The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to ownership and frequency of use of small electrical kitchen appliances. Data were collected from 116 Women's Week participants and 61 Adult Leaders' School participants who completed a self-administered survey questionnaire. The 177 homemakers owned a total of 2500 appliances with a mean of 14.15 appliances per homemaker. The number of small electrical appliances owned ranged from 3 to 33 items. No significant differences were found in the number of small electrical kitchen appliances owned and employment status of the homemaker, educational level of the homemaker, income level of the household, and length of marriage. No significant differences were found in the frequency of use of small electrical kitchen appliances and employment status of the homemaker, educational level of the homemaker, income level of the household, and number of children. There was a significant difference in the frequency of use of small electrical kitchen appliances and method of acquisition, convenience of storage, perceived time-saving ability, and likelihood to repair or replace an item if broken.

Les biens ne semblent exister que pour être classés, distingués et appropriés, mais ne sont guère envisagés indépendamment des droits réels qui s’y rapportent. Or, la multiplication pléthorique des droits réels pourrait bien révéler la diversité des objets possibles du droit réel. Ces objets ne sont pas des choses du monde extérieur, mais une réalité abstraite que le droit construit au terme d’une opération de qualification: ce sont des objets juridiques, parce qu’ils sont déjà envisagés par le droit objectif à l’occasion de l’application d’une règle de droit positif qui impose l’appréciation de certains éléments de fait propres à en révéler l’existence. Le droit objectif construit donc une réalité qui lui est propre, avant même qu’il soit fait référence à un éventuel droit réel. Pour autant, la technique juridique n’est jamais inerte. Il existe des mécanismes permettant à la volonté de modifier la consistance ou l’affectation des objets juridiques et, partant, d’agir sur le régime des biens. Ces opérations sont à la fois caractéristiques et spécifiques de la technique du droit réel, employée pour façonner la réalité que perçoit le droit objectif. Les prétentions subjectives à la jouissance des objets juridiques rejaillissent, cependant, sur la conception que l’on se fait du droit réel, au point d’occulter sa dimension technique derrière les prérogatives qu’il semble conférer aux sujets de droit. / In French property law, things only seem to exist in order to be classified or owned. They are scarcely described in themselves, independently from rights in rem. The multiplication of these rights suggests, however, that they only reflect the diversity of underlying property objects. Such objects are not things from the external world, but an abstraction which the legal system constructs upon characterising certain facts and giving them a legal denomination. The application of a legal rule requires the appreciation of factual elements which, in turn, reveal the existence of an object filled with juristic qualities, before a property right even exists. Yet, legal technique is never entirely passive. The law provides certain mechanisms through which it is possible to modify the legal consistency and the purpose served by juristic objects and, therefore, to change the rules applicable to them. These results are both characteristic of and specific to in rem legal techniques. However, when legal subjects assert claims to the possession of an object, their pretensions also transform our understanding of in rem mechanisms, obscuring their technical function beneath the rights and powers which they seem to grant these individuals.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of state ownership in Saudi firms listed in the stock market. The first chapter studies the influence of state ownership on financial constraint on investment. Some scholars believe state ownership has a negative effect on the firm value. However, by using two measures of financial constraint, the investment cash flow sensitivity and the Kaplan and Zingales financial constraints index, the finding indicates that the existent of government ownership decreases financial constraint in firms. Also, the results show that the higher government ownership percentage the less financial constraint in firms. The second chapter studies the influence of specific company factors and the government ownership factor on capital structure. The finding shows that tangibility of assets and size have a positive association with leverage. Leverage is negatively correlated with growth and profitably. Finally, the results suggest that government ownership affects the level of leverage negatively.

Domestic violence is a pervasive issue that impacts all members of a household, including pets. There is comprehensive quantitative evidence to suggest that domestic violence and pet abuse commonly co-occur; however, as the personal accounts of pet-owning survivors have started to emerge through qualitative investigation, more research is needed to understand the unique experiences of pet abuse that take place alongside instances of domestic violence. This phenomenological investigation utilized control balance theory and a feminist framework to uncover the experiences of survivors who entered their pets into an animal care program specifically designed to help during times of domestic violence escape. Data from interviews with 12 participants were compared to secondary qualitative data from anonymous animal abuse surveys at the community partner organization. A lens of interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to identify global themes related to survivors' experiences of pet ownership while escaping domestic violence. From these testimonies, pets were revealed to be important to consider in responding to domestic violence because pets not only played key roles of emotional support in the survivors' lives, but they were also threatened and harmed by abusers to control victims. Furthermore, the provision of pet care for survivors who were escaping domestic violence was determined to be a meaningful intervention. Through learning of the experiences of pet ownership along the trajectory of recovery for domestic violence survivors, advocates may be better prepared to serve clients at this intersection. Furthermore, the empirical understanding of the role of the human-animal bond in domestic violence survivorship was augmented by this study.

Thesis M.Sc.(Agricultural Economics) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / Livestock production particularly cattle production is a major component of Southern African rural agriculture with a population of some 14.1 million cattle. Cattle occupy a unique role in human livelihoods and they are raised for meat, milk, and as draft animals for pulling carts and plows. Cattle farmers in communal areas are rational in the ways in which they use and manage their herds, and economic benefits are contributory drivers of their behaviour. The title of the study was the determinants of cattle ownership and herd size in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study had two objectives; firstly, to determine the socio-economic factors affecting the household decision to keep cattle and secondly, to analyse the determinants of herd size in livestock keeping households. The study was conducted in Mutale Local Municipality located in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province in South Africa. The study employed a sample of 185 small scale farmers from five villages covering about 5% of each village’s population. The statistical programme used to analyse the data was STATA 2010. For empirical analysis, the study used three analytical techniques namely: the logistic regression model, the OLS model and the Heckman selection model. Empirical results revealed that nine variables were significant in determining the probability of a household to own cattle namely; gender of household head, marital status of household head, age of the household head, household total size, benefits from livestock, previous cattle ownership in the family, homestead category, other income source and also the land area . Most of the variables that explained the decision of a household to keep cattle were also associated with explaining the decision of a household to keep a given number of cattle. Based on the findings of this study, several policy recommendations were proposed, namely; encouragement of youth participation in agriculture, promotion of gender equality and improvement of women’s consideration in decision-making processes in agricultural production, provision and conservation of agricultural grazing land and livestock infrastructural development. Additional policy recommendations were; intensification of the cattle input support schemes (feed, water and disease control), incentives for cattle farmers to consider farming as a business than just a cultural norm, provision of job opportunities in homelands and provision of livestock production institutions.

With the price of corn now over $6 per bushel, and with feedlot total cost per pound of gain now approaching $1.00 per pound of gain there are new incentives to try and add weight to calves outside of feedlots. The question then arises of how to add weight to a calf in the most economical manner. There are many different feeding programs to consider. However, with few exceptions, the cheapest way to add weight outside of a feedlot usually involves the calf grazing for an extended period of time. Winter pasture grazing, wheat pasture grazing and corn stalk grazing followed by summer pasture grazing are examples of these programs. However, with the exception of California, most of the area west of the Great Plains lacks the resources and climate for most of these winter grazing programs. For those states, cattle producers can background calves through the winter and then allow them to graze pastures in the summer. Backgrounding calves is essentially taking calves at weaning and feeding them to heavier weights without placing them directly in a feedlot on a finishing ration. The overall objective of this research is to evaluate the level and variability of returns to several background feeding alternatives. The returns will be evaluated in an expected value-variance analysis and ranked using stochastic dominance procedures. It appears that there are several different background alternatives that producers could utilize to increase returns with an acceptable level of risk and add additional value to their calves.

Farming is a complex business. Financial success in farming is influenced by the organization and operation of the farm unit. The principal problem confronting farmers is knowing how to manage the resources to attain maximum income over a period of time. Combinations of resources involve problems relative to crops, livestock, machinery, labor, capital, credit, and many others. An attempt has been made in this study to measure the results of different combinations and operation of resources and to determine their association with financial success of the farm.

The data for this research were taken from Utah's contribution to the regional research project "An Interstate Comparison of Urban/Ruxal Families' Time Use." Data were collected between May 1977 and August 1978 from 210 two-parent/ two-child families. Tlus thesis research studied the rel3.tionsbip between olVners lup and use of nine selected household appliances and time spent on the related housekeeping tasks for 208 of the families studied. Statistical analysis was done using t-tests for comparisons of time spent on the related task by owners and non-owners of each appliance. Analysis of variance was used to compare time spent on combined activities with ownerslup of differing numbers of appliances . The relationship between frequency of use and time spent on tasks was measured us ing the Pearson Product Moment correlation. The hypotheses tested werc: 1. Ownership of home care equipment is not related to the amollnt of time spent in home care tasks . 2. Heported llse of home care eqllipment is not related to the amollfit of time spent in home care tasks . Hypothesis Number 1 was accepted for all rela tionships tested with the exception of the dishwasher and time spent in dishwashing and the sewing machine and time spent in construction of clothing and household linens . The results indicated that the homemal(ers Wl10 owned a dishwasher spent less time in clishwashing than did non-owners. This was not true of the spouses , who spent very little time in dishwashing under either circumstance . The homemalmrs who owned a sewing machine spent conSiderably more time in construction of clothing and household linens than non-owners . When families were grouped by the number of appliances oÄÄ~led , no statistically significant relationships were found to exist between the nwnber of appliances owned and the total time spent in home care tasks . Generally, thoso who owned many or few of the appliances spent more time in home care activities than did owners of four or five of tbe appliances Jlypothesis Number 2 was rejected for the relationships between dishwasher llse and spouse time spent in dishwashing , sewing machine use and hornemal

Who cares about who owns online courses? Nobody, because that is not what the issue is really about. Ownership is an emotional issue, but controlling the rights of a copyrightable work is tangible and logical. The important question to answer is not who owns online courses, but who controls the rights of any copyrightable work. For universities and faculty members, getting over the emotional issues and down to the foundation of what is truly at stake is of major concern. While it is nearly impossible to create qualitative guidelines for copyright policies and/or contracts, it is eminently possible to examine existing policies and contracts and relate how a handful of universities are handling copyright and intellectual property issues pertaining to online courses. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a starting point for this complex transaction in the form of a resource tool that includes some basic background about copyright law, relevant case law related to "work-for-hire," and relevant academic freedom issues. The original work of this thesis is the creation of a tool, which reviews of a sampling of university policies pertaining to online copyright issues and ownership. Accordingly, the contribution this thesis makes to the understanding and clarification of universities policies related to online material copyright ownership will be important for faculty members and universities in two ways. First, it will help others develop better online copyright policies based on tangible issues rather than emotional ones. Second, this thesis can be a basis for others to build upon for future research on this important topic.

This study looks at the relationship between ownership structure, monitoring and firm performance. The research employed the agency theory hypothesised by Jensen and Meckling (1976) from the view of contractual relationships among various parties involved within a company. It presents a longitudinal study of the 161 non- financial publicly listed companies in the Jakarta Stock Exchange between 1994- 2000. This design enables a researcher not only to examine the effects of various governance variables on corporate performance, but also to examine the extent to which such relationships vary with changes in the general economic environment. This study reveals that only a small proportion of private-domestic Indonesian firms have a widely dispersed ownership structure. Viewed from the standpoint of traditional agency theory, the separation of ownership and control seems to work differently in Indonesia. In this country the agency problem is not between the owners and the managers, as in Anglo-Saxon countries, but may be between “strong” controlling shareholders and “weak” minority owners. The findings suggest a strong association between degrees of ownership concentration, owner involvement in supervisory/management board and the existence of family business groups. These factors are interdependent, and each of them relates cohesively to the others within the organisation. In this regard, the collectivism and higher power distance value dimensions that are dominant in Indonesian society also heighten such relationships. Inappropriate institutional, law and legal enforcement provide the means for the controlling shareholders to continue these practices, which insulate them from external interference, monitoring and supervision. / Taken together, these findings support the view that national cultural features have a profound effect on the structure of national economies. The evidence corroborates the uniqueness of corporate governance practices in Indonesia, and the findings support the supremacy of controlling shareholders Further to the growing debate on the costs and benefits of controlling shareholders, the empirical findings of this study reveal that these shareholders are the source of the corporate governance problem rather than solution. In short, the most basic factor which inhibits the effectiveness of corporate governance implementation in Indonesia is the existence of powerful large shareholdings in the hands of a family. Governance reform, therefore, should address the corporate system by seeking to reduce the supremacy of these shareholders, and at the same time empower the other stakeholders. The findings also support the view of both the co-evolutionary and path-dependency theories in regard to factors that determine the pattern of ownership structure. The development of firms in Indonesia follows the path-dependence structure and, during this process, the firms’ environments will interact with and operate endogenous responses for environmental change. Such exogenous and endogenous forces shape the environment and trigger organisations to adapt in different ways so that they are able to survive. / Thus, one would expect there to be different corporate governance systems within each country and any effort towards reforming such systems should consider factors specific to that country. This implies that governance reforms should be fully compatible with a country’s national culture, institutional, legal and business systems. Other variables, such as informal norms (social norms and cultural beliefs) and the political environment in a country should also be considered in the design of these reforms.