abstract: Executive compensation design involving equity shares has been widely used in Europe, the United States and other developed countries where the capital markets are relatively mature. In China, due to the differences in industries, ownership structure, stages of enterprise development, constraints faced by the firms, the executive compensation design using equity shares tends to vary accordingly. For the state-owned companies, the situations are more complex than others. This complexity has not been a focus of the past literature, particularly on the compensation contract design and its subsequent implementation. Based on Coase contract theorem, agency theory and human capital theory, I examined how different state-owned firms vary in their approaches on managerial stock compensation design using a case study approach. The thesis concludes with a summary of major findings and a discussion of policy implications. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2016

A troca de comando é um desafio para as empresas familiares que buscam a sobrevivência da empresa em longo prazo. O processo de sucessão é também o período de convivência entre predecessores e sucessores para o compartilhamento de conhecimento a fim de garantir que conhecimentos valiosos sobre o negócio se mantenham na organização, para que assim a troca do comando não afete o desempenho e eficiência da empresa. Dada a relevância do conhecimento no processo de sucessão de empresas familiares, destaca-se atividade de exploração de conhecimento, realizadas individualmente, mas também no compartilhamento de conhecimento entre predecessores e sucessores. A exploração de conhecimento pode acontecer por meio das atividades de exploitation, quando refere-se aos novos usos e combinações do conhecimento existente para atingir as metas de curto prazo, ou por meio das atividades de exploration, quando refere-se à busca por novos conhecimentos, desconhecidos e muitas vezes incertos. Por isso, as atividades de exploração de conhecimento se relacionam às características individuais na relação com demais membros da família, na rotina da organização. Fatores referentes à motivação e ao envolvimento do indivíduo com o negócio familiar podem ter influência em como tais atividades são realizadas na organização. Neste aspecto, estudos apontam as bases do comprometimento dos membros envolvidos no processo de sucessão como um aspecto crítico na sucessão. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre o comprometimento e as atividades de exploration e exploitation de conhecimento dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de sucessão de empresas familiares. A abordagem adotada para a pesquisa foi a de métodos mistos com estratégia sequencial explanatória, sendo que incialmente coletou-se a analisou-se dados quantitativos. A partir dos achados quantitativos procedeu-se a segunda fase da pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa com o objetivo de aprofundar os resultados da pesquisa quantitativa. A pesquisa foi aplicada na Federação das Câmaras de Dirigentes Lojistas do Rio Grande do Sul (FCDL-RS) considerando empresas familiares do Rio Grande do Sul envolvidas em processos sucessórios. Participaram da etapa quantitativa 303 associados e 10 associados participaram da etapa qualitativa. Os resultados indicaram que no nível individual de análise os respondentes realizam de forma ambidestra, ambas as atividades, exploration e exploitation. Já no nível do compartilhamento de conhecimento entre sucessores e predecessores, a ambidestria não foi identificada. Ao relacionar as atividades de exploration e exploitation de conhecimento individuais e no compartilhamento com o comprometimento, identificou-se relações positivas e negativas. A relação positiva foi percebida entre o comprometimento afetivo na dimensão referente à lealdade dos indivíduos ao negocio da família e as atividades de exploitation no compartilhamento e combinação de conhecimentos. Por outro lado, foram identificadas relações negativas entre o comprometimento de continuidade e afetivo, na dimensão referente ao desejo em permanecer na empresa e as atividades de exploration no compartilhamento para a criação de novos conhecimentos. O resultado da pesquisa indica que, ao discutir as atividades de exploration, exploitation e ambidestria de conhecimento o nível de análise e o contexto da pesquisa podem influenciar nos resultados do estudo. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-12-02T13:24:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Pauletto D'Arrigo.pdf: 520303 bytes, checksum: b46d638330a016715884ef6aabc82d73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T13:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Pauletto D'Arrigo.pdf: 520303 bytes, checksum: b46d638330a016715884ef6aabc82d73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS. / The change of command is a challenge for family businesses looking for of the business longterm survival. The succession process is a period of coexistence between predecessors and successors for knowledge sharing between generations to ensure that, the valuable knowledge about the business remains in the organization, therefore that the change of command does not affect the performance and efficiency of company. Given the importance of knowledge in the succession process of family businesses, we highlight knowledge exploration and exploitation activities, carried out individually, but also in the sharing of knowledge between predecessors and successors. Knowledge strategies can be perceived through the exploitation activities - relates to new uses and combinations of existing knowledge to achieve short-term goals, or by means of exploration activities - the search for new knowledge, unknown and often uncertain. Therefore, knowledge exploration ans exploitation activities may be related to individual characteristics and with the relationship with other family members in the routine of the organization. Thus, it allows considering the motivations and involvement of the individual with the family business may have an impact on how such activities are carried out in the organization. In this regard, previous studies indicate that the commitment bases of the members involved in the succession process, thus defining the commitment as a critical aspect of succession. The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between the commitment and the activities of exploration and exploitation of knowledge of the individuals involved in the process of succession of family businesses. To reach the aim, was carried out a mixed methods approach with an explanatory sequential strategy, and initially collected to be analyzed quantitative data. From the quantitative findings we preceded to the second phase of research, with a qualitative approach that aimed to in depth the results of the quantitative research. The survey was conducted in FCDL-RS considering family businesses of Rio Grande do Sul – Southern Brazil, involved in succession processes. The final results considered 303 respondents participated in the quantitative step and 10 interviewers in the qualitative step. The main contribution of the study is the knowledge exploration and exploitation activities in the individual and the sharing between predecessors and successors, and beyond the commitment relating to these members. The results indicated that, in regard to the individual dimension of analysis, the respondents perform ambidextrous way, both activities. However, in the knowledge sharing dimension, ambidexterity was not identified. Relating the knowledge exploration and exploitation activities in the individual and sharing level with the commitment, the results identified positive and negative relationships. A positive relationship was perceived between affective commitment regarding to the loyalty dimension and exploitation activities for knowledge sharing and combination. On the other hand, negative relationships between the commitment of continuity and affective - regarding the desire to stay in business - and exploration activities on the share to the creation of new knowledge. The result of research indicates that, when discussing the activities of exploration, exploitation and ambidexterity knowledge of the level of analysis and the search context can influence the results of the study

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Business Administration (Entrepreneurship) in the Faculty of Business at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY / The South African government, to accelerate economic growth and development, has identified the Small Medium Micro Enterprises (SMME) sector, and female entrepreneurs, as vehicles capable of bringing about this change. Unfortunately, this growth has been stifled due to the high failure rate of entrepreneurial businesses in the SMME sector. A possible solution for female entrepreneurs is the introduction of start-up support services to empower them to be successful. Empowering entrepreneurs is the function of nurturing and supporting entrepreneurs by providing them with professional skills development and moral support, to impact positively on the business’s sustainability. There is a clear need to widen access to business start-up training and advice to encourage larger numbers of women to embrace self-employment. This implies offering a wide range of start-up support services which encourage women to go into business. Women enter business from a variety of backgrounds and with a wide range of experience. The provision of business start-up training and advice needs to accommodate these very different experiences. Women attending entrepreneurship programmes have often criticised these programmes as being male-orientated and prescriptive. Women are expected to conform to male models and standards of behaviour. While this study relates specifically to female entrepreneurs in the Western Cape, it is set in the context of female entrepreneurship in South Africa. The target population for the research was 150 female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. The study is quantitative in nature, using the survey method for better understanding of the research problem. The study aimed to understand the needs of female entrepreneurs, and to underscore the significance of skills and knowledge transfer from the government to female entrepreneurs. The research explored the role of government in empowering female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in Western Cape, and identified support services that can be used to promote the growth and development of female entrepreneurs. Possible solutions to failure rates of female entrepreneurship are also addressed, with specific models for improved business support services for all female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. This will help them to run sustainable businesses as well as provide more jobs. This research recommends that management capability and financial management acumen be regarded as key to success for funding by the entrepreneurs themselves, and the parties involved in supporting and promoting them.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese analisará a distribuição das águas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro considerando os elementos sociais, jurídicos, políticos, e seus reflexos no direito urbano e ambiental. Nesse aspecto referenciará as medidas de regulação e de organização da estrutura urbana, desde a formação da cidade até os dias atuais, assim como as consequências da exclusão e da ausência das políticas urbanas equitativas. No início, as ocupações irregulares, se distantes do centro e dos bairros elitizados, não despertavam maiores demandas do poder público, porém com o aumento das periferias e as ocupações próximas aos bairros formais, inúmeras medidas adotadas optaram pela remoção, contenção e a destruição dos espaços sem apresentar uma solução, agravando os problemas urbanos. Tais problemas, reconhecidamente sociais, passam a ser denominados urbanos e ambientais, gerando uma complexa criminalização dos moradores das periferias. As intervenções nos espaços são legalizadas pelo instrumento jurídico, as residências suburbanas são classificadas como ilegais e, por consequência, os recursos que deveriam atender a todos na cidade são direcionados apenas para cidade legalizada, criando a celeuma da desigualdade. Assim, amontoados em barracos precários, sem abastecimento de água, energia, esgoto e coleta de lixo, as periferias multiplicam as diversas formas de violência, uma vez que o direito não socorre esses moradores que, abandonados pela lei, vivem a escassez das águas e a especulação dos serviços ilegais de abastecimento. A crise do abastecimento não é causada pelas populações mais empobrecidas, mas pelo mercado que se apropria da maior parte desses recursos, dentro do sistema de uma lógica capitalista, e exclui aqueles que não podem pagar pelo abastecimento regular. Nesse sentido, este trabalho entende que o direito, ainda que tenha se tornado regulatório pode assumir um caráter revolucionário e transformador em que o direito das águas seja um direito da comunidade, por isso, um bem público não estatal, por fim objetiva esse trabalho estudar as leis das águas dentro do paradigma da solidariedade hídrica. / This thesis will evaluate de water distribution in the city of Rio de Janeiro, accounting for its social, juridical and political aspects, as well as its impacts on urban and environmental laws. The actions regarding the urban structure organization, starting in the initial constitution of the city, will be referenced in this analysis. In the formation of the city, many irregular occupations, specially when distant from the more rich neighborhoods, did not induce the offering of public services. With irregular occupations growing closer to the rich areas, the option was then the contention and destruction of occupations, but without presenting an alternate solution, which in turn aggravated the urban conflicts. Those social problems are then misclassified as urban and environmental problems and a criminalization of the inhabitants of those areas occur. The interventions on these areas are backed by a law that classifies the suburban residences as illegal. The public apparatus, directed exclusively to the legalized city, exacerbates the inequalities. Consequently, the peripheral areas lack appropriate housing, water supply, electricity, sewage and garbage collection, and are the location of multiple forms of violence that emanates from the fact that the law system does not protect them against scant water supply and the speculation associated to the illegal services of supplying water. The water supply crisis is not caused by the impoverished population, but the by capitalist market, that restricts the access to those services only to those that can pay for it. In this work we defend that the Law, even though it has been constructed with a regulatory nature, can become revolutionary and transforming when attributes the right to the water to the community, transforming water into a public good, but not state owned. This work will discuss the laws that regulate water in the hidrical solidarity paradigm.

O Direito Internacional da Concorrência é o ramo do direito que protege o exercício da liberdade de concorrência. Liberdade esta que, com o desenvolvimento do mundo globalizado, vem sendo atacada pelas multinacionais, causando prejuízo às economias tanto locais quanto internacionais, assim como aos consumidores, se fazendo necessária a intervenção estatal para regulação desses conflitos. Entretanto, emerge um novo conflito quando o Estado detém o controle acionário de uma empresa, como é o caso das empresas estatais. Tal panorama vem se agravando e causando conflitos concorrenciais no cenário global. A China, país em que tradicionalmente o governo detinha controle de todas as empresas nele constituídas, após a abertura de mercado, vem adotando constantes reformas de políticas de mercado com o viés de introduzir a alta tecnologia e expandir as relações comerciais com os demais países do mundo. Hodiernamente, após as reformas comerciais e estruturais das empresas estatais, a China determinou que setores-chave considerados importantes para segurança econômica chinesa serão de controle estatal, isto é, com monopólio estatal. Isto posto, a presente investigação procurou verificar se as empresas estatais chinesas estariam abusando de sua posição dominante para além das fronteiras e infringindo, sobretudo, a própria legislação concorrencial da China, cuja promulgação fora exigida pelos demais membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio. A investigação se dividiu em três partes essenciais: primeiro sobre as transformações econômicas, mercantis, sociais e jurídicas chinesas, principalmente no período posterior ao século XX; na segunda parte, se tratou do direito concorrencial na China, confrontando-o com as empresas estatais; e no último capítulo, foram verificados casos administrativos e judiciais perante os órgãos de regulamentação concorrencial. Pretendeu-se, pelo método dedutivo de pesquisa, verificar se a dicotomia formada entre a proteção governamental às empresas estatais fere a liberdade de um mercado competitivo. Buscou-se, assim, verificar se a atividade das empresas estatais chinesas ocupou fatia relevante de mercado a ponto de abusar da sua posição dominante e se é a China um palco para a aplicação de penalidades, visando à ordem e à liberdade concorrencial. Conclui-se que ocorre tratamento desigual na imposição de penalidades por práticas de abuso de posição dominante quando se tratam de empresas estrangeiras e empresas estatais chinesas. Denotou-se por meio da análise casuística que os esforços dos órgãos de fiscalização concorrencial chineses no combate a práticas anticoncorrenciais são alcançados, até o presente momento, quando versam sobre empresas estrangeiras, enquanto que as empresas estatais recebem tratamento dessemelhante e permissivo às práticas monopolistas. / The International Competition Law is the law that protects the freedom of competition. Freedom of which, with the development of the globalized world, comes under attack by multinationals, causing damage to the economies both local and international, as well as consumers, making it necessary the state intervention to regulate these conflicts. However, emerges into a new conflict when the state holds a controlling stake of the company, such as state-owned enterprises. This scenario has been growing worse and causing conflicts competitive on the global stage. China, which traditionally held control of all companies set up in it, after the opening of the market, has been adopting constant market policy reforms with the bias to introduce high technology and expanding trade relations with other countries worldwide. In our times, after trade and structural reforms of state-owned enterprises, China has determined that key sectors of the economy considered important to China's economic security will be of state control. Accordingly, the present investigation sought to ascertain whether chinese state-owned enterprises were abusing their dominant position beyond the borders and in particular violating China's own competition law, which was demanded by the other members of the World Trade Organization The investigation was divided into three essential parts: first on the chinese economic, mercantile, social and legal transformations, mainly in the period after the twentieth century; on the second part, it dealt with competition law in China, confronting it with state enterprises; and in the last chapter, administrative and judicial cases were verified before the regulatory bodies of competition. It was intended, by the deductive method of research, to verify if the dichotomy formed between governmental protection of state-owned enterprises hurts the freedom of a competitive market. It was therefore sought to ascertain whether the activity of Chinese state-owned enterprises occupied a relevant market share to the extent of abusing its dominant position and whether China is a stage for the application of penalties for order and competitive freedom. It is concluded that there is unequal treatment in the imposition of consequences for abuse of dominant positions when dealing with foreign companies and chinese state-owned enterprises. The case-by-case analysis has shown that the efforts of Chinese competition authorities in the fight against anticompetitive practices have so far been reached when dealing with foreign companies, while state-owned enterprises are treated differently and permissively from monopoly practices.

A troca de comando é um desafio para as empresas familiares que buscam a sobrevivência da empresa em longo prazo. O processo de sucessão é também o período de convivência entre predecessores e sucessores para o compartilhamento de conhecimento a fim de garantir que conhecimentos valiosos sobre o negócio se mantenham na organização, para que assim a troca do comando não afete o desempenho e eficiência da empresa. Dada a relevância do conhecimento no processo de sucessão de empresas familiares, destaca-se atividade de exploração de conhecimento, realizadas individualmente, mas também no compartilhamento de conhecimento entre predecessores e sucessores. A exploração de conhecimento pode acontecer por meio das atividades de exploitation, quando refere-se aos novos usos e combinações do conhecimento existente para atingir as metas de curto prazo, ou por meio das atividades de exploration, quando refere-se à busca por novos conhecimentos, desconhecidos e muitas vezes incertos. Por isso, as atividades de exploração de conhecimento se relacionam às características individuais na relação com demais membros da família, na rotina da organização. Fatores referentes à motivação e ao envolvimento do indivíduo com o negócio familiar podem ter influência em como tais atividades são realizadas na organização. Neste aspecto, estudos apontam as bases do comprometimento dos membros envolvidos no processo de sucessão como um aspecto crítico na sucessão. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre o comprometimento e as atividades de exploration e exploitation de conhecimento dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de sucessão de empresas familiares. A abordagem adotada para a pesquisa foi a de métodos mistos com estratégia sequencial explanatória, sendo que incialmente coletou-se a analisou-se dados quantitativos. A partir dos achados quantitativos procedeu-se a segunda fase da pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa com o objetivo de aprofundar os resultados da pesquisa quantitativa. A pesquisa foi aplicada na Federação das Câmaras de Dirigentes Lojistas do Rio Grande do Sul (FCDL-RS) considerando empresas familiares do Rio Grande do Sul envolvidas em processos sucessórios. Participaram da etapa quantitativa 303 associados e 10 associados participaram da etapa qualitativa. Os resultados indicaram que no nível individual de análise os respondentes realizam de forma ambidestra, ambas as atividades, exploration e exploitation. Já no nível do compartilhamento de conhecimento entre sucessores e predecessores, a ambidestria não foi identificada. Ao relacionar as atividades de exploration e exploitation de conhecimento individuais e no compartilhamento com o comprometimento, identificou-se relações positivas e negativas. A relação positiva foi percebida entre o comprometimento afetivo na dimensão referente à lealdade dos indivíduos ao negocio da família e as atividades de exploitation no compartilhamento e combinação de conhecimentos. Por outro lado, foram identificadas relações negativas entre o comprometimento de continuidade e afetivo, na dimensão referente ao desejo em permanecer na empresa e as atividades de exploration no compartilhamento para a criação de novos conhecimentos. O resultado da pesquisa indica que, ao discutir as atividades de exploration, exploitation e ambidestria de conhecimento o nível de análise e o contexto da pesquisa podem influenciar nos resultados do estudo. / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS. / The change of command is a challenge for family businesses looking for of the business longterm survival. The succession process is a period of coexistence between predecessors and successors for knowledge sharing between generations to ensure that, the valuable knowledge about the business remains in the organization, therefore that the change of command does not affect the performance and efficiency of company. Given the importance of knowledge in the succession process of family businesses, we highlight knowledge exploration and exploitation activities, carried out individually, but also in the sharing of knowledge between predecessors and successors. Knowledge strategies can be perceived through the exploitation activities - relates to new uses and combinations of existing knowledge to achieve short-term goals, or by means of exploration activities - the search for new knowledge, unknown and often uncertain. Therefore, knowledge exploration ans exploitation activities may be related to individual characteristics and with the relationship with other family members in the routine of the organization. Thus, it allows considering the motivations and involvement of the individual with the family business may have an impact on how such activities are carried out in the organization. In this regard, previous studies indicate that the commitment bases of the members involved in the succession process, thus defining the commitment as a critical aspect of succession. The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between the commitment and the activities of exploration and exploitation of knowledge of the individuals involved in the process of succession of family businesses. To reach the aim, was carried out a mixed methods approach with an explanatory sequential strategy, and initially collected to be analyzed quantitative data. From the quantitative findings we preceded to the second phase of research, with a qualitative approach that aimed to in depth the results of the quantitative research. The survey was conducted in FCDL-RS considering family businesses of Rio Grande do Sul – Southern Brazil, involved in succession processes. The final results considered 303 respondents participated in the quantitative step and 10 interviewers in the qualitative step. The main contribution of the study is the knowledge exploration and exploitation activities in the individual and the sharing between predecessors and successors, and beyond the commitment relating to these members. The results indicated that, in regard to the individual dimension of analysis, the respondents perform ambidextrous way, both activities. However, in the knowledge sharing dimension, ambidexterity was not identified. Relating the knowledge exploration and exploitation activities in the individual and sharing level with the commitment, the results identified positive and negative relationships. A positive relationship was perceived between affective commitment regarding to the loyalty dimension and exploitation activities for knowledge sharing and combination. On the other hand, negative relationships between the commitment of continuity and affective - regarding the desire to stay in business - and exploration activities on the share to the creation of new knowledge. The result of research indicates that, when discussing the activities of exploration, exploitation and ambidexterity knowledge of the level of analysis and the search context can influence the results of the study

Submitted by Claudia Bruschi Martins (claudiabruschi@gmail.com) on 2013-06-17T01:16:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Claudia Bruschi.pdf: 397234 bytes, checksum: 3e2548337f0f74878793de011f2eae06 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-06-17T11:57:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Claudia Bruschi.pdf: 397234 bytes, checksum: 3e2548337f0f74878793de011f2eae06 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-17T12:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Claudia Bruschi.pdf: 397234 bytes, checksum: 3e2548337f0f74878793de011f2eae06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / Esta dissertação investiga o efeito da pressão competitiva na eficiência de empresas estatais. Ela inova ao abordar um novo meio pelo qual a competição afeta a eficiência: na escolha de presidentes mais qualificados, que consequentemente afetam a eficiência da empresa estatal. Foi construído um painel de dados históricos (1973 a 1993) de empresas estatais brasileiras e de seus presidentes, com suas características observáveis. Os resultados indicam que a competição tem efeito ambíguo na escolha de CEOs mais qualificados, no entanto estes, por sua vez, afetam positivamente a eficiência daquelas empresas. / This dissertation investigates the effect of competitive pressure on the efficiency of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). It innovates, however, by approaching a new mean by which competition affects efficiency: the choice of the most qualified CEOs, which consequently affects the efficiency of such state-owned enterprises. A panel of historical data of Brazilian SOEs and their CEOs from 1973 to 1993 was created, gathering their observable characteristics. The results indicate that competition has ambiguous effect on the choice of more skilled CEOs.

D.Phil. / The purpose of the study is to construct and evaluate a measuring instrument that could determine the business impact of enterprise risk management (ERM) processes on State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in South Africa. In respect of ERM, various authors point out that there is little empirical research on the topic and almost no research regarding the evaluation of its effectiveness and value contribution to organisations. In addition, the current measurement tools for assessing the management of risk maturity are based on subjective assessments or comprised of checklists of activities that assess ERM components based on individual opinions. It was against this setting that the literature review focuses on the components and the broader organisational improvement strategies within which ERM is practised. This entails outlining corporate governance and discussing its processes and practices. In particular, the discussion focuses on historical and current practices, corporate scandals and the lessons learned from them, internationally accepted codes, local corporate governance codes, and corporate governance codes applicable to SOEs. The discussion concerning the management of risk concentrates on its fundamental principles, the link with corporate governance, and the broader discipline and practice of ERM. The significance of ERM is further elaborated on by focusing on its approach, the key local and international ERM standards and associated principles, ERM evaluation practices, and current shortcomings identified in the management of risks. In order to meet the empirical objectives of the study, a pragmatic research paradigm, using a mixed methods approach, was chosen. This selection was considered appropriate as the pragmatic paradigm applies all research approaches in understanding a problem. To this extent, a mixed methods research approach was adopted, comprised of the qualitative approaches to sampling, interviews, observations, the review of organisational documents, the Delphi method, construction of the questionnaire items, and development of the instrument. The point of interface between the research approaches occurred at the level of sampling and the analysis of the results collated from the validation of the instrument by applying descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

No description available.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil