Stadiums are being built over the country and the discussion is whether it is profitable for the municipalities or not. The municipalities are namely owners or part owners or have in some way contributed to the financing by subvention or grants. A purpose with the project is to show different aspects to why different operators want to own/finance stadiums when they are not profitable. That means that we are examining municipalities’ incentives to invest in these stadiums. The purpose is therefor to examine how you can see on added value created by stadiums. The project is limited to investigate stadiums with an audience capacity of 10 000 people, because we want to focus on multi-stadiums that has a bigger ability to affect the society it is built in. Politicians who have been elected from the citizens in the municipality govern municipalities. It is the city council that takes the decisions. The municipality’s largest source of income is the local taxes, it stands for about 70 per cent of the municipality’s incomes. We have chosen to do an explorative examination by a quantitative collection of information to seek answers to our questions. We are assuming after our examination that municipalities consider it important with stadiums to promote a municipality’s reputation and also to promote the sporting activities and try to increase the interest for sports among young people. Even if it is not economically profitable it is contributing to community benefits and therefor they are willing to contribute / Arenor byggs runt om i landet och det diskuteras om det är lönsamt för kommunerna. Kommunerna är nämligen i de flesta fall ägare, delägare eller har på annat vis hjälpt till med finansiering genom subvention eller bidrag. Ett syfte med arbetet är att visa på olika aspekter varför olika aktörer vill äga/finansiera arenor även om de inte är lönsamma. Det innebär att vi undersöker vad kommuner kan ha för incitament att investera i dessa arenor. Syftet är därför också att undersöka hur man ser på mervärden skapade av arenor. Arbetet avgränsas till att undersöka arenor med en publikkapacitet på minst 10 000 personer, då vi framförallt riktar oss mot multiarenor som har större möjlighet att påverka samhället de byggs i. Kommuner styrs av politiker som blivit valda direkt av medborgarna i kommunen. Det görs av så kallade kommunfullmäktige. Kommunens största inkomstkälla är kommunalskatten, den står för ungefär 70 procent av kommunens inkomster. Vi har valt att genom kvantitativ insamling av information göra en explorativ undersökning för att söka svar på våra frågor angående svenska arenor. Efter gjord undersökning antar vi att kommuner anser att det är viktigt med arenor för att främja en kommuns anseende och även för att främja idrottsverksamheten och för att försöka få ett intresse för sport bland unga. Även om det inte är ekonomiskt lönsamt bidrar det till samhällsnytta och då är man villig att bidra ekonomiskt till det.

Staging a crowdsourcing challenge includes opening up your organization to the outside. When doing so, some organizations choose to collaborate with an existing platform owner. This may establish new relationships and opportunities for learning. This research aims to investigate the set of learnings and adjustments that occur between the seekers and platform owners in the challenge process. To do this, a qualitative study in the form of semi-structured interviews, with five seekers, two platform owners, and two specialists in the field, was conducted. Our findings indicate various learnings and adjustments for seekers and platform owners. Seekers learn and adjust by defining the challenge properly, becoming more independent in running challenges, changing their internal culture, and accepting new intellectual property insights. Platform owners learn and adjust by listening carefully to understand the seekers’ goals and by implementing transparency in their way of working. We conclude that through implementing these learnings and adjustments, seekers and platform owners collaboratively gain more confidence and become better at running challenges.

Despite the high failure rate of African American small businesses in the United States, only 2% of the U.S. Small Business Administration loans in 2016 were awarded to African American business owners. Most small business owners cite lack of access to financial resources as an influential factor that leads to business failure. Grounded in resource-based view theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to identify strategies African American small business owners in Los Angeles County, California use to obtain financial resources to achieve sustainability for at least 5 years. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with 4 purposively selected African American small business owners and supplemented with a review of internal reports and original business plans that outlined their financing strategy. The data analysis process entailed Yin's 5-step analysis to guide the coding of participants' responses to identify keywords, phrases, and concepts to develop theme clusters. Through thematic analysis, 4 themes emerged to include: financial resources improved business success and stability, internal financing, business mentors and networking to secure financial stability, and overcoming nonfinancial challenges. All participants noted access to financial resources as the most important resource needed for their business to succeed, particularly in the initial phase of launching their businesses. The implications for social change include the potential to enhance African American small business profitability and growth leading to new employment opportunities, improved community amenities, and business mentor programs with youth, which can encourage wealth for the surrounding community of Los Angeles County and local government.

Small business owners are the primary initiators of innovation and economic growth but fail at high rates. Fifty percent of small businesses fail within the first 5 years of operations. Through the lens of systems theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies some small salon business owners use to remain in business for longer than 5 years. Using purposeful sampling, the 7 owners of small salon business owners in the southeastern United States were selected based upon evidence of their strategies to sustain their businesses for longer than 5 years. Data were collected through semistructured, face-to-face interviews and a review of business licenses, certifications, and financial records. During data analysis using Yin's 5-step process of compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting, and drawing data-based conclusions, 4 major themes emerged: (a) business growth strategy, (b) customer relationship strategy, (c) financial capital strategy, and (d) marketing strategy. The findings indicated that implementing strategies to maintain business growth, building relationships with customers, securing sufficient financial capital, and engaging in effective marketing are essential for small salon business owners to survive in business longer than 5 years. The implications for positive social change include the potential for small salon business owners to generate employment, sustain the livelihood of employees, contribute to the local economy, and reduce local unemployment rates.

Forest resources are significant in Mississippi's ecology and economy, with 12.5 million acres of Non-Industrial Private Forest (NIPF). Frequent ownership changes with lower durations decrease the average parcel size. The study examined the trends of NIPF parcelization accommodating duration analysis and tax roll data to identify the length of ownerships in an eight-county study. Based on the results, lower duration of ownerships was associated with increased number of smaller parcels less than 11 acres and a substantial loss of large forests. The median duration of ownership was between 10 to 15 years and 59% were absentee NIPF owners. Duration analysis revealed the length of NIPF ownership was highly associated with the size of the forest, sawtimber price, an economic recession, and distance to the closest metropolitan city. Lower ownership durations and smaller parcels will limit economies of scale and alter the functionality and structure of the NIPFs in the future.

This national study was undertaken to learn about the characteristics and demographics of Deaf entrepreneurs and small business owners. Descriptive research methodology was to obtain data from a clearly defined population comprising Deaf entrepreneurs and small business owners. The researcher designed a questionnaire to answer six research questions. Study results were based on nationwide responses from 86 deaf men and women. Implications for career counseling were generated from participant responses and the researcher's extensive career counseling experience with the Deaf population. Data collected from participant responses determined the characteristics and demographics, and provided the basis for developing recommendations for counseling, training, and educational tools that could be used by others with similar career aspirations. Study results showed that the majority of respondents started their business before the age of 35, had been in business for more than 10 years, came from residential and/or mainstream school settings, and had earned at least a Bachelor degree from a vast range of accredited colleges and universities. Most respondents were born deaf to hearing families and used American Sign Language. However, in business the majority used voice and writing with hearing people. The most frequently used communication aids in business were telephone relay services, electronic mail systems, and sign language interpreters. The study sought insight into respondent's career development and identified influential role models and mentors at various career stages. In the early stages of career development family and teachers served as the most influential role models. However, respondent's identified "friends" as the most influential role model when it came to starting their business. Entrepreneurial data revealed that types of businesses varied, with the majority of business owners employing hearing people. Most respondents invested their personal savings to launch their business and conducted business in the private sector. Two frequently reported motivations for going into business were "desire to be their own boss" and "to earn more money." In the start-up phase of their business, most needed more help with marketing, advertising, writing business plans and identifying funding sources. When asked to express, in their own words, their greatest challenge in starting their businesses, frequent responses included "proving to hearing people that a deaf person can run a business" and "communicating with hearing customers." The following summarizes the implications for career counseling. Based on the results of the study it was suggested that Deaf women be given special attention; counselors encourage clients to continue their education beyond high school, and to work before launching their business. Participants in the study suggested that developing strong interests and skills were essential, and that voice was used as a primary communication tool in business. When appropriate, counselors may hold this population as a model to others, demonstrating that deafness alone is not a barrier to career aspirations. An additional technique career counselors may find helpful, is describing the characteristics of the typical Deaf business owner who participated in this study. The typical Deaf business owner who participated in this study was an entrepreneur who raised his/her own money from personal savings, had hearing employees, and conducted business in the private sector with mostly hearing people. / Ph. D.

The Strumpel Behavioral Economic Model (1976) provided the conceptual framework for this study, along with the use of qualitative methodology proposed by McCracken (1988). Qualitative interviews were conducted with nine black small business owners in non-metropolitan central and southwestern Virginia. Analysis of the data revealed a common definition among the respondents. Retirement was viewed as a time when one could no longer work due to physical or mental impairments--not a time of voluntary removal from the workforce. Few formal arrangements had been made to provide for income during the period when these business owners could no longer work, while all had made plans for the disposition of the business upon their deaths. Social and cultural factors might have contributed to these small business owners’ failures to adequately plan for retirement. These factors were expressed in four themes which emerged from the interviews: a definition of retirement, interracial prejudice, intra-racial prejudice, and mentors. Prejudice by both whites and blacks within their communities had a negative effect on business earning. Mentors had an indirect relationship on retirement planning for these respondents. Contrary to the literature on minority small business owners, these respondents discussed the positive influence of mentors on their individual business practices and ethics -- if not retirement planning. The need exists for financial planning educators and practitioners to assist this population in accepting retirement planning as a future goal, in view of their self-definition of retirement. Planning is necessary to ensure accumulation of wealth and a means for that wealth to become retirement. income. By recognizing the definition of retirement as stated by the respondents, financial planning educators have a unique opportunity to educate this population as to the need for retirement planning. Lastly, financial counseling and planning practitioners have a opportunity to enter a truly untapped market for their expertise by serving the black community, in general, and small business owners, in particular. / Master of Science

The purpose of this study is to investigate how internal and external sources influence dog owners’ desire and intent to travel with their dogs, using the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB). Specifically, this study investigates 1) the demographic profile of participating dog owners, 2) the relationship between dog owners’ Anticipated Emotions (AE) and their desire to travel with their dogs, 3) dog owners’ Attitudes toward the act (Aact) of traveling with their dogs and its relationship with their desire to travel with dogs, 4) the relationship between Subjective Norms (SN) and dog owners desire to travel with dogs, 5) owners’ Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) over their dog-accompanied travel situation, 6) the relationship between desire for dog-accompanied travel and Behavioral Intent (BI), and 7) the relationship between Past Behavior (PB) and the desire and BI regarding future travel with dogs.

OF MASTER'S DEGREE THESIS STATUTES OF FLAT OWNERS ASSOCIATION The purpose of this thesis is to analyse particular requirements of the Statutes of the Flat Owners Association. The thesis is composed of three main chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects affecting the form of the Statutes. Chapter One is introductory and presents basic conceptions and historical background of a flat ownership. The chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part One describes theoretical conceptions of ownership of flats and explains main differences between them. Part Two deals with introduction to the history and examines relevant Czech legislation. Main accent is paid to the Act on Ownership of Flats No. 72/1994 Collection of laws and new Civil Code No. 89/2012 Coll. Chapter Two examines the Flat Owners Association (also known as "condominium"). This chapter consists of five parts. Part One focuses on foundation. Part Two characterises membership in such Association. Membership is obligatory and shall arise and terminate concurrently with transfer or transference of unit ownership. Part Three investigates legal personality and its limitations. Fourth part addresses the issue of bodies of Association. It is subdivided into four parts and in particular deals with general meeting of unit owners as the supreme...

The development of technology and the mechanization in the Swedish forestry has during the last 60 years resulted in depopulation of the country side and due to that the amount of distance forest owners has increased. Therefore the forest companies need to make some adjustments in order to keep the distance forest owners as customers and to attract new ones. The purpose of this essay was to examine and analyze the distance forest owners satisfaction with Södras service offering and quality of service and further develop some proposals for action. A web-based survey was sent out to 634 distance forests owners in Stockholm, Sweden, all members of Södra. 269 respondents participated in the survey and of them, 27 did also participate in a follow-up telephone interview. The results show that the members generally was satisfied with the service offering and the quality of service. Suggestions for improvement regarding the service offering is all about implementing forest management courses in Stockholm and including providing financial and generational counseling, also on location in Stockholm. The quality of service can be improved if the inspector changes the way of working towards an even more customer adapted way and also improve the dialogue with the entrepreneurs. Further suggestions for improvement is to a greater extent welcome complaints and to give some compensation and/or apologize when it is motivated.