SMMEs contribute to socio-economic development, and play a critical role in reducing unemployment. Information and communication technology infrastructures (ICTs) impacts on the establishment, growth, and success of SMMEs and also on how enterprises manage their operational activities. This study was conducted in Pretoria, South Africa, in Gauteng province, with the objective to study SMMEs owned by women in order to identify the challenges they encounter in accessing and using ICT infrastructures. The researcher addressed issues related to ICTs in general, and then assessed the challenges preventing business owners from accessing and using ICT infrastructures in order to improve their operational capabilities. A qualitative research methodology which included explorative and descriptive approaches was used. The findings of the study revealed the following challenges which women experience in their businesses: entrepreneurial challenges, infrastructure, ICTs, family responsibilities, support from government and other relevant bodies, lack of mentoring, financial and gender inequality. / English Studies / M.A. (English)

Sedan 1973 då anläggningslagen (1973:1149) (AL) infördes har delägare i gemensamhetsanläggningar haft möjligheten att själva inträda i anläggningen genom en överenskommelse enligt AL 43 §. Denna överenskommelse måste godkännas av Lantmäteriet och används för att undvika att behöva göra en kostsam och tidskrävande omprövning av hela anläggningen enligt AL 35 §. 1998 infördes även AL 42 a §, vilket gav lantmätarna möjlighet att ta beslut om inträde för ny-/ombildad fastighet i en befintlig gemensamhetsanläggning under förrättningar. Båda paragraferna fungerar som åtgärder som kan användas istället för en omprövning. En överenskommelse är att föredra i dessa typer av förrättningar, men det billigaste och snabbaste alternativet skall alltid användas. Syftet med arbetet är kartlägga om det finns regionala skillnader i tillämpningen av AL 42 a § och 43 §, eventuella skäl för varför detta sker, samt analysera om detta överensstämmer med praxis och vad som står i förarbeten. Arbetet skall även ge en mindre inblick i hur ersättningsfrågan har hanterats i de olika förrättningarna, samt vilka typer av gemensamhetsanläggningar som behandlas. En kombination av juridisk och kvantitativ metod har använts med ett mindre inslag av kvalitativ metod. Kvantitativ metod för att samla in akterna och numeriskt jämföra akternas tillämpning i olika län. Juridisk metod för att tolka hur paragraferna skall tillämpas, och den kvalitativa användes i ett mailutskick för att få mer styrka till slutsatsen. Samtliga akter mellan 1998-2014 som använt AL 43 § eller 42 a § i elva län har inkluderats i statistiken. Av dessa akter har 221 granskats närmare för att svara på frågor om ersättningsskyldighet, typ av anläggning och förvaltningsform. Resultatet visade en stor variation i paragrafanvändningen mellan länen och även olika svar på mailutskicket från kommun till kommun. Exempelvis visade det sig att i 69 % av förrättningarna i Västra Götalands län mellan 1998-2014 har AL 43 § tillämpats, medan i Stockholms län har AL 42 a tillämpats i 66 % av de undersökta förrättningarna. Lantmätarna i kommunerna i dessa län uppgav helt olika skäl för varför de arbetar på detta vis. Göteborgs lantmäterikontor säger att de önskar främja samförstående (och därmed överenskommelser), medan Stockholms kommun sade kort att allt beror helt på omständigheterna. Ersättning i förrättningarna visade sig vara ovanligt, endast 26 % av åtgärderna var ersättningsskyldiga oavsett paragraf. Den vanligaste samfällighetstypen i undersökningen var vägsamfälligheter, som var med i 70 % av granskade akter. Den vanligaste åtgärden var inträden med 81 % och den vanligaste förvaltningsformen var föreningsförvaltning med 85 %. Skälen till varför regionala skillnader existerar är ännu inte helt kartlagt. Den insamlade data tyder på att vissa kommuner inom länen har en form av tradition i deras arbetsmetoder, vilket leder till att en av paragraferna tillämpas oftare. En undersökning med en mer kvalitativ inriktning; fokus på intervjuer med lantmätare och enkäter till de olika lantmäterikontoren behöver göras för att säkerställa detta. / Since 1973, when the Swedish equivalent to the joint facilities act (anläggningslagen [AL] 1973:1149) was signed into law, co-owners of jointly owned facilities have had the ability to enter, exit or change their properties share in these facilities by themselves through a mutual agreement. This agreement must be approved by the Swedish National Land Survey (Lantmäteriet), and is used for avoiding an otherwise necessary, though costly and time consuming, reappraisal of the entire facility, in accordance with AL § 35. In 1998 AL was changed to include § 42 a, which now allowed surveyors to decide who should enter, exit or change shares. This is done within a land survey ordinance and only for pre-existing joint facilities. Both sections of the law act as measures used instead of reappraisals. Usually, an agreement between property owners is the preferred method during land surveys, but Swedish law dictates that the cheapest, most efficient alternative is to be chosen at all times. The purpose of this essay is to map out whether or not there are any regional differences in the usage of § 42 a and § 43, as well as any potential reasons as to why this happens. The essay is also meant to give a glimpse into if the co-owners of these facilities are reimbursed, as well as what type of joint facilities are usually subjected to these changes in members and shares. The bulk of this investigation has been done using a combination of quantitative research and legal methodology, with some elements of qualitative research. All executory acts containing a decision based on § 43 or § 42 a between 1998 and 2014 from 11 counties have been included in the resulting statistics. Out of these acts, 221 of them have been subjected to closer investigation in order to answer questions relating to reimbursement and facility management, as well as type of joint facility. The results show a large difference in what section is favoured by what county, as well as differing approaches to these sections between municipalities. As an example, 69 % of all executory acts in Västra Götaland between 1998 and 2014, where these sections where applied, used § 43. Meanwhile, In Stockholm County, 66 % of the acts within the same time period applied § 42 a. The surveyors in the municipalities within the counties gave entirely different reasons for why they work in the manner of which they do: Surveyors in Gothenburg claims that they wish to "encourage understanding" (and therefore agreements), meanwhile, surveyors in Stockholm claimed that all they do depends upon the specific circumstances of the case in question. Reimbursements were deemed unusual, only 26 % of all acts contained demands for it, regardless of which section was used. The type of joint facility was also very uniform, 70 % of them were primarily formed to manage jointly owned roads. The reasons for why these regional differences occur are still unclear. The suspicion is a tradition within each county, where different cultures within the offices dominate and result in different approaches to each section of the law. A larger investigation into the matter with a greater focus on qualitative research, interviews with surveyors and inquiries into different surveying offices is needed to confirm this.

M.Tech in Business Administration (MBA) / The literature shows that most of these entities are run by their founders or by a small management team and very few such operators have proper succession planning in place. The lack of proper succession planning can have the direct effect of causing the collapse of these businesses especially when key players leave the business upon retirement or in pursuit of other options. The loss of knowledge and experience, and the consequences thereof for business is well-documented. The exit or exodus of key stakeholders can make a business vulnerable and diminish its worth as investors will not invest in a business that is unsustainable. Succession planning was identified as one of the most pressing issues for small, micro and medium enterprises in the corporate governance sphere.

在國內，非營利公營電台成立之初，多因特殊任務需求及對象而創設，再加上兼具公營與廣播媒體雙重特性，因此在經營與管理各方面，都與一般商業廣播電台及非營利組織有所不同。然而，對於目前國內的非營利公營電台而言，如何善用非營利組織有使命有理想的正面形象，以及廣播媒體的傳播優勢，使聽眾能認同非營利公營電台的走向，這必須藉著有效的行銷策略才能達成，而經由活動行銷的模式，也是一個比較能立即檢視成效的作法。 但公營電台也有其限制，例如沒有廣告收益只能靠政府預算、礙於相關規定無法接受企業贊助等…。因此，一個以政府提供預算為主的非營利公營電台，其行銷策略該如何擬定，才能發揮最大效益，不致浪費納稅人的付出與國家資源，實在值得我們進一步的討論與驗證。 而警廣(Police Radio Station簡稱PRS)在目前公營電台中，不論其頻道數、收聽範圍與收聽率各方面，都有較積極的表現與作為。因此本研究即藉由警廣的「關懷交通系列活動」，來檢測其行銷成效，以作為其它非營利公營電台的參考。 本研究透過問卷調查與深度訪談發現，對聽眾來說警廣是一個報導路況的「交通專業電台」這個概念一直維持得蠻正面；但在具體方面，警廣缺乏一個更容易辨識且印象深刻鮮明的logo，他可以是一個圖騰或是一個吉祥物的具體形象，代表警廣的過去、現在、未來，也可為警廣打造更深入人心的印象。 / In Taiwan, non-profit, government-owned radio stations are created for special purposes and with a specific target audience. Due to a dual-property nature of this establishment, government-owned and broadcast media, the operation and management of these stations are different from commercial ones or other non-profit organizations. But how do these government-owned stations combine the advantages of broadcasting and non-profit characteristics with its mission and ideals to create a more positive feedback from its listeners? This must be reached by marketing strategies, and the model of event marketing in a more effective approach to reach the results more immediately. However, government-owned radio stations have limitations as well. No advertising revenue can be gained, nor any type of sponsorship can be accepted. It is worthy to further discuss and determine how marketing strategies can be created for non-profit government-owned radio stations that rely on government funding in order to help them gain maximum benefits without wasting taxpayer contributions or government resources. Among all the government-owned radio stations in Taiwan, the Police Radio Station (PRS) has the largest numbers of channels, the widest listening range, and a good listener rating. So this is a case study on PRS - Caring Traffic Safety Series of Activities, to find out the marketing effectiveness of its broadcast. The results may then be used as a reference for other non-profit government-owned radio stations. Through questionnaire survey and in-depth interview, this study has reached the following findings: the PRS has maintained a positive image among the audience as a “professional traffic radio” that provides traffic reports. However, in a more specific context, the PRS lacks a readily identifiable and impressive logo. Such logo could be a symbol or image of a mascot that would represent the past, present and future of the PRS and further promote its image.

(Summary) The presented paper focuses on adjusting a state enterprise (state - owned enterprise) as a receding form of public enterprise. It sets upon itself a task of clarification, whether this legal form, which has been dominant in the past, is henceforth suitable for use in the present body of laws. Professional literature was studied to acquire relevant knowledge, legal provisions, judicial decisions, and other documents. State enterprise is a specific legal entity conducting business with national property, which has a unique public function and is supposed to generate net operating income. Its institutor can only be a state, that has a similar status as a sole partner of a business entity. Unlike other legal entities engaging in business, the state enterprise doesn't have a legal capacity to acquire assets for itself, but does acquire assets for the state. It is not liable for state obligations and state is not liable for obligations of the enterprise at the same time. This structure causes problems, because it is not consistent with a current legal rule. The paper examines general characteristics of state enterprise, historical development, effective legal enactment, property status of state enterprise, definition of sphere of authority between a founder and business bodies, and business...

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Management: Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Johannesburg, 2015 (March 2015) / The purpose of this research is to investigate human capital and social capital as determinants to access to finance for women SMME owners in South Africa. The study focuses on Human capital which encompasses social capital and looks at access to finance within the South African context. It does not include all other factors discussed in entrepreneurship theory. The major theories underlying this research are Social Network theory and Human capital theory. Human capital theory is viewed as formal education, skills attained and knowledge gained through informal knowledge such as prior work experience, industry experience and apprenticeship opportunities. These variables are assessed to see if they determine access to finance; which is a barrier to entrepreneurship in South Africa for SMME owners. This constraint is stressed in all The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports from 2009 to 2014. This paper focuses on a single gender; females and assesses these capital factors as determinants to access finance for their entrepreneurial activity. Social capital as a factor is studied as a component of Human capital and two variables are assessed: strong ties and weak ties. Access to finance is evaluated as both debt and equity for entrepreneurs. Bivariate analysis was used to test the theories for results. The results showed an importance of human and social capital for entrepreneurs in running their businesses however not all human and social capital factors were confirmed to entirely determine access to finance for the women entrepreneurs. This study can potentially assist SMME owners within South Africa, financial institutions, policy makers and support organisations for women-owned businesses with insight into what determines accessing finance for business. / MT2016

A presente dissertação de mestrado consiste em um estudo de caso das contratações das parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) das Linhas 4 e 6 de metrô em São Paulo. A partir do estudo indutivo realizado, buscou-se compreender como os instrumentos jurídicos são efetivamente utilizados para viabilizar o provimento de uma atividade de interesse público para a população; a evolução institucional ocorrida no processo de aprendizagem de utilização dessas ferramentas; e o papel desempenhado pelas empresas estatais nesse novo cenário. Para tanto, o texto constrói a evolução das formas de concessão de serviços públicos e situa no plano histórico o surgimento e a adoção das PPPs como indicativos de uma nova forma de atuação estatal na economia. O estudo de caso foi elaborado a partir de análise documental e construção de narrativas, por entrevistas semiestruturadas, dos atores envolvidos nos processos de contratação das Linhas 4 e 6. A observação empírica revelou que as empresas estatais cumprem um papel fundamental na criação de arranjos institucionais funcionais para a viabilização dos empreendimentos conjuntos, exercendo uma função coordenação público-privada e promovendo aprendizado institucional. Também observou-se que complexos arranjos contratuais são utilizados como forma de separar as obrigações contratuais de demandas políticas, insulando os direitos do concessionário de alterações posteriores. Isso ficou evidente, especialmente, no tocante à diferenciação entre tarifa política e tarifa contratual, às garantias de pagamento de contraprestação e aporte e ao sistema de pagamentos de tarifas. Os resultados obtidos a longo dessa pesquisa acrescem ao conjunto de estudos que apontam para a inadequação de medidas institucionais de tamanho único para o desenvolvimento (teoria das dotações institucionais). A experiência indica que as PPPs estudadas foram bem-sucedidas justamente porque foram construídas a partir de soluções e arranjos institucionais específicos ao contexto em que estavam inseridas, levando em consideração as limitações e as potencialidades do direito local. Desse modo, a pesquisa conclui pela existência de um modelo brasileiro de PPPs que envolve, necessariamente, intermediação de empresas estatais na construção de arranjos institucionais cooperativos entre os atores públicos e privados. / This thesis is the written product of a case study of São Paulos Metro Lines 4 and 6 public-private partnerships contracts. The objectives of this empirical study were to fully understand how: the legal tools are handled in order to provide a public service to the people; the institutional development in the process of learning the use of these tools; and the role played by state-owned enterprises in this new context. In order to do so, the text builds on the historical evolution of state concessions and the emergence of PPPs as indicators of a new way of State intervention in the economy. The case study was made using documental analysis and the building of narratives, through interviews with the main actors in the processes of contracting out the services of metro. The empirical observation revealed that state-owned enterprises play a significant role in the making of functional institutional arrangements necessary to the existence and function of joint enterprises, working as a coordinator of the public-private relationship and promoting institutional learning. Also, it was noted that complex contractual arrangements are used as a way of detaching contractual obligations from political demands, insulating concessionarys rights from ulterior changes. This was evidenced, specially, by the description of the contractual differentiation of tariffs (political vs contractual), also by the structure of the counterparts warrantees, and by the payment system that was created. The results from this research add to the growing literature that points out the inadequacy of one size fits all institutional changes in order to promote development. The reported experience indicates that the PPP contracts were well succeeded precisely because they were built on context-specific solution and institutional arrangements, that took into account the limitations and potentialities of the local legal system. In this sense, the research shows the existence of a Brazilian model of PPP contracts that involves, necessarily, the intermediation of state-owned enterprises in the formation of cooperative institutional arrangements between public and private actors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Saka.pdf: 1065240 bytes, checksum: f19b4acd0f0ce5f6f9643a19072318cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-25 / This paper explores the debate about the role of public banks in the economic development of emerging markets, through a theoretical and historical analysis and literature review. In addition, it evaluates political recommendations to the emerging countries, and whether those recommendations were supported by solid theoretical foundations. It concludes that recent theoretical basis, not always encompasses the key aspects of public banks in a volatile financial system, partially able to allocate credit the most productive uses, specific to the context of underdeveloped nations. In this sense, the usual practice of bank credit offers important lessons for policymakers, and any reform of financial system should be based, in addition to considerations of "efficiency" in the careful analysis of the transfer coefficient and redistribution of resources, provided by these agents. Even though, the social results observed historically corroborated the analytical findings, the agenda remains open for the development of governments and governances in peripheral countries. Closing this agenda is dependent on overcoming an ideology of slogans, and moving towards the establishment of an ideology based on critical thinking and depth of the alternative proposals on economic policy, concerning not only the functionality, but also the weight of each actor in the institutional set of causalities that make the complex linkages between financial development and economic growth, a relationship in progress / Este trabalho desenvolve o debate sobre o papel do banco público no desenvolvimento econômico dos mercados emergentes, através de uma análise teórico-histórica e revisão bibliográfica. Além disso, busca compreender as recomendações políticas dirigidas aos países emergentes, particularmente se estas são amparadas por fundamentos teóricos sólidos, concluindo que a base teórica recente, nem sempre abarca os aspectos-chave dos bancos públicos num sistema financeiro volátil, parcialmente capaz de alocar crédito de modo mais produtivo, específico ao contexto das nações subdesenvolvidas. Neste sentido, a prática usual do crédito bancário oferece lições importantes aos formuladores de políticas públicas, sendo que qualquer reforma do sistema financeiro deveria se fundamentar, além das considerações sobre eficiência , na análise cuidadosa do coeficiente de transferência e redistribuição de recursos, proporcionada por estes agentes. Embora as resultantes sociais observadas historicamente corroborem os resultados previstos analiticamente, no desenvolver dos governos e das governanças nos países periféricos, a agenda continua em aberto. Fechar esta agenda depende da superação de uma ideologia de slogans rumo ao pensamento crítico e profundo das propostas alternativas em matéria de política econômica, relativas não somente à funcionalidade como também ao peso de cada ator institucional no conjunto de causalidades que fazem da complexa ligação entre desenvolvimento financeiro e crescimento econômico, uma relação em processo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monique_Fernandes_dos_ Santos_ Aragao.pdf: 1698137 bytes, checksum: 650f6195d335893b30d038c4a58381c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-23 / Entre uma gama de possíveis escolhas estratégicas para diversos países do mundo, o Banco do Brasil S.A. maior banco estatal brasileiro optou por incrementar, via aquisição, suas posições no mercado bancário argentino, em 2009. A partir desta constatação, este trabalho tem como objetivo principal compreender quais foram os fatores determinantes para que o Banco do Brasil tomasse a decisão estratégica de incrementar, via aquisição de um banco, sua posição na Argentina, em detrimento de mercados de maior porte e potencial econômico. Adicionalmente o trabalho analisa as influências do ambiente institucional Argentino no processo de internacionalização do banco para aquele país. O referencial teórico se baseia nas teorias clássicas de internacionalização de empresas e suas aplicações à internacionalização de bancos, com estudos feitos principalmente em economias desenvolvidas e com bancos privados. Através de um estudo de caso único, este trabalho levanta especificidades e idiossincrasias presentes na internacionalização de um banco estatal de grande porte, a partir de um país emergente para outro país emergente. A aquisição de um banco na Argentina foi a primeira investida deste tipo para o Banco do Brasil que, desde 1941 vinha praticando uma internacionalização baseada na abertura de escritórios, agências e estabelecimento de subsidiárias no exterior. Esta pesquisa demonstra quais foram os fatores determinantes para esta mudança no comportamento estratégico de internacionalização: A vontade do governo à época como acionista controlador, a crise financeira internacional, os movimentos dos concorrentes e consequente necessidade de proteção da base de clientes e as limitações impostas pelo modelo de crescimento orgânico. Após a tomada de decisão de alteração no modo de entrada, o banco optou por analisar possíveis mercados na América do Sul. Foram fatores determinantes para este recorte geográfico: O gigantismo do BB na região, a pretensão do acionista controlador e a menor distância psíquica percebida em relação a outras regiões geográficas. Já a opção pela Argentina, para implementação da estratégia de aquisição, teve como fatores determinantes: a menor distância psíquica percebida, a presença de empresas brasileiras, a necessidade de proteção da base de clientes, o fluxo comercial, o potencial do agronegócio no país, fatores geopolíticos, o retorno sobre o investimento e a experiência prévia no mercado Argentino. Após analisadas as influências do ambiente institucional argentino no processo de internacionalização do Banco para aquele país, encontrou-se que o BB, sendo uma empresa proveniente de um país emergente, acredita que sabe lidar com ambientes instáveis. Adicionalmente, os executivos da instituição acreditam no fortalecimento das instituições Argentinas no longo prazo.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-04-17T15:47:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE FERREIRA DOS SANTOS FILHO Final Version 3.pdf: 1584989 bytes, checksum: bcf5b7c2fdad839754ad5f106fb4b75a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-04-17T15:48:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE FERREIRA DOS SANTOS FILHO Final Version 3.pdf: 1584989 bytes, checksum: bcf5b7c2fdad839754ad5f106fb4b75a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-05-29T19:00:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE FERREIRA DOS SANTOS FILHO Final Version 3.pdf: 1584989 bytes, checksum: bcf5b7c2fdad839754ad5f106fb4b75a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T19:02:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE FERREIRA DOS SANTOS FILHO Final Version 3.pdf: 1584989 bytes, checksum: bcf5b7c2fdad839754ad5f106fb4b75a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / Esta dissertação de Mestrado estuda o processo de internacionalização do Banco do Brasil, do Banco da China e do WestLB como SOBs comerciais, considerando a proposição de que os bancos estatais possuem ativos intangíveis específicos que beneficiam seu processo de internacionalização.O arcabouço teórico baseia-se nas teorias clássicas da internacionalização de empresas e suas aplicações para a internacionalização dos bancos, literatura específica relacionada à propriedade estatal, abordagem institucional e ativos intangíveis. Através de um estudo de caso múltiplo das empresas acima mencionadas, este projeto explora as características únicas e as idiossincrasias presentes na internacionalização de grandes bancos estatais. O resultado da pesquisa emprírica apóia a principal proposição deste estudo de que os bancos estatais têm ativos intangíveis específicos que influenciam em seu processo de internacionalização, bem como a evidência empírica de que esses intangíveis estão relacionados a vantagens de propriedade específicas decorrentes da propriedade estatal altamente correlacionadas. a reputação da empresa de conhecimento específico e a reputação do país. / This Master’s Dissertation studies the process of internationalization of Banco do Brasil, Bank of China and WestLB as commercial SOBs considering proposition that state-owned banks have specific intangible assets that benefits their process of internationalization.The theoretical framework is based on the classical theories regarding internationalization of enterprises and their applications to the internationalization of banks, specific literature related to state ownership, institutional approach and intangible assets. Through a multiple-case study of the above-mentioned companies, this project explores the unique characteristics and the idiosyncrasies present in the internationalization of large state-owned banks. The result of emprirical research support the main proposition of this study that state-owned banks banks have specific intangible assets that influence in their process of internationalization as well as the empirical evidence that these intangibles are related to specific ownership advantages deriving from state ownership highly correlated to specific knowledge company’s reputation and country’s reputation.