This thesis describes a method for calculating lake evaporation as a proportion of water inputs (E/I) for large surface water bodies, using stable isotope ratios of oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H) in water. Evaporation as a proportion of inflow (E/I) is calculated for each Laurentian Great Lake using a new dataset of 516 analyses of δ18O and δ2H in waters sampled from 75 offshore stations during spring and summer of 2007. This work builds on previous approaches by accounting for lake effects on the overlying atmosphere and assuming conservation of both mass and isotopes (18O and 2H) to better constrain evaporation outputs. Results show that E/I ratios are greatest for headwater Lakes Superior and Michigan and lowest for Lakes Erie and Ontario, controlled largely by the magnitude of hydrologic inputs from upstream chain lakes. For Lake Superior, stable isotopes incorporate evaporation over the past century, providing long-term insights to the lake’s hydrology that may be compared to potential changes under a future – expectedly warmer – climate. Uncertainties in isotopically derived E/I are comparable to conventional energy and mass balance uncertainties. Isotope-derived E/I values are lower than conventional energy and mass balance estimates for Lakes Superior and Michigan. The difference between conventional and isotope estimates may be explained by moisture recycling effects. The isotope-based estimates include only evaporated moisture that is also advected from the lake surface, thereby discounting moisture that evaporates and subsequently reprecipitates on the lake surface downwind as recycled precipitation. This shows an advantage of applying an isotope approach in conjunction with conventional evaporation estimates to quantify both moisture recycling and net losses by evaporation. Depth profiles of 18O/16O and 2H/1H in the Great Lakes show a lack of isotopic stratification in summer months despite an established thermocline. These results are indicative of very low over-lake evaporation during warm summer months, with the bulk of evaporation occurring during the fall and winter. This seasonality in evaporation losses is supported by energy balance studies. For Lakes Michigan and Huron, the isotope mass balance approach provides a new perspective into water exchange and evaporation from these lakes. This isotope investigation shows that Lake Michigan and Lake Huron waters are distinct, despite sharing a common lake level. This finding advocates for the separate consideration of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron in future hydrologic studies.

This thesis describes a method for calculating lake evaporation as a proportion of water inputs (E/I) for large surface water bodies, using stable isotope ratios of oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H) in water. Evaporation as a proportion of inflow (E/I) is calculated for each Laurentian Great Lake using a new dataset of 516 analyses of δ18O and δ2H in waters sampled from 75 offshore stations during spring and summer of 2007. This work builds on previous approaches by accounting for lake effects on the overlying atmosphere and assuming conservation of both mass and isotopes (18O and 2H) to better constrain evaporation outputs. Results show that E/I ratios are greatest for headwater Lakes Superior and Michigan and lowest for Lakes Erie and Ontario, controlled largely by the magnitude of hydrologic inputs from upstream chain lakes. For Lake Superior, stable isotopes incorporate evaporation over the past century, providing long-term insights to the lake’s hydrology that may be compared to potential changes under a future – expectedly warmer – climate. Uncertainties in isotopically derived E/I are comparable to conventional energy and mass balance uncertainties. Isotope-derived E/I values are lower than conventional energy and mass balance estimates for Lakes Superior and Michigan. The difference between conventional and isotope estimates may be explained by moisture recycling effects. The isotope-based estimates include only evaporated moisture that is also advected from the lake surface, thereby discounting moisture that evaporates and subsequently reprecipitates on the lake surface downwind as recycled precipitation. This shows an advantage of applying an isotope approach in conjunction with conventional evaporation estimates to quantify both moisture recycling and net losses by evaporation. Depth profiles of 18O/16O and 2H/1H in the Great Lakes show a lack of isotopic stratification in summer months despite an established thermocline. These results are indicative of very low over-lake evaporation during warm summer months, with the bulk of evaporation occurring during the fall and winter. This seasonality in evaporation losses is supported by energy balance studies. For Lakes Michigan and Huron, the isotope mass balance approach provides a new perspective into water exchange and evaporation from these lakes. This isotope investigation shows that Lake Michigan and Lake Huron waters are distinct, despite sharing a common lake level. This finding advocates for the separate consideration of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron in future hydrologic studies.

Honey Lake Basin is a large, hydrologically closed valley with two playa lakes that are separated by a low elevation sill. The Basin has a complex hydrogeologic setting, with numerous groundwater flow paths that interact with surface waters and three basic aquifers; shallow, deep, and geothermal. Thirteen flow paths; eleven cold and two thermal, are identified and the geochemical evolution of those paths are characterized by integrating solute chemistry and isotopic data. The chemical flow paths include recharge in either granitoid or volcanic terrains in the Sierra Nevada Range and the Modoc Plateau, respectively. The groundwater then flows through alluvial fan and stream sedimentary environments and eventually flows through lacustrine and playa sediments in the closed basin. This investigating characterizes geochemical evolution of groundwater flow from both mafic and granitic terrains to lacustrine sediments with evaporite minerals, in a closed basin environment. Temperature data reveal that thermal waters circulate to 1.6-3.0 km and 2.8-3.8 km along two major fault zones. Shallow groundwaters above 17°C are determined to have a component of thermal water and mixing ratios are presented. δ18O and δD data show that deep groundwater was recharged by cooler, more humid precipitation from the last ice age, whereas shallow groundwaters reflect current meteoric conditions and show extensive evaporation trends. The two thermal flow paths show exchange with silicate minerals at high temperatures (>100°C). δ13C data show interaction with carbonate minerals in basin fill lacustrine sediments. 3H concentrations and 14C ages show that deep groundwaters throughout the Basin and shallower groundwaters in the center of the basin are not greatly affected by post-1952 recharge. Mean 14C ages range from modern to 23,500 years old. NETPATH was used to model geochemical evolution along the flow paths. Groundwater on the west side of the basin (granitic terrain) is typically low TDS (~150 mg/L) calcium-bicarbonate water and evolves into higher TDS (~300 mg/L) sodium-bicarbonate groundwater as it interacts with granitic rocks and then lacustrine sediments. Groundwater on the east side of the basin (mafic terrain) is typically low TDS (~200 mg/L) sodium-bicarbonate water and evolves into high TDS (~300 mg/L) sodium-bicarbonate water groundwater as it interacts with mafic rocks and then lacustrine sediments. Dissolution of silicate minerals and calcite, and ion exchange with clays is responsible for major chemistry changes. As both of these types of groundwaters come into contact with lacustrine sediments with evaporite minerals on the playas, dissolution of halite and gypsum dominate and the groundwater becomes extremely high in TDS (~ 1100 mg/L on the Honey Lake Playa and ~ 43,000 mg/L on the Fish Spring Playa) and strongly sodium-chloride in character.

No description available.

No / We examined multiple natural abundance isotope ratios of human hair to assess biological variability within and between geographic locations and, further, to determine how well these isotope values predict location of origin. Sampling locations feature differing seasonality and mobile populations as a robust test of the method. Serially-sampled hair from Cambridge, MA, USA, shows lower δ2 H and δ18 O variability over a one-year time course than model-predicted precipitation isotope ratios, but exhibits considerable differences between individuals. Along a ∼13° northsouth transect in the eastern USA (Brookline, MA, 42.3 ° N, College Park, MD, 39.0 ° N, and Gainesville, FL, 29.7 ° N) δ18 O in human hair shows relatively greater differences and tracks changes in drinking water isotope ratios more sensitively than δ2 H. Determining the domicile of humans using isotope ratios of hair can be confounded by differing variability in hair δ18 O and δ2 H between locations, differential incorporation of H and O into this protein and, in some cases, by tap water δ18 O and δ2 H that differ significantly from predicted precipitation values. With these caveats, randomly chosen people in Florida are separated from those in the two more northerly sites on the basis of the natural abundance isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. / This work was partially supported by the National Geospatial Agency under grant [HM1582-08-0024]. / Originally presented at the IAEA International Symposium on Isotope Hydrology: Revisiting Foundations and Exploring Frontiers, 11–15 May 2015, Vienna, Austria

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A APA Sul RMBH, Área de Proteção Ambiental Sul da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, localizada na porção noroeste de uma das maiores regiões produtoras de minérios, o Quadrilátero Ferrífero, é conhecida pela riqueza de sua biodiversidade, seus aspectos sócioculturais e econômicos e, principalmente, pelo seu grande potencial mineral. Nela ocorre a Formação Cauê, formação geológica conhecida pela ocorrência de minérios ferrosos e também por abrigar grandes volumes de água no subsolo. Essa unidade hidrogeológica, conhecida como Aquífero Cauê, é o objeto de estudo desse trabalho. A área delimitada para este estudo encontra-se quase completamente inserida da APA Sul e está localizada na porção noroeste do Quadrilátero. Foram realizadas medidas em quarenta e sete amostras água, entre nascentes, cabeceiras de drenagem, drenos e poços. Foram amostrados pontos de surgência dos Aquíferos Inconsolidados, Gandarela, Quartizítico, Unidades Confinantes, mas principalmente o Aquífero Cauê, no período de estiagem das chuvas em 2011. Estas amostras tiveram seu conteúdo de deutério, oxigênio-18 e trítio determinados. Destas, vinte e três também tiveram suas características químicas investigadas. Águas de chuva foram coletadas durante um ano em três pontos na área de estudos. O conteúdo de trítio e razões isotópicas de deutério e oxigênio-18 foram determinados para amostras mensais de precipitação. Os resultados possibilitaram a determinação da Linha Meteórica Local, além da atividade atual de trítio nas precipitações que subsidiou o cálculo de tempo de renovação das amostras água subterrânea. A Linha Meteórica obtida evidenciou desvio da Linha Meteórica Global quanto ao excesso de deutério. Os Efeitos Quantidade e Temperatura puderam ser observados na região. A baixa mineralização das águas do Cauê, evidenciada pelos baixos valores de condutividade elétrica, dificultou a classificação das águas, e um padrão químico não pode ser observado. Os resultados de 18O e 2H indicaram rápida infiltração para a maioria das amostras, com exceção de um grupo cuja maioria é composta por águas relacionadas aos aquíferos de cobertura. O tempo de renovação das águas subterrâneas foi calculado pelos Modelos de Fluxo em Pistão e Exponencial. Os resultados apresentaram grande variação, entre 1,5 e 279 anos. / The Environmental Protection Area of the South Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte City, known as APA Sul RMBH, located on the northwestern portion of one of the largest oreproducing regions, named Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Iron Quadrangle), is known for the richness of its biodiversity, its socio-cultural and economic and especially to its great mineral potential. In this area, occurs the Cauê Formation, a geological formation recognized for the high occurrence of iron ores and also host large volumes of fresh water in the underground. This hydrogeologic unit, known as Cauê Aquifer, is the object of study of this work. The area defined for this study is almost completely inserted into the cited protection are and is located in the northwestern portion of the Quadrangle. Measurements were taken in forty-seven water samples, including springs, headwater drainage, drains and wells. Sampled were taken of unconsolidated aquifers, Gandarela, Quartizitic, confining units, but mainly Cauê Aquifer, during the dry season rainfall in 2011. These samples had the content of deuterium, oxygen- 18 and tritium determined. Of those, twenty-three were also investigated about its chemical characteristics. Rainwater was collected during one year at three stations located the study area. The content of tritium and deuterium isotope ratios and oxygen-18 were determined on monthly samples of precipitation. The results allowed the determination of the Local Meteoric Water Line, beyond the current activity of tritium in precipitation that supported the calculation of groundwaters residence time. The Local Meteoric Line obtained showed considerable deviation from the Global Meteoric Line on the excess of deuterium, while the slope was similar to the global one. The quantity and temperature effects were observed. The low mineralization of the groundwaters, evidenced by low values of electrical conductivity has obstructed their classification. A chemical pattern could not be attributed to the aquifer. The 18O and 2H results indicate rapid infiltration for most samples, except for a group formed mainly by water related to unconsolidated aquifers. The residence time of groundwater samples was calculated by piston flow and exponential flow models. The results showed a great variation, with waters between 1.5 and 279 years old.

New methods, based on tracer gas measurements and isotopicanalysis can be used to evaluate the moisture properties ofbuilding materials and provide the means for forensic analysisof the origins and history of excessive water in buildings, theimmediate practical consequences of which will be the abilityto improve the moisture performance of constructions. It is shown, in theory and through measurements how thewater vapour permeability of porous building materials can witha good degree of accuracy be estimated with tracer gasmeasurements that provide an efficient alternative to the cupmethod. Complementary measurements may be carried out in orderto evaluate the contribution of surface diffusion and theeventual enhancing effects of moisture content on the diffusioncoefficient. The Random Hopping Model is used to illustrate howthe surface diffusion coefficient depends on the amountadsorbed and the activation energy of migration that can beevaluated from the sorption isotherms. It is explained how the abundance ratios of two of the mostordinary isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water can be usedto determine its history. These isotopes are stable and givethe water a distinct signature that can be used to reveal itssource as shown in a case study. In a contrary manner themeasured isotopic separation can be used to determine therelevance of different transport processes and reactions. It isof central importance that not only does the magnitude ofisotopic separation for the reactions vary for deuterium andoxygen-18 but even the ratio thereof. One of the challenges hasbeen to construct an experimental method for retrieving samplesof water for comparison. Furthermore this thesis includes an evaluation of a new typeof a light weight construction with loose-fill cellulose fibre,in which the conventional polyethylene vapour barrier has beenreplaced with polypropylene fabric. With a verified model ithas been investigated how the construction would perform fordifferent internal moisture loads and reference climate fromthe literature. The results suggest that this type ofconstruction is not to be recommended. KEYWORDS:tracer gas, water vapour permeability,diffusion, surface diffusion, isotopic analysis, deuterium,oxygen-18, fractionation, vapour barrier, transient numericalmodelling of diffusion. / QC 20100611

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A Ãrea deste estudo de hidrogeologia abrange a Bacia do BanabuiÃ, trecho entre Quixeramobim e BanabuiÃ, e està localizada Ãs margens dos rios Quixeramobim e BanabuiÃ. à necessÃrio para os usuÃrios e gestores conhecer os aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos das Ãguas usadas e a interaÃÃo entre as Ãguas dos rios Quixeramobim e Banabuià com os aquÃferos aluvionares. O objetivo deste estudo foi aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a hidrogeologia dos aluviÃes em relaÃÃo Ãs reservas, qualidade e hidrodinÃmica das Ãguas. Para isto, realizou-se o cadastro de poÃos, monitoramento das variaÃÃes dos nÃveis estÃticos, levantamento planialtimÃtrico, levantamento geofÃsico por resistividade, medidas de parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos, biolÃgicos, metais pesados, anÃlises isotÃpicas (18O e D) nas Ãguas da chuva, dos poÃos, dos rios Banabuià e Quixeramobim, e do aÃude BanabuiÃ. A estimativa das reservas dos aquÃferos aluvionares tambÃm foi realizada. No tratamento e interpretaÃÃo dos dados usou-se o diagrama de Piper, diagrama USSL, Ato e Resist, para interpretaÃÃo das SEVs, programa Surfer 8.0 para simulaÃÃo do fluxo subterrÃneo, e padrÃes de potabilidade da portaria N 2914/2011 do MinistÃrio da SaÃde. Verificou-se que o fluxo subterrÃneo dirige-se na mesma direÃÃo dos rios Quixeramobim e BanabuiÃ, ou seja, em direÃÃo ao Leste. O aquÃfero aluvionar apresenta uma espessura mÃdia da ordem de 7,08 m. A recarga dos aluviÃes no trecho entre Quixeramobim e Banabuià foi de 6,09x106 m3/ano e a reserva permanente à de aproximadamente 34,8x106 m3. Os principais problemas para o consumo humano das Ãguas (superficiais e subterrÃneas) sÃo os coliformes totais, o elemento ferro, a elevada salinidade, o nitrato, o manganÃs e o alumÃnio, estes se encontram com valores acima do permitido pela Portaria n 2914 do MinistÃrio da SaÃde. Portanto, estas Ãguas sà podem ser consumidas apÃs o devido tratamento. Para o uso na irrigaÃÃo, as Ãguas superficiais e dos aluviÃes podem ser utilizadas sem muitos problemas, jà a Ãgua do domÃnio hidrogeolÃgico cristalino, requer uma prÃtica de irrigaÃÃo controlada. A reta meteÃrica local dos isÃtopos estÃveis para o perÃodo estudado foi muito semelhante à GMWL. Os aquÃferos aluvionares recebem alimentaÃÃo pelos rios Quixeramobim e BanabuiÃ. As Ãguas dos poÃos do domÃnio hidrogeolÃgico cristalino sofreram recarga apenas por Ãguas meteÃricas. As Ãguas dos poÃos do aquÃfero aluvionar sugerem que sofreram evaporaÃÃo durante a recarga. Finalmente, ocorre uma estratificaÃÃo (tÃrmica e quÃmica) no perÃodo chuvoso e uma desestratificaÃÃo no perÃodo de estiagem. / The area of this hydrogeological study covers the Banabuià Basin, in the stretch between Quixeramobim and BanabuiÃ, and is located on the banks of rivers Quixeramobim and BanabuiÃ. It is necessary for users and water managers to be aware of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the water and the interaction between the rivers Quixeramobim and Banabuià and the alluvial aquifers. For these reasons, we sought to deepen the knowledge about the hydrogeology of the alluvial deposits with respect to reserves, hydrodynamics and water quality. Methods included a data bank of wells, monitoring of changes in static levels, a planialtimetric survey, a geophysical survey by electric resistivity, measurements of physico-chemical and biological parameters, heavy metals, stable isotope analyses (18O and D) in rain, waters from wells, rivers Banabuià and Quixeramobim, and Banabuià dam. An estimation of reserves of alluvial aquifers was also made. In the treatment and interpretation of the data Piper and USSL diagrams were used as well as, Ato and Resist for interpretation of VES, program Surfer 8.0 for simulation of groundwater flow; potability standards of Portaria NÂ. 2914/2011 of the Ministry of Health were used to judge water quality. Results indicate that the groundwater flow has in the same direction of rivers Quixeramobim and BanabuiÃ, ie eastward. The alluvial aquifer has an average thickness of approximately 7.1 m. The recharge to the alluvium in the stretch between Quixeramobim and Banabuià was of 6.09 x106 m3/year and permanent reserve is of approximately 34.8 x106 m3. The main problems for human consumption of the waters (surface and groundwater) are total coliforms, the element iron, high salinity, nitrate, manganese and aluminum; these present values higher than permitted by Portaria N 2914. Therefore, these waters can only be consumed after proper treatment. In irrigation, surface water and alluvium can be used without many problems; however, waters from the crystalline domain require a practice of controlled irrigation. The stable isotope local meteoric water line for the period studied showed a slope very similar to the GMWL. The alluvial aquifers receive recharge from rivers Quixeramobim and BanabuiÃ. Wells in the crystalline bedrock receive recharge by rainwater. The waters of the alluvial aquifer wells suggest that they suffered evaporation while recharging. Finally, there is a slight stratification in Banabuià dam (thermal and chemical) in the rainy season that disappears in the dry season.

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