This study, aimed at analysing the methods used by caregivers to construct their own resilience at a residential care facility for orphaned and vulnerable children, forms part of a larger study investigating the role of emotional awareness in caregivers. Convenience selection was used for the research site on account of accessibility, and purposive selection for the participants owing to their role as caregivers at the care facility. The qualitative case study method facilitated contextual investigation of the matter at hand. Data were collected by means of a focus group discussion with seven participants, individual interviews with four participants, and the researcher’s informal observations in order to elucidate the main research question: How do formal caregivers of orphaned and vulnerable children construct their own resilience? Kumpfer’s Resilience Framework served as the theoretical foundation for the study. Thematic analysis of the data yielded the following themes: demonstrating resilience when functioning within an unsupportive environment; demonstrating resilience when establishing a sense of control; demonstrating resilience through belief; and resilience born out of identity as a caregiver. Results were related to existing literature and the theoretical framework. Furthermore, a conceptual framework for the South African context is suggested. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lk2014 / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to explore the processes of family resilience within a grandmother-headed household, caring for orphaned grandchildren, in a low socio-economic South African community. To do so, the researcher posed questions relating to the existing family processes, resources and how those are utilised to grow from adverse situations. A qualitative methodological design was followed to allow the accounts of the sample to emerge. A single grandmother-headed household was chosen to take part in a focus group. The transcriptions from the focus group was analysed using an in-depth inductive thematic analyses in order to induce themes that emerged from their experiences. These themes were then analysed in relation to the current literature on family resilience in grandmother-headed households. This study forms part of a larger longitudinal project headed by Dr R. Mampane, namely: Building resilience in families: The role of care workers in mitigating family risk factors. The themes that emerged as a result of the inductive thematic analysis were: spirituality; family resilience processes (communication, problem solving, roles and role reversal, emotional attachment, involvement, managing behaviour, and knowledge and respect of the individual); resources (inter-familial resources and external resources); the family’s perceptions (definition of the family and definition of adversity); and finally adversities (males, physical impairments, and inter- and intra-familial conflict, amongst others less pronounced). These findings answered questions regarding the process and support structures utilised by a grandmother-headed household to overcome and grow from their adversities. A conceptual model for family resilience was suggested. A better understanding of how a grandmother-headed household engages in resilient processes could assist various professionals and community healthcare workers identify processes of strength and the lack thereof in grandmotherheaded household who look after their orphaned grandchildren. / Mini-dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

The purpose of the study was to explore and understand how orphaned adolescents in grandparent-headed households achieve healthy functioning and how they rise above unfavourable circumstances. In exploring and gaining understanding, the research was approached from an interpertivist stance as it entails an inductive qualitative enquiry suitable to gaining a better understanding of the experiences and perceptions of orphaned adolescents. A qualitative methodological design was followed to ensure that the research questions could be answered. Purposive sample selection was used to select participants for this research study. The sample included nine adolescent orphans who reside in grandparent-headed households and are affiliated with Stanza Bopape Community Centre. Data collection included biographical questions, focus group interview and semi-structured interviews. Five of the nine participants took part in a focus group interview and the remaining four participated in individual semi-structured interviews. All interviews were conducted and transcribed by the researcher. Inductive thematic analyses was utilised to identify themes which emerged from the data. The themes which emerged were: the person I am, the supportive roles in parenting, role models in my life, things that are important to me, the future in me. These themes reflect the factors which contribute to the participants’ resilience and can be deduced as the mediating factors which assist them in achieving healthy functioning. The risks identified are aligned with residing in a township and attending a township school, however these risks were not experienced as demotivating adversities for the participants. They rather viewed them as motivating factors to achieve a better future. Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological theory served as the theoretical foundation for the study and it emerged that factors which contribute to the orphaned adolescents’ resilience (maintaining factors) come from various systems. Based on the findings of the study it can be concluded that orphaned adolescents residing in grandparent-headed households, although generally of low socio-economic status, are aware of their challenges and utilise certain processes to strengthen their resilience and overcome their challenges. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

This study has aimed to examine how Arjeplog recovered during a five-year period after the Spanish flu using a post-crisis theoretic model and method. Arjeplog is of interest due to the lack of previous studies on the subject despite having the highest mortality rate in Sweden. The post-crisis model present four challenges for Arjeplog after the Spanish flu which this study has examined. The means of handling four challenges was the reconstruction of healthcare, the importance of crisis heroes, the management of orphaned children and the minimization of mental illness. These factors have shown to have both long- and short-term consequences for its citizens and for Arjeplog to transform from a crisis to a post-crisis society. This paper concludes that the reconstruction of healthcare was not only necessary for the future wellbeing of Arjeplog’s citizens but also helped minimize mental illness due to the decreased risk for future widespread pandemics. The study could also conclude that crisis-heroes symbolized the solidarity the citizens displayed during the Spanish flue as well as strengthened existing social ties between families and neighbors. Management of orphaned children due to the Spanish flu was a new issue for Arjeplog where new institutions needed to be established as a result. The children’s and their parents’ perspectives showed the complicated implications regarding both the foster home and the newly established orphanage. The study concluded that the memory of the Spanish flu during the period was very prevalent and showed how crises can affect its victims despite life in general moving on.

South Africa faces a high disease burden and a limited public capacity to provide care to the ill. Research from the UK and sub-Saharan Africa suggests the burden often falls to children, who also take over domestic responsibilities necessary for household survival. To date, there is limited research exploring the relationship between parental illness and children’ responsibilities, or the moderating effect of socio-demographic variables. The thesis is comprised of three research phases. The first is a literature review to summarise existing research and identify substantial gaps, which included limited amounts of quantitative evidence on this topic and a lack of a tool to as-sess child responsibility that had both been adapted to the South African context and included caring responsibilities. The second research phase consists of an exploratory study of n = 349 children living with ill adults in urban and rural communities in the Western Cape province of South Africa to investigate their range of responsibility, which included caring for an ill parent, household chores, childcare, and income-generation. The resulting data were used to create the Child Responsibility Measure, which assesses the range and time burden of re-sponsibilities among South African children. The third research phase is a cross-sectional quantitative survey of n = 2,476 pairs of children and parents from urban and rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Resulting data on parental health, socio-demographics, and child responsibilities were analysed with multiple regres-sions to determine drivers of children’s responsibility. Among the findings were that parental illnesses increase the likelihood children provide care and have larger responsibility workloads, and girls are more likely to take on all types of responsibility excluding income-generating activities, which were more common in boys. Additionally, while urban children were more likely to provide personal care, rural children had greater responsibility workloads.

Introdução A orfandade pode trazer conseqüências importantes para as condições de vida das crianças. Na África subsaariana, por exemplo, órfãos tem apresentado maiores riscos de desnutrição em relação aos não-órfãos. No Brasil, não há relatos sobre as relações entre variáveis relacionadas à orfandade e o estado nutricional de crianças. Objetivos Avaliar o estado nutricional de órfãos por aids ou homicídios residentes em São Paulo e estimar a associação de índices nutricionais com variáveis relacionadas à orfandade. Métodos - Estudo transversal de base domiciliar que utilizou amostra representativa de 484 indivíduos de 5 a 14 anos que perderam um ou ambos os pais durante os anos de 2000 e 2004 devido à aids ou homicídios no município de São Paulo. A avaliação nutricional foi feita com o índice de massa corporal-para-idade e da altura-para-idade. A associação entre índices nutricionais e variáveis relacionadas à orfandade foi estimada em análise hierárquica, com uso de modelo de regressão linear múltiplo. Resultados Órfãos por aids ou homicídios diferiram quanto às características da orfandade e à idade média. As condições econômicas, domiciliares, o estado de saúde e o estado nutricional foram semelhantes entre os grupos. O déficit de IMC ocorreu em 1,3 por cento das crianças abaixo de 10 anos e em 2,1 por cento dos adolescentes. O déficit de altura ocorreu em 0,7 por cento das vii crianças e em 4,0 por cento dos adolescentes. O excesso de peso ocorreu em 19 por cento e 20 por cento das crianças e adolescentes, respectivamente. A análise hierárquica indicou ausência de efeito das variáveis relacionadas à orfandade sobre o IMC ou a altura; o principal determinante do estado nutricional foi de natureza econômica. Conclusão Órfãos por aids ou homicídios de São Paulo apresentaram estado nutricional semelhante e majoritariamente influenciado pela situação econômica. O perfil nutricional identificado no grupo, caracterizado pelo excesso de peso, sugere que órfãos de São Paulo não apresentam riscos adicionais decorrentes da orfandade. / Introduction Orphanhood has important consequences in life conditions of children. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, children orphaned by AIDS have shown increased risks for undernutrition when compared to their counterparts. There are no studies available investigating the relation among orphanhood-related variables and nutritional status of children. Objectives To evaluate the nutritional status of children orphaned by AIDS or homicides in the city of Sao Paulo and to estimate the association of nutritional indexes with orphanhood-related variables. Methods Household survey carried out between 2006 and 2007. We sampled 484 children representative of Sao Paulo, aged 5-14 years old who lost either or both of their parents from AIDS or homicides between 2000 and 2004. We selected bodymass- index(BMI)-for-age and height-for-age as outcome for analysis. Multiple linear regression in the light of a conceptual hierarchical approach was used for estimating the factors associated BMI-for-age and height-for-age. Results Children from AIDS and homicides groups differed in terms of orphanhood-related variables and age. Economic, household, health and nutritional conditions were similar among groups. Underweight accounted for 1.3 per cent and 2.1 per cent of children under the age of 10 and adolescents, respectively. Stunting accounted for 0.7 per cent and 4.0 per cent of children and ix adolescents, respectively. Overweight accounted for 19 per cent and 20 per cent of children and adolescents, respectively. BMI-for-age and height-for-age were unaffected by orphanhood-related variables after adjusting for selected classical determinants of nutritional status in hierarchical model. Economic condition was the main determinant of nutritional profile. Conclusion Nutritional status of children orphaned by AIDS or homicides from Sao Paulo was similar and mainly influenced by the economic condition. Nutritional profile, characterized by being overweight, suggests that these orphans have not shown additional risks due to those orphanhoodrelated variables.

Introdução A orfandade pode trazer conseqüências importantes para as condições de vida das crianças. Na África subsaariana, por exemplo, órfãos tem apresentado maiores riscos de desnutrição em relação aos não-órfãos. No Brasil, não há relatos sobre as relações entre variáveis relacionadas à orfandade e o estado nutricional de crianças. Objetivos Avaliar o estado nutricional de órfãos por aids ou homicídios residentes em São Paulo e estimar a associação de índices nutricionais com variáveis relacionadas à orfandade. Métodos - Estudo transversal de base domiciliar que utilizou amostra representativa de 484 indivíduos de 5 a 14 anos que perderam um ou ambos os pais durante os anos de 2000 e 2004 devido à aids ou homicídios no município de São Paulo. A avaliação nutricional foi feita com o índice de massa corporal-para-idade e da altura-para-idade. A associação entre índices nutricionais e variáveis relacionadas à orfandade foi estimada em análise hierárquica, com uso de modelo de regressão linear múltiplo. Resultados Órfãos por aids ou homicídios diferiram quanto às características da orfandade e à idade média. As condições econômicas, domiciliares, o estado de saúde e o estado nutricional foram semelhantes entre os grupos. O déficit de IMC ocorreu em 1,3 por cento das crianças abaixo de 10 anos e em 2,1 por cento dos adolescentes. O déficit de altura ocorreu em 0,7 por cento das vii crianças e em 4,0 por cento dos adolescentes. O excesso de peso ocorreu em 19 por cento e 20 por cento das crianças e adolescentes, respectivamente. A análise hierárquica indicou ausência de efeito das variáveis relacionadas à orfandade sobre o IMC ou a altura; o principal determinante do estado nutricional foi de natureza econômica. Conclusão Órfãos por aids ou homicídios de São Paulo apresentaram estado nutricional semelhante e majoritariamente influenciado pela situação econômica. O perfil nutricional identificado no grupo, caracterizado pelo excesso de peso, sugere que órfãos de São Paulo não apresentam riscos adicionais decorrentes da orfandade. / Introduction Orphanhood has important consequences in life conditions of children. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, children orphaned by AIDS have shown increased risks for undernutrition when compared to their counterparts. There are no studies available investigating the relation among orphanhood-related variables and nutritional status of children. Objectives To evaluate the nutritional status of children orphaned by AIDS or homicides in the city of Sao Paulo and to estimate the association of nutritional indexes with orphanhood-related variables. Methods Household survey carried out between 2006 and 2007. We sampled 484 children representative of Sao Paulo, aged 5-14 years old who lost either or both of their parents from AIDS or homicides between 2000 and 2004. We selected bodymass- index(BMI)-for-age and height-for-age as outcome for analysis. Multiple linear regression in the light of a conceptual hierarchical approach was used for estimating the factors associated BMI-for-age and height-for-age. Results Children from AIDS and homicides groups differed in terms of orphanhood-related variables and age. Economic, household, health and nutritional conditions were similar among groups. Underweight accounted for 1.3 per cent and 2.1 per cent of children under the age of 10 and adolescents, respectively. Stunting accounted for 0.7 per cent and 4.0 per cent of children and ix adolescents, respectively. Overweight accounted for 19 per cent and 20 per cent of children and adolescents, respectively. BMI-for-age and height-for-age were unaffected by orphanhood-related variables after adjusting for selected classical determinants of nutritional status in hierarchical model. Economic condition was the main determinant of nutritional profile. Conclusion Nutritional status of children orphaned by AIDS or homicides from Sao Paulo was similar and mainly influenced by the economic condition. Nutritional profile, characterized by being overweight, suggests that these orphans have not shown additional risks due to those orphanhoodrelated variables.

At certain stages of a bumblebee colony life cycle workers lay eggs. Not all workers reproduce, however, since many continue to forage and care for the nest. This leads to questions regarding what differentiates a reproductive worker from a non-reproductive one. It is hypothesized that a form of reproductive competition takes place, where the most behaviourally dominant worker becomes reproductively dominant. The behaviour of orphaned Bombus impatiens pairs was recorded and aggression, social interactions, egg-laying, and ovarian development were identified. Experiment 1 examined the association between aggression and egg-laying. Contrary to the hypothesis, the most aggressive worker did not lay more eggs. When the ovarian development of workers was manipulated and two workers with developed ovaries were paired (Experiment 3), they were more aggressive than pairs with discouraged ovarian development. This provides support for the supposition that aggression and reproduction are related, however, it is only partial support as worker pairs with encouraged ovarian development did not lay more eggs. Since aggression is believed to be only one part of behavioural dominance, Experiment 2 studied the association between social interactions and aggression and reproduction. Results showed that when two socially active bees were paired they were more aggressive than pairs including one or two socially inactive bumblebees. No significant difference in ovarian development between socially active pairs and socially inactive pairs was found. Brood presence was also predicted to affect reproductive control. Experiment 1 found egg-laying and aggression were more likely to co-occur in the absence of brood. Results from Experiment 2 supplemented the first experiment since the absence of brood increased rates of aggression and ovarian development in pairs. Whereas the results confirm aggression has a role in worker reproduction the findings also reveal that behavioural dominance does not equate to reproductive dominance under all conditions. The primary contributions of this thesis were the development of a method to distinguish behavioural dominance from reproductive dominance and determining their relationship under different environments (brood presence) and experimental manipulations (ovarian development). These contributions further define dominance in Bombus impatiens.

At certain stages of a bumblebee colony life cycle workers lay eggs. Not all workers reproduce, however, since many continue to forage and care for the nest. This leads to questions regarding what differentiates a reproductive worker from a non-reproductive one. It is hypothesized that a form of reproductive competition takes place, where the most behaviourally dominant worker becomes reproductively dominant. The behaviour of orphaned Bombus impatiens pairs was recorded and aggression, social interactions, egg-laying, and ovarian development were identified. Experiment 1 examined the association between aggression and egg-laying. Contrary to the hypothesis, the most aggressive worker did not lay more eggs. When the ovarian development of workers was manipulated and two workers with developed ovaries were paired (Experiment 3), they were more aggressive than pairs with discouraged ovarian development. This provides support for the supposition that aggression and reproduction are related, however, it is only partial support as worker pairs with encouraged ovarian development did not lay more eggs. Since aggression is believed to be only one part of behavioural dominance, Experiment 2 studied the association between social interactions and aggression and reproduction. Results showed that when two socially active bees were paired they were more aggressive than pairs including one or two socially inactive bumblebees. No significant difference in ovarian development between socially active pairs and socially inactive pairs was found. Brood presence was also predicted to affect reproductive control. Experiment 1 found egg-laying and aggression were more likely to co-occur in the absence of brood. Results from Experiment 2 supplemented the first experiment since the absence of brood increased rates of aggression and ovarian development in pairs. Whereas the results confirm aggression has a role in worker reproduction the findings also reveal that behavioural dominance does not equate to reproductive dominance under all conditions. The primary contributions of this thesis were the development of a method to distinguish behavioural dominance from reproductive dominance and determining their relationship under different environments (brood presence) and experimental manipulations (ovarian development). These contributions further define dominance in Bombus impatiens.

Les orphelins (enfants, adolescents et jeunes adultes qui ont perdu un ou deux parents par décès) n’ont pas de statut spécifique en France et la statistique publique ne produit pas d’estimation de leur nombre. À partir de trois sources de données (Tronc commun des enquêtes auprès des ménages ; enquêtes Famille de 1999 et 2011 ; État-civil), nous estimons qu’environ 600 000 jeunes de moins de 25 ans sont orphelins d’un parent ou des deux en France en 2015, soit 3% de cette tranche d’âge. Les trois-quarts d’entre eux sont des orphelins de père dont la mère est vivante. L’orphelinage précoce paternel est plus différencié socialement que l’orphelinage précoce maternel. La proportion d’orphelins a diminué depuis 1999, ce qui est cohérent avec la baisse de la mortalité des adultes ; cependant, le retard des naissances a compensé en partie l’effet de cette baisse de la mortalité des adultes sur la proportion d’orphelins. Alors que dans l’imaginaire collectif, l’image de l’orphelin est celle d’un enfant privé de ses deux parents et vivant dans un orphelinat, cette thèse montre que la réalité de l’orphelinage au début du 21ème siècle est très éloignée de cette représentation issue du passé. La très grande majorité des mineurs orphelins ont un parent vivant et résident lui, le plus souvent dans une famille monoparentale, sinon dans une famille recomposée. Les familles des orphelins ont un risque un peu plus grand d’avoir un faible niveau de vie que les autres familles de même structure et cela s’explique principalement par leur position socioéconomique moins favorable. / The orphans (children, teenagers and young adults who have lost one or both parents by death) do not have any specific status in France and there is no estimation of their number in the national statistics. Using three data sources (The household introductory module ; 1999 et 2011 Family surveys ; Civil registration data), we estimate that around 600 000 youths aged under 25 are orphaned in France in 2015, which represents 3% of this age group. Three orphans out of four have lost their father but their mother is alive. The proportion of orphans has fallen since 1999 : this trend fits the trends in adult mortality, however the rise of parents’ age at birth has cancelled some part of the effect of the decline in adult mortality upon the proportion of orphans. The social differences in the risks of becoming an orphan before age 25 are bigger among fatherless children than among motherless children. While in the collective imagination, an orphan is a child deprived of both parents and living in an orphanage, this thesis shows that in the early 21st century the situation of the orphaned children (aged under 18) is far from this image from the past centuries. Most of the orphaned children have a surviving parent and live with him, in a one-parent family or in a stepfamily. The families with orphaned children have a slightly higher risk of having a low standard of living compared with the families without orphaned children, and this can be explained by the fact that those families have a lower socioeconomic status.