative difference whereas, the methanol extracts were found to be similar with two predominant phenolic constituents (tiliroside and platanoside) present in both species. Further isolation and purification of their secondary metabolites were performed using various chromatographic techniques (CPC, MPLC, CC, XAD-7, Sephadex LH20, prep-TLC) and their identification was performed by HRMS and NMR (1 & 2D) spectroscopy. The studies of dichloromethane extract allowed us to deal with phytochemical knowledge of these two European plants in depth and led to isolation and structural elucidation of 38 compounds including 7 news constituents (1 coumarin, 3 flavonols, 2 dihydrochalcones and 1 terpenoid). Moreover, the methanol extract led to the isolation of their major constituents (tiliroside and platanoside) in one step. Furthermore, 33 minors compounds were isolated including 5 news compounds (one flavonol glycoside 3 coumarins and 1 dihydrochalcone). In addition, the isolated compounds have been subjected to in vitro or in vivo evaluation on different targets: antifungal, anti-ageing, anti-oestrogenic properties. Finally, the cytotoxic activity was studied on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and endometrial cancer (Ishikawa).