Title: Comparison of internal loading on the organism by double poling and diagonal striding during the sprint on the roller ski Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis is to compare the internal loading using the Cortex Metamax 3B and the SenzoStar GL devices in a two-hundred meters long section performed by the maximum effort between the double poling and diagonal striding about the 10.4% climb on roller skis. Methods: The diploma thesis is conceived as an empirical field research, the aim of which is to compare a double poling and diagonal striding in terms of internal loading on roller skis during sprint. The test subject will be a group of cross-country skiers and long-distance skiers. Results: Using the measured values of the internal loading and the measured time, we found differences during comparing the diagonal striding and double polling in specific values of SF, VO2 / kg, VE. the conclusion was that diagonal striding is faster than double poling to the uphill on roller skis. Keywords: XC-skiing, roller skis, Cortex MetaMax 3B, oxygen consumption, heart rate, lactate

Bakgrund: Löpning är en populär motionsform i Sverige idag, dock är det vanligt med överbelastningsskador bland löpare och nästan 80% skadar sig på något vis varje år. Diskussion har uppstått bland löpare och forskare kring om barfotalöpning kan förändra biomekaniken och därmed ändra belastningen och minska risken för skador, samt om barfotalöpning kan leda till en förbättrad löpekonomi och påverka löparens prestationer. Syfte: Att undersöka vilken effekt barfotalöpning (inkl. minimalistskor) har på biomekanik mätt med ground reaction force (GRF) och löpekonomi mätt med syreupptagning jämfört med löpning med konventionella skor.  Metod: Systematisk narrativ litteraturöversikt. Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna Pubmed och Cochrane. Studier som var randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT) alternativt cross-over studier inkluderades. Kvalitetsgranskning av studierna genomfördes med PEDro och tillförlitligheten av resultatet bedömdes med GRADEstud. Resultat: Åtta artiklar inkluderades, tre om biomekanik och fem om löpekonomi. Inga samstämmiga resultat sågs gällande barfotalöpningens effekter på GRF, en studie påvisade en signifikant minskning medan två studier visade på en signifikant ökning av GRF. Positiva tendenser sågs i studierna om löpekonomi, varav två påvisade signifikanta förbättringar. Kvaliteten på artiklarna bedömdes som måttlig och tillförlitligheten till resultaten bedömdes vara mycket låg.  Konklusion: Barfotalöpning påvisar vissa positiva effekter på löpekonomi medan effekterna på GRF är motstridiga. Tillförlitligheten av evidensen bedömdes vara mycket låg. Det behövs fler högkvalitativa studier som undersöker de långvariga och akuta effekterna av barfotalöpning på löpekonomi och biomekanik för att kunna dra slutsatser och implementera kunskapen bland fysioterapeuter som arbetar med löparskador. / Background: Running is a popular activity in Sweden today. However, injuries are common and almost 80% of runners get injured each year. Discussions about whether barefoot running could alter the biomechanics and decrease the risk of injury, and improve the running economy and increase a runner's performance, has risen amongst runners and researchers. Purpose: To examine the effects of barefoot running (minimalist footwear) on biomechanics measured with ground reaction force (GRF) and running economy measured with oxygen consumption compared to shod running.  Method: A systematic review. Articles were found using the Pubmed and Chochrane database. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) or Cross-over studies were included. Assessment of study quality was measured with the PEDro-scale and the reliability of the result assessed with GRADEstud. Result: Eight articles were included, three about biomechanics and five about running economy. Inconclusive results were found on the effects of barefoot running on GRF, one study showed a significant reduction in GRF and the other two showed increase in GRF. Positive tendencies were found concerning running economy, two studies showed a significant increase. The quality of the studies were moderate and the reliability of the result were very low. Conclusion: Barefoot running showed positive findings on running economy, while the effects on GRF were inconclusive. The evidence was considered very low. There is a need for more high-quality studies examining the long-lasting and acute effects of barefoot running on running economy and biomechanics to be able to draw conclusions and implement the knowledge in clinical physiotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: Standard blood flow rates for cardiopulmonary bypass have been assumed to be the same for awake cardiac surgery with thoracic epidural anesthesia as for general anesthesia. However, compared to general anesthesia, awake cardiac surgery with epidural anesthesia may be associated with higher oxygen consumption due to missing effect of general anesthetics. This may result in insufficient oxygen delivery and lactic acidosis when standard blood flow rates were used. The primary aim of our study was to investigate if standard blood flow rates are adequate in awake cardiac surgery. The secondary aim was to evaluate postoperative clinical outcomes of patients undergoing awake cardiac surgery. METHODS: Forty-seven patients undergoing elective on-pump cardiac surgery were assigned to receive either epidural (Group TEA, n=17), combined (Group TEA-GA, n=15) or general (Group GA, n=15) anesthesia. To monitor adequacy of standard blood flow rates, arterial lactate, acid base parameters, central venous and jugular bulb saturation were measured at six time points during in all groups. Blood flow rates were adjusted when needed. Subsequently, early and late postoperative outcome data including hospital and 3-year mortality was recorded and compared among the study groups RESULTS: No lactic acidosis has...

Objetivo: comparar el índice SatO2/FiO2 versus PaO2/FiO2 para predecir mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital de altura. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal, donde se compararon la sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) de ambos índices. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes con COVID-19 fue 62.2 ±12.8 años, el 73.7% fueron varones, las comorbilidades de mayor frecuencia fueron la diabetes mellitus (21.6%) y la hipertensión arterial (27.2%). Por otro lado el índice promedio SatO2/FiO2 fue 234.9 ±121.9 y el PaO2/FiO2 fue 169.7 ± 84 y el 30.5% de pacientes falleció. Se evidenció relación significativa entre los índices en mención y la mortalidad. Se obtuvo como puntos de corte 114.4 para SatO2/FiO2, con sensibilidad de 43.1%, especificidad de 91.2%, valor predictivo positivo de 68.3% y valor predictivo negativo de 78.5%, mientras que el punto de corte para PaO2/FiO2 fue 134.2, con sensibilidad de 63.1%, especificidad de 67.6%, valor predictivo positivo de 46.1% y valor predictivo negativo de 80.7%. Conclusión: Ambos índices son predictores de mortalidad, sin embargo el SatO2/FiO2 presentó mejores valores, con respecto a algunos de los criterios de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo.

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Interferons (IFNs) are an essential part of innate immunity and contribute to adaptive immune responses. Here, we employed a loss-of-function analysis with human A549 respiratory epithelial cells with a knockout (KO) of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR KO), either solely or together with the receptor of type III IFN (IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO). The course of rubella virus (RuV) infection on the IFNAR KO A549 cells was comparable to the control A549. However, on the IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO A549 cells, both genome replication and the synthesis of viral proteins were significantly enhanced. The generation of IFN β during RuV infection was influenced by type III IFN signaling. In contrast to IFNAR KO A549, extracellular IFN β was not detected on IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO A549. The bioenergetic profile of RuV-infected IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO A549 cells generated by extracellular flux analysis revealed a significant increase in glycolysis, whereas mitochondrial respiration was comparable between all three cell types. Moreover, the application of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) significantly increased viral protein synthesis in control A549 cells, while no effect was noted on IFNAR/IFNLR KO A549. In conclusion, we identified a positive signaling circuit of type III IFN signaling on the generation of IFN β during RuV infection and an IFN signaling-dependent contribution of glycolysis to RuV infection. This study on epithelial A549 cells emphasizes the interaction between glycolysis and antiviral IFN signaling and notably, the antiviral activity of type III IFNs against RuV infection, especially in the absence of both type I and III IFN signaling, the RuV replication cycle was enhanced.

The mosquito-borne Usutu virus (USUV) is a zoonotic flavivirus and an emerging pathogen. So far therapeutical options or vaccines are not available in human and veterinary medicine. The bioenergetic profile based on extracellular flux analysis revealed an USUV infection-associated significant increase in basal and stressed glycolysis on Vero and with a tendency for basal glycolysis on the avian cell line TME-R derived from Eurasian blackbirds. On both cell lines this was accompanied by a significant drop in the metabolic potential of glycolysis. Moreover, glycolysis contributed to production of virus progeny, as inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduced virus yield on Vero by one log10 step. Additionally, the increase in glycolysis observed on Vero cells after USUV infection was lost after the addition of exogenous type I interferon (IFN) b. To further explore the contribution of the IFN response pathway to the impact of USUV on cellular metabolism, USUV infection was characterized on human A549 respiratory cells with a knockout of the type I IFN receptor, either solely or together with the receptor of type III IFN. Notably, only the double knockout of types I and III IFN receptor increased permissiveness to USUV and supported viral replication together with an alteration of the glycolytic activity, namely an increase in basal glycolysis to an extent that a further increase after injection of metabolic stressors during extracellular flux analysis was not noted. This study provides evidence for glycolysis as a possible target for therapeutic intervention of USUV replication. Moreover, presented data highlight type I and type III IFN system as a determinant for human host cell permissiveness and for the infection-associated impact on glycolysis.

Les poissons vivant au sein d’une rivière sont soumis à des variations circadiennes de température pouvant influencer la croissance, la digestion et le métabolisme standard. Les modèles bioénergétiques utilisant les fonctions métaboliques pour déterminer la croissance d’un poisson ont souvent été élaborés avec des poissons acclimatés à des températures constantes. Ces modèles pourraient sous-estimer l’énergie dépensée par un poisson soumis à des températures fluctuantes. En utilisant la respirométrie par débit intermittent, les objectifs de ce travail étaient : (1) de quantifier les différences entre les taux métaboliques standards de poissons acclimatés à une température constante (20.2 oC ± 0.5 oC) et à des fluctuations circadiennes de température (19.8 oC ± 2.0 oC; 19.5 oC ± 3.0 oC) et (2) comparer deux méthodologies pour calculer les taux métaboliques standards de poissons sujets aux fluctuations circadiennes de températures : respirométrie (a) en température constante ou (b) en température fluctuante. Les poissons acclimatés à des fluctuations circadiennes de température ont des taux métaboliques standards plus élevés que des poissons acclimatés à une température constante. À 20.2 oC ± 0.5 oC, les taux métabolique standards ont été de 25% à 32% plus bas pour des poissons maintenus à une température constante que pour des poissons gardés sous des fluctuations circadiennes de température. Les méthodologies utilisées pour estimer les taux métaboliques standards de poissons sujets aux fluctuations de température offrent des résultats similaires. / Fish that inhabits river are subjected to circadian fluctuations in water temperature. These fluctuations can influence growth, digestion and metabolic processes. Bioenergetic models are traditionally modeled using data recorded from fish kept at constant water temperatures. These models could underestimate the energy spent by fish subjected to fluctuating temperatures. Thus, with intermittent-flow respirometry, the objectives of this study were to: (1) quantify the differences between standard metabolic rates of fish acclimatized to a constant temperature (20.2 oC ± 0.5 oC) and two circadian fluctuating temperatures (19.8 oC ± 2.0 oC; 19.5 oC ± 3.0 oC) and (2) compare two methodology for calculate standard metabolic rates of fish subjected to circadian fluctuating temperatures: intermittent-flow respirometry with (a) constant temperature or (b) fluctuating temperatures. Fish held at circadian fluctuating temperatures have higher standard metabolic rates than fish acclimatized to a constant temperature. At 20.2 oC ± 0.5 oC, standard metabolic rates was 25% to 32% lower for fish held at constant temperature than for fish held under circadian fluctuations. However, results of the two different strategies used to calculate standard metabolic rates of fish subjected to circadian fluctuating temperatures did not differ.

Title: Functional Profile of Performance Billiard Players Objectives: The main aim of thesis was to find out maximal functional characteristics and body composition of performance billiard players by using laboratory testing. Next step was to define load intensity during simulated match. Methods: There were used biomedical measurements as a body measuring, bioelectrical impedance, laboratory spiroergometric measuring by maximal stress testing. Field spiroergometric measuring was provide during simulated match in pool hall. To find the role of physical fitness in performance billiard were used half structured interview with open questions and online survey. Results: The findings show that tested billiard players achieve levels of physical fitness from average to very good values. But some of them are classified as overweight and obese. Long-time playing billiard does not have any important influence on asymetric composition of muscle mass of upper limbs. During playing billiard an oxygen consumption didn't get over 30% of VO2max and values of heart rate were between 39 to 59% HRmax. During playing billiard an energy expenditure grows from 222 to 330% of BM. Billiard energetic demands of tested players are moving between 14,6 kJ to 29,3 kJ. Another result of thesis is a statement about the role of...