Depuis les années 80, la qualification des produits d’origine est devenue un élément important dans le modèle agricole européen avec le système des indications géographiques (IG), auquel s'ajoutent des systèmes promus par des organisations non gouvernementales, comme les projets Sentinelles de Slow Food. Ces initiatives publiques ou privées, ici appelées Systèmes de Valorisation de l’Origine (SVO), génèrent d’importants résultats environnementaux, sociaux et culturels, en plus d’une valeur marchande.Les décideurs politiques et la société civile s’intéressent de plus en plus aux effets des SVO sur la biodiversité, qualifiée ici de biodiversité culturelle pour souligner la pertinence accordée aux pratiques et aux connaissances locales. Or, ces effets sont encore mal connus. Cette thèse entend y contribuer en explorant l’écart entre les discours, c’est-à-dire les objectifs politiques, les connaissances systématisées et les narratives qui sous-tendent le développement des SVO, et les pratiques locales (explicites et implicites). Elle traite donc les questions de recherche suivantes : quelles sont les institutions et les logiques qui inspirent la définition et la pratique de la biodiversité culturelle ? Comment la codification des connaissances et des pratiques est-elle réalisée et comment les règles sont-elles appliquées ? Dans quelle mesure les savoirs sont-ils modifiés et re-créés ?L’analyse repose sur quatre études de cas représentées par quatre fromages de montagne sous appellation (IG) et/ou objet d’une Sentinelle Slow Food, en France (fromage d’estive du Béarn et Ossau-Iraty), en Italie (Piacentinu Ennese) et au Maroc (fromage de chèvre de Chefchaouen). La démarche de recherche a privilégié l’analyse des discours institutionnels et des cahiers des charges, des enquêtes ethnographiques multi-sites sur 24 mois, l’observation participante et « l’apprentissage » pour décrypter les pratiques locales.L’analyse des discours institutionnels sur la microbiodiversité fromagère montre que les promoteurs des SVO ont intégré la biodiversité culturelle dans leurs stratégies à différents moments et degrés. En dépit des limitations dues au rôle prépondérant du marché, la médiatisation d’un discours sur la biodiversité culturelle peut amplifier la voix politique des acteurs locaux et favoriser les relations communautaires.Résultat de négociations entre les parties prenantes qui présentent des différentes motivations, stratégies et formes de connaissance, les cahiers des charges sont des objets privilégiés pour étudier les effets des SIO. Les cahiers des charges étudiés préservent directement certaines ressources génétiques, goûts et savoirs-faire, comme la pratique de la transhumance et la production quotidienne de fromage en montage, dans la Sentinelle béarnaise. Mais néanmoins, le processus de codification aboutit toujours à l’adaptation et à la réduction de la diversité existante, y compris au sein des SVO les plus orientés vers la localisation des pratiques et la promotion de la diversité des goûts, comme observé au sujet de la réduction des temps d’affinage traditionnels dans le Piacentinu Ennese.Cependant, les connaissances et les pratiques relatives à la biodiversité culturelle sont dynamiques. Les parties prenantes des SVO interagissent dans un processus d'apprentissage, en utilisant des connaissances codifiées et tacites comme outils pour façonner une communauté. Cet apprentissage dépasse les frontières du système de gestion et englobe également les consommateurs et les producteurs qui n’appartiennent pas au SVO, dans le cadre de pratiques partagées. Le cas marocain, par exemple, montre la recréation de pratiques engendrées par une IG qui limite particulièrement la tradition. Le décalage entre ce qui est codifié et ce qui est fait conduit à une redéfinition dynamique des pratiques et des communautés. / Origin food qualification has emerged as a new institutional tendency from the 80s, becoming a relevant asset in the European model of agriculture with the Geographical Indication (GI) system. Place-based labelling led by non-governmental organisations are also multiplying, such as the Presidia projects developed by the Slow Food movement. These public or private initiatives, referred as Origin Food Schemes (OFS), generate significant environmental, social, and cultural outputs, besides producing market value. For these reasons, OFS are also becoming economically and politically relevant in the Global South.In particular, policy makers and social movements have increasingly looked at the effects of OFS on biodiversity, referred to here as cultural biodiversity to underline the relevance given to practices and local knowledge. Considering the gap in knowledge regarding the bio-cultural outcomes of different OFS, this Thesis asks which are the gaps between discourses, understood as policies, systems of knowledge, and communication tools, and both explicit and implicit practices conveyed by OFS as for cultural biodiversity. The Thesis presents the following sub-research questions: Which are the institutions and logics that determine the definition and practices related to cultural biodiversity? How are knowledge and practices codified and, then, are rules applied? To what extent are codified and tacit knowledge and practices modified and re-created within OFS?Four origin cheeses recognized as a GI and/or a Presidium and located in France, Italy and Morocco were selected as case studies and addressed with 24 month-multisite ethnographic enquiries, privileging participant observation and apprenticeship as a research tool to study the embodied and experientially grounded practices.The example of the management of cheese microbiodiversity shows that the Slow Food movement and GI promoters have integrated cultural biodiversity into their institutional discourses in different times and to different extents. Despite limitations due to the prominent role of the market, a mediatized institutional narrative on cultural biodiversity can amplify the political voice of local actors by fostering community and social relationships.The analysis of specifications – privileged places to study the effects of OFS – demonstrates that OFS differently take into account traditional practices of production, following stakeholders’ negotiations that oppose motives, strategies, and forms of knowledge. Although specifications directly preserve some genetic resources, taste, and know-how, paradoxically their codification always results in adapting and reducing existing diversity, including in the OFS that are more oriented to localise practices and promote diversity of tastes.Nevertheless, food knowledge and practices are dynamic. OFS stakeholders interact in a learning process, using codified and tacit knowledge as tools to shape communities of practice. This learning process surpasses the border of the OFS governing body and encompasses also consumers and producers who do not belong to the scheme into joint practices. The gap between what is codified and what is done leads to a dynamic redefinition of both practices and communities.

The object of this research is to develop a travel demand model. The model predicts outdoor recreational travel of urban recreationists for camping. The development of this model is structured by a set of methodological criteria. These criteria relate to destination choice behavior in the context of recreation travel, and analytical structures of travel demand, in addition to the criterion of model performance. The thrust of this research is to define and evaluate a destination choice function with respect to recreational travel.

Our inventory of material from the early solar system includes large, igneous-textured inclusions in O chondrites, whose origin and relationship to their host meteorite is unclear. These inclusions occur in approximately 4% of O chondrites, and are mineralogically, petrographically, and chemically diverse. Petrographic and chemical data from 29 inclusions from 23 host meteorites were collected with optical light and scanning electron microscopy, allowing for the determination of major phase modal abundance and major element bulk chemistry. No correlation between any inclusion property and host meteorite type were found, but some trends were observed. Nine of the inclusions show strong evidence, such as radial variations in texture and chemistry, for having crystallized as a free-floating droplet in a space environment, and may share the same formation process as chondrules. One inclusion is almost certainly shock-melted material that intruded into the host material. Thirteen inclusions have bulk chemistry patterns that suggest the material was vapor fractionated; the remaining sixteen are essentially chondritic, i.e., unfractionated. Broadly, the data support the conclusions of Ruzicka et al. (1998, 2000), which divided large inclusions into Na-poor (vapor fractionated) and Na-rich (unfractionated) groups, suggesting at least two different origins. There is no evidence that any of the inclusions studied formed by igneous differentiation.

In the 1976, the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) compiled their first Handbook of guidelines and methods for evaluating development-level transportation impacts, specifically vehicular impacts (Institute of Transportation Engineers 1976). Decades later, these methods--essentially the same as when they were originally conceived--are used ubiquitously across the US and Canada. Only recently, with the guidelines in its third edition of the ITE's Trip Generation Handbook (Institute of Transportation Engineers 2014) new data and approaches have been adopted--despite substantial evidence that questions the accuracy of older data, automobile bias, and lack of sensitivity to urban contexts. This dissertation contributes to this literature by focusing on the data, methods, and assumptions so commonly included in development- or site-level evaluation of transportation impacts. These methods are omnipresent in development-level review--used in transportation impact analyses or studies (TIAs/TISs) of vehicular or mode-based impacts, vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and estimates of emissions, scaling or scoping development size, and evaluating transportation system development, impact or utility fees or charges. However, few have evaluated the underlying characteristics of these foundational data--with few exceptions--this manuscript takes aim at understanding inherent issues in the collection and application of ITE's data and methods in various urban contexts. This manuscript includes a compiled dissertation, four papers written consecutively. The first, evaluates state-of-the-art methods in Chapter 2--identifying gaps in the literature. Two such gaps are explored in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. In Chapter 3, a larger implicit assumption present in ITE's methods--that the existing land-use taxonomy is an optimal and accurate way to describe land use and segment data. Results indicate a simplified taxonomy would provide substantial reductions in cost corresponding with a minor loss in the model's explanation of variance. Following, Chapter 4 explores a common assumption that requires ITE's vehicle trips be converted into person trips and applied across contexts. The results point to the need to consider demographics in site-level transportation impact analysis, particularly to estimate overall demand (person trips, transaction activity) at retail and service development. In Chapter 5, the findings from this research and previous studies are extrapolated to evaluate and quantify the potential bias when temporal, special, and social contexts are ignored. The results indicate the compounding overestimation of automobile demand may inflate estimation by more than 100% in contexts where ITE should be applicable (suburban areas with moderate incomes). In the conclusions (Chapter 6), the implications of this work are explored, followed by recommendations for practice and a discussion of the limitations of this research and future work.

No description available.

Family-of-origin aggression (FOOA) is an established risk factor for adult partner aggression. The research presented in this thesis tested a model proposing that (FOOA) is mediated through attachment and attributions to influence male and female partner aggression and withdrawal in early stage couple relationships. Study 1 tested the influence of FOOA, attachment, and attributions on partner aggression in a sample of 73 newlywed couples. FOOA was associated with male-to-female aggression, but not female-to-male aggression. Therefore the hypothesis that the influence of FOOA on partner aggression was mediated through attachment and attributions was tested only for men. Attachment was significantly associated with attributions, but there was no association between FOOA and attachment or between attributions and male partner aggression. Study 2 tested the influence of FOOA, attachment, and attributions on partner aggression and withdrawal in a sample of 101 dating couples. Structural equation model analyses found different results for men and women. For male partner aggression, the influence of FOOA was partially mediated through attachment and attributions. For male withdrawal, the influence of FOOA on withdrawal was fully mediated through attachment and attributions. The association between FOOA and withdrawal was also mediated through attachment independent of attributions, and through attributions independent of attachment. For female partner aggression and female withdrawal, the predicted associations were found for the attachment anxiety models but not for the attachment avoidance models. The current findings suggest that attachment and attributions should be intervention targets for improving relationship outcomes. The gender differences in model fit emphasise the importance of investigating risk factors for partner aggression and withdrawal separately for men and women.

This thesis evaluates Australian rugby league participant violence between 1970 and 1995 through the use of figurational sociology, a body of thought pioneered by Norbert Elias. While figurational theory is the dominant paradigm used, an interdisciplinary focus is adopted in order to negotiate the recognised weaknesses of 'Eliasian' theory, and to complement its strengths. Communication studies, cultural studies and gender theory are interweaved with figurational sociology to analyse rugby league violence. Furthermore, through these theoretical paradigms, important wider social and cultural issues are taken into account including the commodification of Australian rugby league, the media framing of State of Origin rugby league as a 'sports mediated product', and the role violence plays both within the construction of masculine identities in rugby league and in the wider 'gender order' . These social and cultural issues are evaluated to gain an adequate understanding of the structural and interpersonal interrelationships constituting the social phenomenon of rugby league violence. The central finding of this thesis is that there is a processual shift from more to less illegitimate violence in Australian rugby league between 1970 and 1995.

<p>Denna studie undersöker om Sverige som produktland ger ett mervärde åt produkter relaterade till Sverige på den australiensiska markanden. Studien är grundad på en enkätstudie som utfördes på 67 personer i Toowoomba, Australien. Kopplingen till ett lands mervärde ligger i kundens uppfattning till de land de förknippar produkten med, något som kan förstärkas eller minskas. Studien visar att över 90 % av de tillfrågade kände till Ericsson, IKEA och Volvo medan drygt hälften kände till Absolut. De hade alla en starkare produktnisch än Sverige som nation. Det gör att jag bedömer att dessa företag/varumärken inte drar någon större fördel av ursprungsbemärkningen ”made in Sweden”. Ett varumärke som svenska företag/produkter, med begränsade resurser, kan dra nytta i introduktionsstadiet för att skapa ett större igenkännande bland kunder.</p> / <p>This study examines to what extent Swedish products receive any added-value as a result of their relationship to Sweden on the Australian market. The work is based upon a survey with 67 people in Toowoomba, Australia. An added-value is connected to a country by customers’ thoughts of that country in relation to the products they produce, something which can be magnified or extracted. This survey shows that over 90% of the respondents knew Ericsson, IKEA and Volvo and more then half knew Absolut. These companies all had a stronger product niche than Sweden as a hole whereby I do not find that these companies/brands gain directly from the country-of-origin effect of “made in Sweden”. Something a new company/brand could use to gain stronger recognition, with limited recourses, in the introduction stage to the new market.</p>

<p><p>The purpose of this thesis was to study the origin of the local news in local newspapers. Do the news originate mostly from the police, the municipality, from press releases or from the reporters own ideas? We also wanted to find out what kind of content predominated in texts with its origin in press releases respectively the reporters own ideas. Of course we also wanted to find out if there were any similarities or differences between the two studied newspapers.</p><p>We used a type of constructed week, but with non random selection instead of random. We chose one of each weekday the newspapers were published and studied the news covered in the papers that specific day. We talked over the phone with the news editors and the reporters and simply asked them about the origin of each news text separately.</p><p>The results showed that every fourth text originates from the police, and that police news often ends up as news items rather than articles. We also came to the conclusion that local newspapers use fewer press releases than earlier research has shown. Only one sixth of the news studied originates from press releases, which is less than we thought it would be. News with its origin in advertisements was less often found.</p><p>News with its origin in the reporters own ideas deal with various subjects. A text that is written on the basis of a press release on the other hand is often about some kind of event and has almost always a very positive tone. We could not notice any remarkable difference between the two studied newspapers.</p></p>

<p>As globalization influences today’s world markets, many brands are becoming international and global. When a brand is in an international market it creates an opportunity for perceived brand origin to influence the consumers. Brand origin effect refers to the different ways that the perceived origin of a brand influences the consumers, for example, the consumer brand equity or purchase behaviour. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate brand origins effect on brand image and brand awareness. There has been research on this in the past; however, only few of them have focused on emerging markets. Therefore, we will investigate the brand origin effect in emerging markets. The study is performed in Ecuador, and the data is collected through structured interviews within the target population. The dissertation was done in collaboration with the Swedish company Husqvarna. Therefore, it was the brand awareness and image of Husqvarna in particular that was studied. The results of this dissertation indicate that there are relationships between the variables brand origin, brand image and brand awareness. First of all, there were indications that consumers in emerging markets prefer brands from developed countries. The second relationship that the results indicate is that a more positive image of perceived brand origin means a more positive image of brand image. The last relationship is that a more positive image of perceived brand origin, leads to a higher sense of brand awareness. However, it is necessary to mention that none of these relationships could be proven to be significant through statistical testing. As a result of this, this dissertation provides a good foundation for future research where the relationships should be further studied.</p>