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xxi, 199 leaves: ill. / Introduction and purpose: This empirical study was carried out to determine the nutritional status and level of nutritional knowledge amongst orphaned children. A cycle menu will be developed after sensory evaluations of all protein enhanced dishes. Method: Anthropometric measures were used to determine the nutritional status and to measure the nutrition knowledge of 100 orphaned children aged 9 to 13 years old in Boipatong, Vaal region. A nutritional knowledge questionnaire was administered to the study group. Furthermore the anthropometric measurement was carried out and analysed with World Health Organization software (AnthoPius) using ±2 standard deviations cut off points, and data on nutritional knowledge were captured on Microsoft Excel and analysed for frequencies, mean and standard deviation (SD) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 1'7. Results: The results for nutritional status revealed that 59% of the population studied were underweight, 40% were stunted and 25% were wasted. Most of the respondents (70%) scored less than 50% on the nutrition knowledge questionnaire. The mean correct answer for multiple choice questions was 29.65% and for true/false question was 50.34%. Conclusion: The orphaned children are under-nourished and wasted. Further to this, the nutrition knowledge of the orphans is poor. It is recommended that a nutrition education programme be implemented so as to address the issue of poor food choices and malnutrition. / National Research Foundation (NRF), VUT and Hubbs and Spokes Model

Thesis (M.A. (Psychology)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / HIV/AIDS is devastating and fatal to working adults in the prime of their lives, thus leaving the responsibility of caring for the orphans to their grandparents. This study explored the experiences of grandparents assuming the role of parenting their AIDSorphaned grandchildren in Lephalale, South Africa. Phenomenological face-face interviews were conducted with ten elderly, black African grandmothers between the ages of 55 and 71. The participating women were self-identified as carers for their AIDS-orphaned grandchildren. The challenges the participant grandmothers faced in caring for their grandchildren were identified as the following: recurrent experiences of loss and grief, lack of social support, fear of stigmatization, financial constraints, mental health and physical strain, difficulty in acquiring state social grants, emotional distress, the caring role being divinely ordained and the rejection of orphans by their biological fathers. Recommendations are advanced on the basis of the findings.

The aims of this research about learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS was to determine, by means of a case study, the psychological well-being of learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS; the general performance of these learners at school; the nature and extent of social support they get from their schools, family, community and society; and the physical well-being of these learners; as well as to make suggestions for an ecosystemic psycho-social support of these learners in order to enhance and strengthen their psycho-social well-being. The literature review highlighted that, as a result of HIV/AIDS, new family forms are emerging, such as "skipgeneration" families, where the parent generation has succumbed to HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-related illnesses and the families are made up of grandparents and orphaned grandchildren, and child-headed families, where grandparents are not available to care for orphaned grandchildren. The case study of this research revealed that parental illness and the death of parents of adolescents affected and orphaned by HIV/AIDS are causes of these adolescents' emotional trauma and grief, stress, scholastic problems, stigmatization and discrimination, missing out on educational opportunities and experiencing poverty. The empirical research also revealed that these children and adolescents do not get the necessary familial support from their relatives, especially immediately after the death of their parents. On the basis of both the literature review and the empirical research findings, the researcher made suggestions for an ecosystemic psycho-social support of learners affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic in order to enhance and strengthen their psycho-social well-being. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The aims of this research about learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS was to determine, by means of a case study, the psychological well-being of learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS; the general performance of these learners at school; the nature and extent of social support they get from their schools, family, community and society; and the physical well-being of these learners; as well as to make suggestions for an ecosystemic psycho-social support of these learners in order to enhance and strengthen their psycho-social well-being. The literature review highlighted that, as a result of HIV/AIDS, new family forms are emerging, such as "skipgeneration" families, where the parent generation has succumbed to HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-related illnesses and the families are made up of grandparents and orphaned grandchildren, and child-headed families, where grandparents are not available to care for orphaned grandchildren. The case study of this research revealed that parental illness and the death of parents of adolescents affected and orphaned by HIV/AIDS are causes of these adolescents' emotional trauma and grief, stress, scholastic problems, stigmatization and discrimination, missing out on educational opportunities and experiencing poverty. The empirical research also revealed that these children and adolescents do not get the necessary familial support from their relatives, especially immediately after the death of their parents. On the basis of both the literature review and the empirical research findings, the researcher made suggestions for an ecosystemic psycho-social support of learners affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic in order to enhance and strengthen their psycho-social well-being. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The aims of this research were to investigate the condition of the psychological well being of learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS; investigate the way in which these learners perform at schools, investigate the nature and extent of social support these learners get from their families, community and society; investigate the condition of the physical well being of these learners; and make recommendations for their psychosocial support in order to enhance and strengthen their psychological well being. Findings from the literature review revealed that when HIV infected parents fall ill and die as a result of AIDS, usually a child or adolescent's life also often falls apart. This is an indication that with HIV and AIDS effects, the hardships hit well before children and adolescents are orphaned. This is to say, first a parent or breadwinner becomes ill with HIV or AIDS, and is unable to work. Then the entire family feels the economic impact - for example, children especially girls, must often drop out of school to go to work so that they can provide food for the family, care for their ill parents and look after their siblings. Such a phenomenon leads to the following psycho social problems in the lives of these children and adolescents: experience of grief and bereavement among children and adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS; introduction of major social change which may involve moving from a middle or upper -class urban home to a poor rural relative's home. It may involve separation from siblings, which is often done arbitrarily when orphaned children are divided among relatives without due considerations of their needs; increase in new labour responsibilities and instances of labour and work responsibility being given to children as young as five. Responsibilities and work in the household also include domestic chores, subsistence agriculture and provision of care giving to very young, old and ill members of the household. Work outside of the home may involve a variety of formal and informal labour, including farm work and begging for food and supplies in both community and beyond; a phenomenon of irregular school attendance and absconding from school; suffering from malnutrition and may not have access to available health services; vulnerability to HIV infection. Their risk for infection arises from the early onset of sexual activity, commercial sex and sexual abuse, all of which may me precipitated by economic need, peer pressure, lack of supervision, exploitation and rape; likelihood that as the ratio of the dependent children increases as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, so will the chances of children being lured into trafficking and sexual exploitation; and manifestations of negative emotional responses such as fear, anger, depression, anxiety, feelings of dependency and so on. Findings from the empirical research revealed that learners who formed the population sample of this research are unhappy and sad to see their family members, that is, their parents and breadwinners, being ill, and as a result their health is also psycho socially affected; they do not have and cannot afford school uniform and there are no people or relatives who can help them with money to buy school uniform; and their mental health is not in good condition and that they had been ill, suffering from stress in the last six months. Recommendations with psycho-educational implications were made in the last chapter. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

The aims of this research about learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS was to determine, by means of a case study, the psychological well-being of learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS; the general performance of these learners at school; the nature and extent of social support they get from their schools, family, community and society; and the physical well-being of these learners; as well as to make suggestions for an ecosystemic psycho-social support of these learners in order to enhance and strengthen their psycho-social well-being. The literature review highlighted that, as a result of HIV/AIDS, new family forms are emerging, such as "skipgeneration" families, where the parent generation has succumbed to HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-related illnesses and the families are made up of grandparents and orphaned grandchildren, and child-headed families, where grandparents are not available to care for orphaned grandchildren. The case study of this research revealed that parental illness and the death of parents of adolescents affected and orphaned by HIV/AIDS are causes of these adolescents' emotional trauma and grief, stress, scholastic problems, stigmatization and discrimination, missing out on educational opportunities and experiencing poverty. The empirical research also revealed that these children and adolescents do not get the necessary familial support from their relatives, especially immediately after the death of their parents. On the basis of both the literature review and the empirical research findings, the researcher made suggestions for an ecosystemic psycho-social support of learners affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic in order to enhance and strengthen their psycho-social well-being. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The aims of this research were to investigate the condition of the psychological well being of learners affected or orphaned by HIV/AIDS; investigate the way in which these learners perform at schools, investigate the nature and extent of social support these learners get from their families, community and society; investigate the condition of the physical well being of these learners; and make recommendations for their psychosocial support in order to enhance and strengthen their psychological well being. Findings from the literature review revealed that when HIV infected parents fall ill and die as a result of AIDS, usually a child or adolescent's life also often falls apart. This is an indication that with HIV and AIDS effects, the hardships hit well before children and adolescents are orphaned. This is to say, first a parent or breadwinner becomes ill with HIV or AIDS, and is unable to work. Then the entire family feels the economic impact - for example, children especially girls, must often drop out of school to go to work so that they can provide food for the family, care for their ill parents and look after their siblings. Such a phenomenon leads to the following psycho social problems in the lives of these children and adolescents: experience of grief and bereavement among children and adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS; introduction of major social change which may involve moving from a middle or upper -class urban home to a poor rural relative's home. It may involve separation from siblings, which is often done arbitrarily when orphaned children are divided among relatives without due considerations of their needs; increase in new labour responsibilities and instances of labour and work responsibility being given to children as young as five. Responsibilities and work in the household also include domestic chores, subsistence agriculture and provision of care giving to very young, old and ill members of the household. Work outside of the home may involve a variety of formal and informal labour, including farm work and begging for food and supplies in both community and beyond; a phenomenon of irregular school attendance and absconding from school; suffering from malnutrition and may not have access to available health services; vulnerability to HIV infection. Their risk for infection arises from the early onset of sexual activity, commercial sex and sexual abuse, all of which may me precipitated by economic need, peer pressure, lack of supervision, exploitation and rape; likelihood that as the ratio of the dependent children increases as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, so will the chances of children being lured into trafficking and sexual exploitation; and manifestations of negative emotional responses such as fear, anger, depression, anxiety, feelings of dependency and so on. Findings from the empirical research revealed that learners who formed the population sample of this research are unhappy and sad to see their family members, that is, their parents and breadwinners, being ill, and as a result their health is also psycho socially affected; they do not have and cannot afford school uniform and there are no people or relatives who can help them with money to buy school uniform; and their mental health is not in good condition and that they had been ill, suffering from stress in the last six months. Recommendations with psycho-educational implications were made in the last chapter. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Duas dÃcadas apÃs o inÃcio da epidemia da aids, observa-se uma geraÃÃo de crianÃas impactadas pelo HIV. Elas vivenciam uma infÃncia marcada pelo adoecimento dos genitores, pela orfandade e pelo estigma ocasionado pela doenÃa. Algumas delas, soropositivas ou nÃo, sÃo submetidas à institucionalizaÃÃo. Assim, viver em uma instituiÃÃo, muitas vezes, à a opÃÃo mais viÃvel para as crianÃas. Objetivou-se analisar como vivem as crianÃas nascidas expostas ao HIV inseridas em casas de apoio/ orfanatos em Fortaleza, CearÃ. Optou-se pela articulaÃÃo da pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, empregando-se para fornecer elementos do caminho a ser trilhado o estudo de caso. Empregou-se ainda a modalidade de pesquisa histÃria oral temÃtica. Teve-se como populaÃÃo 24 crianÃas nascidas expostas ao HIV que vivem em regime integral ou parcial em duas instituiÃÃes (casa de apoio e orfanato). O estudo foi conduzido durante o primeiro semestre de 2010, em Fortaleza- CearÃ, regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. Duas instituiÃÃes cadastradas em ÃrgÃo pÃblico sÃo responsÃveis pelo cuidado de crianÃas nascidas expostas ao HIV ou infectadas ao longo da vida que funcionam como referÃncia para o Estado do CearÃ. Ambas participaram do estudo: a Casa Sol Nascente (permanÃncia integral) e o Centro de ConvivÃncia Madre Regina (permanÃncia semi-integral). Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se: entrevista semiestruturada para captar dados epidemiolÃgicos, clÃnicos e sociais das crianÃas e dos genitores; dados primÃrios obtidos dos prontuÃrios das crianÃas; histÃrias de vida produzidas pelas responsÃveis da instituiÃÃo e pelas mÃes, e relatos de situaÃÃes de preconceito vivenciado pelas crianÃas. Para a anÃlise quantitativa, as instituiÃÃes foram comparadas mediante distribuiÃÃes de frequÃncias bivariadas. Observou-se que as crianÃas tÃm acesso aos itens indispensÃveis para o crescimento e desenvolvimento adequados, entretanto enfrentam importantes marcadores de vulnerabilidade. As diferenÃas entre as duas instituiÃÃes foram, na maior parte das vezes, atribuÃdas à presenÃa materna nos cuidados dispensados Ãs crianÃas da instituiÃÃo de tempo semi-integral. Sugere-se um trabalho intersetorial e um cuidado integral de acordo com as necessidades prÃprias de cada instituiÃÃo, de cada famÃlia e de cada crianÃa, numa prÃtica mais humanizada, resolutiva, como uma forma de promoÃÃo da vida. / Two decades after the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it has been observed how one generation of children has been affected by HIV. They experience a childhood marked by their parentâs becoming ill, by being orphans and by the stigma caused by the illness. Some of these children whether they are the virusâ bearer or not have to be taken to institutions. Thus, living in an institution is, most of the times, the most viable option for the children. It was intended to analyze how children who were born exposed to HIV live inserted in support houses/orphanages in Fortaleza, CearÃ. The option chosen was the articulation of the research with the qualitative and quantitative approach which was used to provide elements of the way the case study should follow. The modality of thematic oral history research was also used. The population used was composed of 24 children exposed to HIV on birth that live in full or part-time system in two institutions (support house and orphanage). The study was carried out during the first semester of 2010, in Fortaleza-CearÃ, Northeastern region of Brazil. Two institutions registered in a public organ and which function as reference institutions in the state of CearÃ, are responsible by the childrenâs care of children exposed to HIV on birth or infected during their lives. Both took part in the study: the âCasa do Sol Nascenteâ [House of Rising Sun (full-time permanence)] and the âCentro de ConvivÃncia Madre Reginaâ [Social Center Madre Regina (semi-full permanence)]. To collect the data were used: interviews semi-structured to collect epidemiologic, clinical and social data of the children and their parents; primary data obtained from the childrenâs health registers; life stories produced by the people in charge of the institutions and by the mothers and reports of prejudice situations experienced by the children. For the quantitative analysis, the institutions were compared by means of distribution of bivariad frequencies. It was observed that the children have access to the items indispensable for their adequate growth and development, facing, however, important markers of vulnerability. The differences between the two institutions were most of the time attributed to the motherâs presence in the care dedicated to the children of the semi-full time institutions. An inter-sectional work should be suggested and a full-time care according to the needs characteristic of each institution, each family and each child, in a more humanized resolute practice as a way of promoting life.

This study investigated the way in which educators identified and managed the needs of the orphaned learners they encountered in their situation as educators in a school setting. The sample in the study consisted of a total of 12-orphaned learners and 8 educators from one primary and one secondary school in the rural part of Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. Data on how orphaned learners viewed their situation were collected using draw-and-write strategy and observation followed by in-depth interviews and follow-up interview questions. The aim of interviewing the orphans themselves was to explore their own views of the realities of their lived experiences of orphanhood and their expectations of the world around them. Data on how educators identified and responded to the needs of the orphaned learners were collected using in-depth interviews and follow up interview questions. The experiences of the orphaned learners interviewed indicate a need for social and emotional support besides the obvious material need. Two distinct identities (among the educators themselves) emerged from the interviews with these educators: <ul><li>There were educators who responded positively by providing support to the orphaned learners.</li> <li>And there were educators who responded by referring the orphaned learners to the educators who help orphaned learners.</ul> The findings of the study revealed that internal motivational factors had a strong influence on the choices these educators made in responding to the needs of the orphans; and lack of knowledge and skills in identifying and responding to the orphans’ emotional needs could have a negative impact on educator response. The findings also showed that the level of interaction and involvement in a relationship with the orphans determined the way the educators identified and responded to these orphans’ needs. The study suggest the need for training educators to be in a position to provide care and build relationships, as a means of helping fulfill the social and emotional needs of these learners. / Thesis (PhD (Education Management, Law and Policy))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted