• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 366
  • 40
  • 10
  • 9
  • 8
  • 4
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 442
  • 418
  • 156
  • 147
  • 145
  • 131
  • 118
  • 118
  • 76
  • 56
  • 41
  • 39
  • 37
  • 32
  • 32
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Caracterização Química e Disponibilidade de enxofre em solos de várzea do Rio Grande do Sul. / Chemical characterization and sulphur availability in lowland soils of Rio Grande do Sul state

Reis, Cecília Estima Sacramento dos 24 March 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Cecilia_Reis.pdf: 514722 bytes, checksum: 082509cfd0d043efec68c43599a0918a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-24 / Soil chemical, physical and biological changes that occurr after soil flooding are very important for the irrigated rice crop, since they affect essential soil properties and nutrient availability. However, there is little information about the lowland soils in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The present study had as objective to evaluate the condition of 57 lowland soils regarding clay, organic matter and nitrogen content, ion exchange, acidity and phosphorus and sulphur availability, as well as to establish relationships among these soil attributes. Therefore, 57 samples of lowland soils were collected at a depth ranging from 0 to 20 cm (arable layer) in different locations, comprising the Santa Maria, Bagé, Hulha Negra, Jaguarão, Santa Vitória do Palmar, Camaquã, Uruguaiana, Barra do Quarai, Itaqui, São Borja, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande, São Lourenço do Sul and Pelotas Counties. Clay, total organic carbon and nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, exchangeable calcium and magnesium, acidity, cation exchange ability and base saturation, were determined. In general, the studied lowland soils presented low organic matter, clay and nitrogen contents, a pH inferior to the recommended for the irrigated rice crop (5.5), low potential acidity, potassium levels bellow the limiting values, high calcium availability, magnesium, sulphur and phosphorus, besides the medium base saturation. Also, a high variability in the ion exchange ability and sulphur concentration available was found. The contents of total organic carbon, clay and nitrogen are highly correlated. The carbon content determined by elemental analysis and by the Walkley & Black method showed a high correlation. The relationships between the pH and the base saturation and between ion exchange ability and carbon content and clay are significant. Despite the low correlation between sulphur concentration available and organic carbon and clay contents, soils that show sulphur content below the critical level also possess low clay and organic carbon contents. / As transformações químicas, físicas e biológicas decorrentes do alagamento do solo são de grande importância para o arroz irrigado, visto que afetam os atributos do solo e a disponibilidade de nutrientes essenciais a essa cultura. No entanto, há carência de informações sobre os solos de várzea do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a condição de 57 solos de várzea quanto ao teor de argila, matéria orgânica e nitrogênio, complexo de troca, acidez e disponibilidade de fósforo e enxofre, bem como estabelecer relações entre estes atributos do solo. Para isto, foram coletadas 57 amostras de solos de várzea, na profundidade de 0 a 20cm (camada arável) em diferentes localidades, abrangendo os municípios de Santa Maria, Bagé, Hulha Negra, Jaguarão, Santa Vitória do Palmar, Camaquã, Uruguaiana, Barra do Quaraí, Itaqui, São Borja, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande, São Lourenço do Sul e Pelotas, e determinados os teores de argila, carbono orgânico total, nitrogênio total, fósforo, potássio e enxofre disponíveis, cálcio e magnésio trocáveis, acidez, capacidade de troca de cátions e saturação por bases. Em geral, os solos de várzea estudados apresentaram baixos teores de matéria orgânica, argila e nitrogênio, pH inferior ao recomendado para o cultivo de arroz irrigado (5,5), baixa acidez potencial, teor de potássio abaixo do nível de suficiência, alta disponibilidade de cálcio, magnésio, enxofre e fósforo, além de média saturação por bases. Além disto, foi verificada grande variabilidade na capacidade de troca de cátions e na concentração de enxofre disponível nas amostras. Os parâmetros carbono orgânico total, argila e nitrogênio estiveram diretamente correlacionados e os métodos de determinação de carbono orgânico, análise elementar e Walkley & Black, apresentaram alta associação entre si. As relações entre o pH e a saturação por bases e entre a capacidade de troca de cátions e teores de carbono e argila são significativas. Apesar da baixa correlação entre a concentração de enxofre disponível e os teores de carbono orgânico e argila, os solos que apresentam teores de enxofre abaixo do nível crítico também possuem baixos teores de argila e de carbono orgânico. Palavras-chave: Oryza sativa L. Alagamento. Sulfato. Fertilidade.
102

Comportamento de plantas de arroz híbrido em função da qualidade fisiológica das sementes / Hybrid rice plants behavior regarding the seeds physiological quality

Mielezrski, Fabio 12 February 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fabio_mielezrski.pdf: 269505 bytes, checksum: a46e1425b93c1d7d9886830f04ab1bec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-12 / The work had the objective of evaluating the behavior of populations of hybrid rice plants which were cultivated isolated, and the individual behavior and plants originated from seeds of high and low vigor of hybrid rice, inside of populations that were constituted of different combinations of seed line distributions. The experiment was conducted in the didactic experimental area of the agronomy school. It was used seeds of hybrid rice of the cultivar Avaxi, which belongs to the Ricetec®, including two types characterized as low and high vigor. Two studies were conducted. On the first, the effect of seed vigor on isolated plants, cultivated in hollows of 50 cm of depth, was evaluated. Two treatments were tested; plants originated from low and high vigor seeds, being each parcel composed by only one plant. On the second study, the evaluation was on the individual behavior of plants inside a population, as long as the entire population behavior established with different systems of distribution of plants originated from high and low vigor seeds, on the seed line. The experiment had 5 different combinations of seed line distribution of the plants originated from high and low vigor seeds, in seed lines of 4 meters of length. The plants were obtained by sowing each lot in distinct treys with soil as subtract, in a depth of 2,5cm with later transplant of the emerged plants to the field. It was concluded that plants of hybrid rice originated from seeds of high vigor shows better performance than the plants originated from low vigor seeds inside of a population. Increases at the ratio of plants originated from high vigor seeds, at the establishment of a population of hybrid rice plants, provide increases on the population yield and yield components. Hybrid rice populations established with high vigor seeds presents grain yield over 30%. Although presenting a superior performance, the plants originated from high vigor seeds don´t exert dominance effects on the plants originated from low vigor seeds. / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do vigor de sementes sobre o comportamento de plantas de arroz híbrido cultivadas isoladamente e o comportamento individual e de populações de plantas de arroz híbrido originadas de sementes de alto e baixo vigor em comunidades constituídas de diferentes combinações de distribuição dessas plantas ao longo da linha de semeadura. Os experimentos foram realizados na Área Experimental e Didática do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM/UFPel). Utilizou-se sementes de arroz do híbrido Avaxi da empresa RiceTec®, de dois lotes devidamente caracterizados como alto e baixo vigor. Realizaram-se dois trabalhos. No primeiro avaliou o efeito do vigor de sementes em plantas cultivadas isoladamente, em covas espaçadas de 50 cm.Testaram-se dois tratamentos; plantas originadas de sementes de alto e de baixo vigor, sendo cada parcela constituída por uma única planta. No segundo trabalho avaliou-se o comportamento individual de plantas dentro de comunidades, bem como o comportamento geral das comunidades estabelecidas com diferentes sistemas de distribuição de plantas originadas de sementes de alto e de baixo vigor, ao longo das linhas de semeadura. Foram realizadas cinco diferentes combinações de distribuição de plantas originadas de sementes de alto e baixo vigor, em linhas de 4 metros de comprimento. As plantas foram obtidas pela semeadura de cada lote em bandejas distintas com solo como substrato, a uma profundidade de 2,5 cm com posterior transplante para o campo. Conclui-se que plantas de arroz híbrido originadas de sementes de alto vigor apresentam desempenho superior em relação às originadas de sementes de baixo vigor dentro das comunidades. Aumentos na proporção de plantas originadas de sementes de alto vigor, no estabelecimento das comunidades de plantas de arroz híbrido, proporcionam acréscimos nos componentes do rendimento e na produtividade das comunidades. Comunidades de arroz híbrido estabelecidas com sementes de alto vigor apresentaram produtividade de grãos superiores a 30%. Embora apresentem um desempenho superior, as plantas originadas de sementes de alto vigor não exercem efeito de dominância sobre as plantas originadas de sementes de baixo vigor, dentro das comunidades.
103

Análise proteômica diferencial em raízes de plântulas de arroz( Oryza sativa L.) submetidas ao estresse por ferro / Differential proteomic analysis for the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings submitted to iron stress.

Ahlert, Renata Juliana 20 April 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:06:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Renata_Ahlert.pdf: 14058010 bytes, checksum: 2f8b5826a49cf784877ea9e91ec9e8e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-20 / Rice crop has great food and economic importance. Iron is an essential element for the development of crop and necessary for essential plants functions, such as photosynthesis, respiration and DNA synthesis. However, under irrigated cultivation conditions, the low redox potential leads to reduction of iron in the soil solution which is readily available and can become toxic to plants if absorbed in excess. In rice production areas of Rio Grande do Sul, the iron has caused problems toxicity and the use of tolerant cultivars becomes an important strategy to solve the problem being necessary the study of mechanisms that give this tolerance to plants application in breeding programs. Proteomics is an important tool, which through combination of techniques such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry allows the analysis of proteins complex involved in response to adverse environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze and identify proteins with differential expression in roots of rice cultivars exposed to iron stress, to identify mechanisms involved in stress tolerance. It was used two rice cultivars, Epagri 107 and BR-IRGA 410, tolerant and sensitive to the iron toxicity, respectively, which were subjected to treatment with 7mM FeSO4EDTA. Through two-dimensional electrophoresis, it was identified 284 spots with differential expression between combinations of treatment (between cultivars and plants treated and control). Of this total, 93 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The identified proteins were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction, related to plant defense, transcription factors, transposons, nucleic acids, redox reactions, among other functions. Many of the proteins have no known function. The glutathione Stransferase protein and GATA type transcription factor that have direct relation to iron metabolism were differentially expressed in the tolerant cultivar when submitted to stress. Its association with the tolerance mechanism requires, however, be confirmed. / O arroz é uma cultura que possui grande importância alimentar e econômica. O ferro é um elemento essencial para o desenvolvimento da cultura e necessário para funções essenciais da planta, como fotossíntese, respiração e síntese de DNA. Porém, em condições de cultivo irrigado, o baixo potencial redox do meio leva a redução do ferro presente na solução do solo o qual torna-se prontamente disponível, podendo se tornar tóxico à planta quando absorvido em excesso. Em áreas de cultivo de arroz do Rio Grande do Sul, o ferro tem causado problemas de toxidez e o uso de cultivares tolerantes torna-se uma importante estratégia para solucionar o problema, sendo necessário o estudo dos mecanismos que conferem essa tolerância às plantas para aplicação em programas de melhoramento. A proteômica é uma importante ferramenta, que através da combinação de técnicas como a eletroforese em gel bidimensional e espectrometria de massa permite a análise do complexo de proteínas envolvido nas respostas às condições ambientais adversas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar e identificar proteínas com expressão diferencial em raízes de cultivares de arroz quando submetidas ao estresse por ferro, para identificar mecanismos envolvidos na tolerância a esse estresse. Foram utilizadas duas cultivares de arroz, Epagri 107 e BR-IRGA 410, tolerante e sensível à toxidez por ferro, respectivamente, que foram submetidas ao tratamento com FeSO4EDTA 7mM. Através de eletroforese em gel bidimensional, foram identificados 284 spots com diferença de expressão entre as combinações de tratamentos (entre cultivares e plantas tratadas e controle). Desse total, 93 proteínas foram identificadas por espectrometria de massa. As proteínas identificadas estão envolvidas no metabolismo de carboidratos, transdução de sinais, relacionadas à defesa da plantas, a fatores de transcrição, transposons, ácidos nucléicos, reações redox, entre outras funções. Grande parte das proteínas não possui função conhecida. A proteína glutationa S-transferase e o fator de transcrição tipo GATA que possuem relação direta com o metabolismo do ferro, foram diferencialmente expressos na cultivar tolerante quando submetida ao estresse. Sua associação com o mecanismo de tolerância necessita, no entanto ser confirmada.
104

DORMÊNCIA E PRÉ-GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE ARROZ / RADIATIONS OF ULTRASOUND TO OVERCOME THE DORMENCE IN SEEDS OF RICE

Franzin, Simone Medianeira 20 March 2006 (has links)
Several causes are pointed as responsible for the numbness in seeds of rice. The fenolic compounds have influence in the swinging between promoters and inhibitors of the germination of seeds, could represent an obstacle to the diffusion of gases. Several treatments are used with the purpose of overcoming the dormence in seeds and alternative methods appear to try to solve this problem, as the ultrasound radiations. That technique, for being little used in seeds, however, it presents optimization difficulty, as well as the lack of specific knowledge about the action of the radiation promoted by the ultrasonic waves in living tissues. The objective of the work was to evaluate the chemical effects produced by the ultrasound about the overcoming of the dormence and physiologic quality of seeds of rice. Seeds of irrigated rice cv. IRGA 417 and of drier cv. Spring, submitted to the exhibition of the ultrasonic waves by periods of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes and temperatures of 20, 30 and 40 oC. The variables analyzed after each treatment were: germination, first counting and index of germination speed. The results indicated that there was variation in the answers of the culture to the treatments, and the best results were found in the highest temperatures. It was concluded that the ultrasound radiations affect the quality of the seeds of rice, being a promising method for the overcoming of the dormence, still needing her standardization. / Inúmeras causas são apontadas como responsáveis pela dormência em sementes de arroz. Os compostos fenólicos destacam-se por interferirem no balanço entre promotores e inibidores da germinação de sementes, podendo representar um obstáculo à difusão de gases. Vários tratamentos são utilizados com a finalidade de superar a dormência em sementes e, portanto, surgem métodos alternativos para sua superação, como as radiações de ultra-som. Essa técnica, por ser pouco utilizada em sementes, no entanto, apresenta dificuldade de otimização, bem como a falta de conhecimento específico sobre o efeito da radiação promovida pelas ondas ultra-sônicas em tecidos vivos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos sonoquímicos produzidos pelo ultra-som sobre a superação da dormência e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz. Utilizaram-se sementes de arroz irrigado cv. IRGA 417 e de sequeiro cv. Primavera, submetidas à exposição das ondas ultra-sônicas por períodos de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos e temperaturas de 20, 30 e 40 oC. As variáveis analisadas após cada tratamento foram: germinação, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação. Os resultados indicaram que houve variação nas respostas das cultivares aos tratamentos, sendo que os melhores resultados foram encontrados nas temperaturas mais elevadas. Concluiu-se que as radiações de ultra-som afetam a qualidade das sementes de arroz, sendo um método promissor para a superação da dormência, necessitando ainda sua padronização.
105

Adubação boratada na cultura do arroz em solos de cerrado de baixa fertilidade / Adubation of boro in culture of rice in soils of savanna of low fertility

Silva, Iassanã Francisco da 25 January 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 249370 bytes, checksum: bb3ab2f95decedaeb7a114dc63aae796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-25 / The production cost of new areas in the cerrado presents high values due to larger amount of farming operations when compared to conventional crops. The cerrado soils have low natural fertility and require large quantities of limestone for its correction significantly increasing the cost of production. The objective this study was to evaluate whether the Boro when applied in the cultivation of upland rice with low technological level, increases the productivity rice. The field work was conducted in the municipality of Nova Xavantina - MT in 2009/10 in two areas (first and second year of production). We used six treatments of boron in the source of boric acid (17 % of B), with doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kg B per ha. The plots were 10 m long and 3.4 m wide with 20-sowing rows, with spaced at 0.17 m. The fertilization of 160 kg of 08-28-16 fertilizer was formulated according to the results of soil analysis and used the cultivar BRS Sertaneja in amount of 115 kg of seeds per ha. Among the variables analyzed the productivity in the area of the first year was influenced by boron fertilization, whre the treatment that used a dose of 2.5 kg B hit productivity of 2.677 kg/ha-1. The cost analysis positive for both areas, where in the area of the first year, the cost benefit of boron fertilization was R$169,44 (with a dose of 1 kg B/ha). As for the second year the area of greatest cost benefit was obtained with a dose of 2.5 kg B, which resulted in na increase in productivity of 11.80 bags (60 kg) and therefore a cost benefit of R$333.83 per hectare. The use of boron into new areas of cerrado compensated the low technological level that was used in the formation of the crops, providing positive results in the cost benefit of the crop without significant increases inproduction costs. / O custo de produção de áreas novas no cerrado apresenta valores elevados devido á maior quantidade de operações agrícolas, quando comparado a lavouras convencionais. Os solos do cerrado apresentam baixa fertilidade natural e exigem grandes quantidades de calcário para sua correção, aumentando significamente o custo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o Boro quando aplicado na cultura do arroz de terras altas com baixo nível tecnológico, proporcionaria um ganho de produtividade na cultura do arroz. O trabalho foi conduzido a campo no município de Nova Xavantina MT na safra 2009/10 em duas áreas (primeiro e segundo ano de produção). Foram utilizados 6 tratamentos de boro na fonte de ácido bórico (17% de B), sendo as doses de: 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; e 2,5 kg de B por ha. As parcelas tiveram 10 m de comprimento por 3,4 m de largura com 20 linhas de plantio no espaçamento de 0,17 m. A adubação de 160 kg do adubo formulado 08-28-16 foi em função dos resultados da análise do solo e utilizou-se a cultivar BRS Sertaneja na quantidade de 115 kg de sementes por ha. Dentre as variáveis avaliadas a produtividade da área de primeiro ano foi influenciada pela adubação boratada, onde o tratamento que utilizou a dose de 2,5 kg de B atingiu a produtividade de 2.677 kg/ha-1. A análise de custo foi positiva para as duas áreas, onde na área de primeiro ano, o custo beneficio da adubação boratada foi de R$169,44 (com a dose de 1 kg B/ha). Já para a área de segundo ano o maior custo beneficio foi obtido com a dose de 2,5 kg de B, que proporcionou um aumento na produtividade de 11,80 sacas (60 kg) e conseqüentemente um custo beneficio de R$333,83 por hectare. O uso do boro em áreas novas do cerrado compensou o baixo nível tecnológico que foi empregado na formação das lavouras, proporcionando resultados positivos no custo beneficio da lavoura sem acréscimos significativos no custo de produção.
106

Adubação boratada na cultura do arroz em solos de cerrado de baixa fertilidade / Adubation of boro in culture of rice in soils of savanna of low fertility

Silva, Iassanã Francisco da 25 January 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 249370 bytes, checksum: bb3ab2f95decedaeb7a114dc63aae796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-25 / The production cost of new areas in the cerrado presents high values due to larger amount of farming operations when compared to conventional crops. The cerrado soils have low natural fertility and require large quantities of limestone for its correction significantly increasing the cost of production. The objective this study was to evaluate whether the Boro when applied in the cultivation of upland rice with low technological level, increases the productivity rice. The field work was conducted in the municipality of Nova Xavantina - MT in 2009/10 in two areas (first and second year of production). We used six treatments of boron in the source of boric acid (17 % of B), with doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kg B per ha. The plots were 10 m long and 3.4 m wide with 20-sowing rows, with spaced at 0.17 m. The fertilization of 160 kg of 08-28-16 fertilizer was formulated according to the results of soil analysis and used the cultivar BRS Sertaneja in amount of 115 kg of seeds per ha. Among the variables analyzed the productivity in the area of the first year was influenced by boron fertilization, whre the treatment that used a dose of 2.5 kg B hit productivity of 2.677 kg/ha-1. The cost analysis positive for both areas, where in the area of the first year, the cost benefit of boron fertilization was R$169,44 (with a dose of 1 kg B/ha). As for the second year the area of greatest cost benefit was obtained with a dose of 2.5 kg B, which resulted in na increase in productivity of 11.80 bags (60 kg) and therefore a cost benefit of R$333.83 per hectare. The use of boron into new areas of cerrado compensated the low technological level that was used in the formation of the crops, providing positive results in the cost benefit of the crop without significant increases inproduction costs. / O custo de produção de áreas novas no cerrado apresenta valores elevados devido á maior quantidade de operações agrícolas, quando comparado a lavouras convencionais. Os solos do cerrado apresentam baixa fertilidade natural e exigem grandes quantidades de calcário para sua correção, aumentando significamente o custo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o Boro quando aplicado na cultura do arroz de terras altas com baixo nível tecnológico, proporcionaria um ganho de produtividade na cultura do arroz. O trabalho foi conduzido a campo no município de Nova Xavantina MT na safra 2009/10 em duas áreas (primeiro e segundo ano de produção). Foram utilizados 6 tratamentos de boro na fonte de ácido bórico (17% de B), sendo as doses de: 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; e 2,5 kg de B por ha. As parcelas tiveram 10 m de comprimento por 3,4 m de largura com 20 linhas de plantio no espaçamento de 0,17 m. A adubação de 160 kg do adubo formulado 08-28-16 foi em função dos resultados da análise do solo e utilizou-se a cultivar BRS Sertaneja na quantidade de 115 kg de sementes por ha. Dentre as variáveis avaliadas a produtividade da área de primeiro ano foi influenciada pela adubação boratada, onde o tratamento que utilizou a dose de 2,5 kg de B atingiu a produtividade de 2.677 kg/ha-1. A análise de custo foi positiva para as duas áreas, onde na área de primeiro ano, o custo beneficio da adubação boratada foi de R$169,44 (com a dose de 1 kg B/ha). Já para a área de segundo ano o maior custo beneficio foi obtido com a dose de 2,5 kg de B, que proporcionou um aumento na produtividade de 11,80 sacas (60 kg) e conseqüentemente um custo beneficio de R$333,83 por hectare. O uso do boro em áreas novas do cerrado compensou o baixo nível tecnológico que foi empregado na formação das lavouras, proporcionando resultados positivos no custo beneficio da lavoura sem acréscimos significativos no custo de produção.
107

Détection de l'activité des éléments transposables chez les plantes cultivées : étude du mobilome par la caractérisation du compartiment extrachromosomique / Detection of transposable elements activity in crops : caracterisation of mobilome by the study of the extrachromosomal compartment

Lanciano, Sophie 10 November 2017 (has links)
Les éléments transposables (ET) sont des éléments génétiques ubiquitaires et potentiellement mobiles dans les génomes eucaryotes. Les génomes hôtes ont développé des mécanismes épigénétiques pour contrôler et prévenir la prolifération des ET. Néanmoins, certains ET semblent capables de s’activer en réponses à des stress ou à des facteurs développementaux. Les méthodes disponibles pour détecter l’activité transpositionnelle d’un ET sont souvent limitées au stade transcriptionnel ou sont adaptées à des génomes de petite taille. Relativement peu d’ET sont actuellement connus pour être actifs et les mécanismes spécifiques qui les contrôlent ne sont pas clairement identifiés.Durant mes travaux de thèse, nous avons développé une stratégie de séquençage à haut débit qui permet la détection d’ADN extrachromosomique circulaire (ADNecc) témoignant notamment de l’activité des ET et de la stabilité d’un génome. Ainsi nous avons pu caractériser chez plusieurs espèces le mobilome, défini comme l’ensemble des ADNecc présents dans un tissu.La technique du mobilome-seq s’est avérée être un outil puissant pour la détection des ET actifs notamment chez le riz asiatique Oryza sativa. Notre analyse du mobilome a permis l’identification d’un rétrotransposon PopRice actif dans l’albumen (tissu nourricier du grain) chez différentes variétés de riz. Pour la première fois chez les plantes, nous avons également détecté des insertions somatiques d’ET par re-séquençage de génome entier. À partir de nos résultats, nous avons combiné nos données mobilomiques avec une analyse GWAS pour proposer des pistes afin d’identifier de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation de cet élément.En parallèle, nous avons appliqué la technique du mobilome-seq à différents organismes animaux et végétaux révélant ainsi des spécificités de mobilome propre à chaque espèce. Nos travaux en collaboration avec d’autres équipes ont notamment contribué à préciser le rôle de l’ARN polymérase II dans le contrôle des ET chez O. sativa et à mettre en évidence le lien entre la présence d’ADNecc viral et la réponse immunitaire chez Drosophila melanogaster.Mes travaux de thèse ouvrent des perspectives pour l’étude du mobilome, ce répertoire génomique encore largement inexploré et qui se révèle être à la fois une source d’information au niveau des mouvements des ET mais aussi de la stabilité des génomes. L’étude future des mobilomes promet d’apporter des réponses sur notre compréhension de la dynamique des génomes. / Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that constitute a major part of eukaryotic genomes. Host genomes have developed epigenetic mechanisms to control and prevent their proliferation. While efficiently silenced by the epigenetic machinery, they can be reactivated upon stress or at precise developmental stages. However, available methods to detect TE activity are often limited to transcriptional level or more adapted to small genomes. Today, only few TEs are known to be active and specific mechanisms controlling TEs are not well defined. 
To address this question during my phD, we developed a strategy of high throughput sequencing that detects extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) forms which reflect TE activity and genome stability. We characterised mobilomes from different organisms defined as all eccDNA in a cell. 
Our mobilome-seq technique successfully identified active TEs especially in asian rice Oryza sativa. We identified an active retrotransposon PopRice in endosperm tissue from different rice varieties. Interestingly and for the first time in plants, we detected somatic insertions from genome- wide resequencing. We combined our mobilome-seq results with a GWAS analysis to propose new PopRice regulation mechanisms. 
 In a second step, we applied our mobilome seq technique to different animal and plant organisms showing mobilome specificities from each species. Our work in collaboration with different labs help contributed to define role of RNA polymerase II in the control of TEs in O. sativa and have revealed a link between presence of eccDNA from virus and immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. 
Altogether, our mobilome-sequencing method opens the possibility to explore unexplored genomic compartment. Future mobilome analysis represents new possibilities to improve our understanding of dynamics of genomes.
108

RiTE database: a resource database for genus-wide rice genomics and evolutionary biology

Copetti, Dario, Zhang, Jianwei, El Baidouri, Moaine, Gao, Dongying, Wang, Jun, Barghini, Elena, Cossu, Rosa M., Angelova, Angelina, Maldonado L., Carlos E., Roffler, Stefan, Ohyanagi, Hajime, Wicker, Thomas, Fan, Chuanzhu, Zuccolo, Andrea, Chen, Mingsheng, Costa de Oliveira, Antonio, Han, Bin, Henry, Robert, Hsing, Yue-ie, Kurata, Nori, Wang, Wen, Jackson, Scott A., Panaud, Olivier, Wing, Rod A. January 2015 (has links)
BACKGROUND: Comparative evolutionary analysis of whole genomes requires not only accurate annotation of gene space, but also proper annotation of the repetitive fraction which is often the largest component of most if not all genomes larger than 50 kb in size. RESULTS: Here we present the Rice TE database (RiTE-db) - a genus-wide collection of transposable elements and repeated sequences across 11 diploid species of the genus Oryza and the closely-related out-group Leersia perrieri. The database consists of more than 170,000 entries divided into three main types: (i) a classified and curated set of publicly-available repeated sequences, (ii) a set of consensus assemblies of highly-repetitive sequences obtained from genome sequencing surveys of 12 species; and (iii) a set of full-length TEs, identified and extracted from 12 whole genome assemblies. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a repeat dataset that spans the majority of repeat variability within an entire genus, and one that includes complete elements as well as unassembled repeats. The database allows sequence browsing, downloading, and similarity searches. Because of the strategy adopted, the RiTE-db opens a new path to unprecedented direct comparative studies that span the entire nuclear repeat content of 15 million years of Oryza diversity.
109

Structural Comparative Genomics of Four African Species of Oryza

Goicoechea, Jose Luis January 2009 (has links)
Rice is one of the most important crops in the world and is the first whose genome was completely sequenced. This landmark accomplishment placed O. sativa as a leading model in plant biology, especially for cereals. The genus Oryza includes 23 species, two of them independently domesticated in Asia and Africa. Wild species of Oryza contain a reservoir of useful agronomical traits which could be exploited for the benefit of rice agriculture, which is facing global problems as other crops, mainly due to a rampant increase in the human population and progressive deterioration of soils and water supplies. The Oryza Mapping Alignment Project has opened great opportunities to tap the genetic potential encapsulated in these species. Four BAC libraries generated from the African species of Oryza: O. barthii, O. glaberrima (AA genome), O. punctata (BB genome) and O. brachyantha (FF genome) were fully characterized and shown to provide enough coverage to represent their respective genomes. BAC clones from these libraries were fingerprinted and end-sequenced to assemble physical maps that were heavily manually edited using the sequence of O. sativa as a reference genome. The physical maps showed high coverage for all the species across all chromosomes. Both, BAC libraries and physical maps were used to investigate synteny and structural variation. The four species show high colinearity to the reference genome, although synteny perturbations were detected, including contractions, expansions, and putative inversions and translocations, which potential have an important impact in the evolution of these species.
110

Sequencing of Australian wild rice genomes reveals ancestral relationships with domesticated rice

Brozynska, Marta, Copetti, Dario, Furtado, Agnelo, Wing, Rod A., Crayn, Darren, Fox, Glen, Ishikawa, Ryuji, Henry, Robert J. 06 1900 (has links)
The related A genome species of the Oryza genus are the effective gene pool for rice. Here, we report draft genomes for two Australian wild A genome taxa: O. rufipogon-like population, referred to as Taxon A, and O. meridionalis-like population, referred to as Taxon B. These two taxa were sequenced and assembled by integration of short- and long-read next-generation sequencing (NGS) data to create a genomic platform for a wider rice gene pool. Here, we report that, despite the distinct chloroplast genome, the nuclear genome of the Australian Taxon A has a sequence that is much closer to that of domesticated rice (O. sativa) than to the other Australian wild populations. Analysis of 4643 genes in the A genome clade showed that the Australian annual, O. meridionalis, and related perennial taxa have the most divergent (around 3 million years) genome sequences relative to domesticated rice. A test for admixture showed possible introgression into the Australian Taxon A ( diverged around 1.6 million years ago) especially from the wild indica/O. nivara clade in Asia. These results demonstrate that northern Australia may be the centre of diversity of the A genome Oryza and suggest the possibility that this might also be the centre of origin of this group and represent an important resource for rice improvement.

Page generated in 0.0928 seconds