No description available.

Background: The need to find the underlying causes to handball injuries and to develop injury prevention programs is great. In other sports a relationship between maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and injury have been seen. Purpose: To examine the relationship between VO2 max and/or lactate threshold and injuries in elite handball players. Methods: A prospective, non experimental correlational study was conducted. Thirty elite handball players and handball high school players were included. Injuries and test results for VO2-max, lactate threshold and potential confounders ( re-injury of the previous injury, re- injury of previous injury of the lower limb, age, BMI and legs and core strength for the high school players) were registered during the season 2014-2015. A bivariate analysis using Spearman's rank correlation calculation was conducted. Twenty-six respectively 11 of the players had data on VO2-max, respectively lactate threshold. Confounders that showed connection with injuries or injuries in the lower extremity were analyzed for the bivariate correlation with VO2-max and lactate threshold. Results: No significant correlation was found between VO2-max respectively lactate threshold and injury. Significant correlations were seen between previous injury respectively previous injury to the lower extremity and to get a re-injury. A significant correlation were seen between re-injury of a previous injury in the lower limb and VO2-max. Conclusions: Significant associations were seen between re- injury of earlier injury and between re-injury of the lower extremity and VO2-max and should therefore be considered in the clinical practice. Larger studies are needed to clarify the relationship between VO2-max and lactate threshold and injuries. / Bakgrund: Behovet att hitta bakomliggande orsaker till handbollsskador för att kunna utforma skadepreventiva åtgärder är stort. I andra idrotter har ett samband mellan maximal syreupptagningsförmåga (VO2-max) och skador kunnat ses. Syfte: Att undersöka samband mellan VO2-max och/eller laktattröskelvärde och skador hos elithandbollspelare. Metod: En prospektiv icke experimentell sambandsstudie utfördes. Trettio elithandbollsspelare och handbollsgymnasiespelare inkluderades. Skador och testresultat för VO2-max och laktattröskel samt tänkbara konfounders (återskada av tidigare generell skada, återskada av tidigare skada i nedre extremitet, ålder, BMI och ben och bålstyrka för gymnasiespelarna) registrerades under matchsäsongen 2014-2015. En bivariat analys med Spearmans rangkorrelationsberäkning utfördes. Tjugosex respektive 11 av spelarna hade data på VO2-max respektive laktattröskelvärde. Konfounders som visade samband med generella skador eller skador i nedre extremiteten analyserades bivariat för samband med VO2-max och laktattröskelvärde. Resultat: Inga signifikanta samband fanns mellan VO2-max respektive laktattröskelvärde och skador. Signifikanta samband fanns för tidigare generella skador respektive tidigare skada i nedre extremiteten och att återfå densamma samt mellan återskada av tidigare skada i nedre extremiteten och VO2-max. Konklusion: Signifikanta samband fanns för återskada av tidigare skada samt mellan återskada i nedre extremiteten och VO2-max vilket bör beaktas i den kliniska vardagen. Större studier behövs för att klargöra det sambandet mellan VO2-max respektive laktattröskel och skador.

Subject of the study. Aerobic capacity and cardiac structure and function of healthy young males. Background. Data regarding the relationship between the parameters of aerobic capacity (such as maximal oxygen uptake or anaerobic threshold) and cardiac structure as well as function remain sparse and controversial. Aim. To determine how the parameters of aerobic capacity are correlated with those of cardiac structure and function. Objectives: 1. To determine the correlation between anaerobic thresholds and myocardial structure. 2. To determine how strongly the maximal oxygen uptake and cardiac structure are correlated. 3. To determine the correlation of indices of aerobic capacity to the parameters of myocardial function at rest. Hypothesis. Cardiac structure and function of healthy young men is directly linked not only to maximal oxygen uptake but anaerobic thresholds as well. Conclusions. The direct correlation of the parameters of concentric cardiac hypertrophy with aerobic capacity (anaerobic thresholds as well as maximal oxygen uptake) indices was detected. However, we failed to detect a significant correlation between indices of eccentric cardiac hypertrophy or myocardial function and aerobic capacity.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti skirtingos lyties asmenų vegetacinių sistemų funkcijos rodiklių kaitos ypatumus pastovaus intensyvumo krūvio metu po ekscentrinio-koncentrinio prieškrūvio. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ekscentrinio-koncentrinio prieškrūvio poveikį vegetacinių sistemų rodiklių kaitai atliekant vidutinio ir didelio intensyvumo aerobinį darbą. 2. Palyginti ekscentrinio-koncentrinio prieškrūvio poveikį vegetacinių sistemų rodiklių kaitai ir sukelto vėluojančio skausmo raumenyse poveikį atliekant įvairaus intensyvumo aerobinį darbą tarp skirtingos lyties asmenų. Tyrimo metodai ir organizavimas.Tyrimuose sutiko dalyvauti 18-ka tiriamųjų, merginos (n=10), kurių amžius buvo 20,9 (0,5) m. ir vaikinai (n=8), jų amžius – 20,8 (1,9) m. Siekiant nustatyti aerobinį pajėgumą tiriamieji po veloergometru „Ergoline –800“ (Vokietija) atliko nepertraukiamą nuosekliai kas 5 s didinamą krūv�� (NDK). Mynimo dažnumas buvo 70 k./min. Pirmas 3 minutes krūvis buvo 20 W, toliau krūvis buvo didinamas po 2 W iki nuovargio, t.y. tol, kol tiriamasis galėjo išlaikyti pastovų mynimo dažnumą. Pagal deguonies suvartojimo per paskutines krūvio 15 s priklausomybę nuo darbo galingumo buvo nustatomas maksimalus deguonies suvartojimas ( max). Pirmas ir antras ventiliaciniai slenksčiai (VeS1, VeS2) buvo nustatomi pagal Ve, o taip pat Ve/ ir Ve/VCO2 ekvivalentų priklausomybę nuo darbo galingumo. Po nepertraukiamo nuosekliai didinamo krūvio tiriamieji atliko individualizuotą vidutinio intensyvumo aerobinį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this study was to ascertain the sex differences in the influence of prior eccentric-concentric load on the kinetics of cardiorespiratory parameters during constant intensity exercise. The tasks set were as follows: 1. To estimate the influence of prior eccentric-concentric load on the changes of cardiorespiratory parameters during moderate and high intensity exercises. 2. To compare sex differences in the influence of prior eccentric-concentric load on the changes of cardiorespiratory parameters and effect of delayed onset muscle soreness during various intensity exercises. Materials and methods. The subjects were ten healthy female 20,9 (0,5) years and eight healthy male 20,8 (1,9) years volunteered to participate in this study. The first test was used to measure their maximal oxygen uptake during an incremental exercise (3 min was 20 W and then 2 W/ 5s at 70 rev/min) to exhaustion on the cycle ergometer Ergoline-800 (Germany). Depending of in last 15 s on load output was determinate max. Both first and second ventilatory thresholds (VeS1, VeS2) were determinate by pulmonary ventilation (Ve) and depending of Ve/ and Ve/VCO2 equivalents on load output. Thereafter, the moderate intensity exercise (MI) corresponding to 80% of VeS1, and high intensity exercise (HI) corresponding to 50% of VeS2 and VeS1 inequality was determined individualized load for each subject. Cycling rapid was 70 rev./min. During whole tests of each respiratory period were recorded indices as... [to full text]

It is well established that unaccustomed eccentric concentric exercise evokes delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) (MacIntyre et al., 2001; Dannecker et al., 2005, 2008; Fredsted et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012), muscle fibre disarrangement (Hortobagyi et., al., 1998; Stupka et al., 2001; Carlsson et al., 2007), inflammatory cell emission into blood (Stupka et al., 2001; Laaksonen et al., 2006), increase of the activity of blood plasma creatinkinasis (Stupka et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2010; Skurvydas et al., 2010), decrease of muscle force production (Chen et al., 2010; Semmler et al., 2007; Skurvydas et al., 2010) and decrease of aerobic work capacity (Black, Dobson, 2012). The aforementioned functional, sensory, biochemical and structural changes independently from each other are displayed immediately after eccentric exercise and stay for up to 7 days, dependence on the level of damage (Clarkson et al., 1992; Skurvydas et al., 2000; Stupka et al., 2000, 2001; MacIntyre, 2001; Totsuka et al., 2002; Nottle, Nosaka, 2007; Tofas et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012; Paulsen et al., 2012). It is still not clear what acute and residual effect of eccentric exercise on the pulmonary gas exchange is had during different intensity work. It was determined that one hour after eccentric concentric exercise, there increases absolute VO2 during moderate (Zaičenkovienė, Stasiulis, 2010) and heavy intensity loads (Ratkevičius et al., 2006). 48 hours after eccentric exercise, when the... [to full text] / Atlikta daug tyrimų, kuriais nustatyta, kad neįprasti ekscentriniai koncentriniai fiziniai pratimai sukelia vėluojantį raumenų skausmą (MacIntyre et al., 2001; Dannecker et al., 2005, 2008; Fredsted et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012), raumeninių skaidulų pažaidą (Hortobagyi et al., 1998; Stupka et al., 2001; Carlsson et al., 2007), uždegiminių ląstelių išskyrimą į kraują (Stupka et al., 2001; Laaksonen et al., 2006), kraujo plazmos kreatinkinazės aktyvumo padidėjimą (Stupka et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2010; Skurvydas et al., 2010), raumenų jėgos sumažėjimą (Chen et al., 2010; Semmler et al., 2007; Skurvydas et al., 2010) bei aerobinio darbo galingumo sumažėjimą (Black, Dobson, 2012). Minėti funkciniai, sensoriniai, biocheminiai ir struktūriniai pakitimai nepriklausomai vienas nuo kito pasireiškia iš karto po ekscentrinių krūvių ir išlieka iki 7 parų, priklausomai nuo pažaidos dydžio (Clarkson et al., 1992; Skurvydas et al., 2000; Stupka et al., 2000, 2001; MacIntyre, 2001; Totsuka et al., 2002; Nottle, Nosaka, 2007; Tofas et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012; Paulsen et al., 2012). Vis dar nėra aišku, koks yra ūminis ir liekamasis ekscentrinio krūvio poveikis kvėpavimo dujų apykaitos rodiklių kaitai įvairaus intensyvumo darbo metu. Nustatyta, kad, praėjus vienai valandai po ekscentrinio koncentrinio krūvio, padidėjo absoliučios VO2 reikšmės vidutinio (Zaičenkovienė, Stasiulis, 2010) ir didelio intensyvumo krūvių metu (Ratkevičius et al., 2006). Praėjus 48 val. po ekscentrinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Salinity and oxygen availability have long been recognised as important factors influencing animal physiology and therefore species distribution. The maintenance of appropriate cellular ion levels is critical for many essential physiological processes, but at the same time is energetically expensive. Since hypoxia is likely to impose aerobic limitations for ATP generation, the maintenance of salt and water homeostasis could be at risk during hypoxia. The amphidromous inanga (Galaxias maculatus) is well known for its salinity tolerance and its life cycle that involves several salinity related migrations. During these migrations inanga also frequently encounters hypoxic waters, and therefore must maintain energy homeostasis when aerobic metabolism may be compromised. The present study has investigated behavioural, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which inanga tolerate changes in salinity and hypoxia. After 14 days of acclimation to salinities ranging from freshwater to 43‰, inanga showed physiological acclimation. This was evident by no changes in metabolic rates or energy expenditures through this salinity range. Energy balance seemed to be tightly and efficiently controlled by changes in the proportion of protein and lipids used as energy substrate. No mortalities and only minor changes in plasma osmolality also indicated salinity acclimation. The remarkable osmoregulatory capacity of inanga was also evidenced after a seawater challenge. The osmotic balance of inanga was only disrupted during the first 24 hours after the challenge, evidenced by an increase in plasma osmolality and plasma Na+, and a decrease in muscle water content. These physiological changes were correlated with changes at the molecular level. Different isoforms of the catalytic subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) were isolated, partially sequenced and identified in inanga. Phylogenetic analysis grouped inanga isoforms (α-1a, α-1b, α-1c) with their respective homologues from salmonids. Patterns of mRNA expression were also similar to salmonids, with α-1a being downregulated and α-1b being up-regulated following seawater challenge. Previous to this study, NKA isoform switching was reported to occur only in salmonids and cichlids. The presence of NKA subunits that change with environmnetal salinity in inanga indicates that this isoform switching phenomenon is much more widespread among teleost lineages than previously thought. Aiming to elucidate the hypoxia tolerance of inanga, oxygen consumption rate as a function of decreasing external PO2 was evaluated. At no point did inanga regulate oxygen consumption, suggesting that this species is an oxyconformer. This is the first robust demonstration of the existence of oxyconforming in fish. Evaluation of the scaling relationship between oxygen consumption and fish size in normoxia, showed that the exponent of this relationship fell within the range previously reported for fish. However, in hypoxic conditions the scaling relationship was less clear suggesting different size-related mechanisms for tolerating hypoxia. Analysis of the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of small and large fish, showed that smaller inanga were able to sustain aerobic metabolism for longer than larger inanga, which instead relied on anaerobic metabolism for extending their survival. This knowledge is likely to be of value for the conservation of this iconic fish species, by incorporating these size related differences in hypoxia tolerance in streams management. In light of the unusual oxyconforming response of inanga, a study examining the behavioural responses of this species to declining dissolved oxygen was performed. Inanga did not display a behaviour that might reduce energy expenditure during oxygen limitation; instead swimming activity and speed were elevated relative to normoxia. As hypoxia deepened inanga leaped out of the water, emersing themselves on a floating platform. Once emersed, fish exhibited an enhanced oxygen consumption rate compared to fish that remained in hypoxic water. Although this emersion behaviour was hypothesised to be of physiological advantage, both aquatic hypoxia and emersion resulted in similar physiological and biochemical consequences in inanga. While in hypoxic water oxygen availability seemed to be the limiting factor, in air failure of the circulatory system was hypothesised to be the cause of a similar metabolic signature to that found in aquatic hypoxia. Overall, inanga seemed to be not particularly well adapted to tolerate aquatic hypoxia. In light of the increasing likelihood of anthropogenic-induced hypoxia in inanga habitats, this is likely to have negative consequences for the future of inanga populations in the wild. Although this study provides the mechanisms behind the exceptional salinity tolerance of inanga, its susceptibility to hypoxia is likely to impose further constraints for the osmoregulatory processes that guarantee inanga survival during life cycle migrations. The results of the present study are relevant for understanding and managing the fishery of this economically- and culturally important fish species.

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Sammanfattning Introduktion: I dagens arbetsliv och samhälle har individen blivit allt mer stillasittande och minskat mängden motion med risk för sämre kondition trots att detta är en känd riskfaktor för sjukdom och nedsatt arbetsförmåga. Syftet med denna studie var att studera konditionsnivån hos kontorsanställda i förhållande till BMI, kön och ålder. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie har genomförts baserad på data från hälsoundersökning där BMI, kön, ålder och konditionstal undersöktes. 100 personer deltog i studien, varav 33 kvinnor och 67 män i åldern 25-63 år. Resultat: De kontorsanställda hade en god syreupptagningsförmåga på i genomsnitt 37,3 ml/(kg x min) och låg över det rekommenderade konditionstalet 35 ml/(kg x min) för kontorsarbetare. Kvinnorna i gruppen hade bättre konditionstal än männen. Medelålders kvinnor (41-50 år) hade något lägre konditionstal än yngre (25-40 år)och äldre kvinnor (51-63 år). Männen med högt BMI hade ett sämre konditionstal än dem med ett lägre BMI. Konklusion: Trots stillasittande arbete hade de kontorsanställda en god kondition och det ger förutsättningar att prestera ett bra resultat i arbetet. Kvinnorna hade ett bättre konditionstal än männen och högre BMI förknippades med lägre konditionstal. Företagssköterskan och företagshälsovården kan spela en viktig roll för att medverka till förbättrad kondition och lägre vikt bland anställda, vilket skulle gynna hälsan och arbetsförmågan. Nyckelord: BMI, konditionstal, kontorsanställda, syreupptagningsförmåga och ålder. / Summary Introduction: In modern working life and society, individual have become more and more sedentary and physical activity has decreased affecting the fitness level. This has occurred despite the common knowledge that a sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor associated with illness and decreased ability to work. The aim of the study was to study the fitness level of office workers in relation to BMI, sex, and gender. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study has been done which included data from health checks including BMI, gender, age, and capacity of absorption of oxygen, which was expressed as fitness level (1-5). One hundred office workers participated in the study, 33 females and 67 males aged 25-63 years. Result: The office employees had a good capacity of absorption of oxygen, on average 37.3 ml/(kg x min), which was over the recommended fitness level 35 ml/(kg x min) for office employees. The females had a better fitness level than the males. Middle aged (41-50 years) women had somewhat lower fitness level than younger (25-40 years) and older (51-63 years)females. Men with high BMI had a lower fitness level than men with low BMI. Conclusion: The office employees had a good fitness level in spite of sedentary work and this gives conditions of performing well at work. The females had a better fitness level than the males and higher BMI was associated with lower fitness level. The company nurse and the occupational health service may play an important role in contributing to better fitness level and lower weight among office employees, which would promote health and working capacity. Keywords: Age, BMI, fitness level, office employees and oxygen uptake.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka den aeroba fysiska aktivitetsnivån hos gymnasieungdomar på Bygg- och anläggningsprogrammet under skoldagar som innehöll teorilektioner, praktiska lektioner, idrottslektioner och raster. Frågan som ställdes var: Hur ser den fysiska aktivitetsnivån ut under teorilektioner, praktiska lektioner och lektioner i idrott och hälsa samt under raster hos gymnasieelever på Bygg- och anläggningsprogrammet. Metod I studien deltog 9 pojkar i åldern 16 år, längd 174-192cm och vikt 51-91kg. Den test som genomförts är 5 Minuters Pyramid Test (5MPT) och registrering av aerob fysisk belastning gjordes med hjärtfrekvensmätningar. 5MPT är ett skytteltest som är fem minuter långt, där försökspersonen tar sig fram och tillbaka mellan två stolpar och så snabbt som möjligt passerarfram och tillbaka över en vertikal pyramidformad trappramp (sträcka 5,5 meter). Antalet vändor, skattad ansträngning samt hjärtfrekvens (HF) registrerades. Utvecklad power (effekt) erhölls genom produkten av kroppsmassa, gravitation, antal vändor, höjd på högsta plinten (0,53 m) dividerat med total tiden i 5MPT. Utifrån 5MPT kunde beräknad VO2 max samt Power/kg (W/kg) beräknas för försökspersonen. Testet med hjärtfrekvensregistrering gick till så att eleverna under en skolvecka hela skoldagen bar en pulsklocka med förtejpad urtavla och ett elektrodbälte. De tryckte på händelsemarkering vid rast och när lektionen startade igen. Eleverna förde dagbok där de beskrev vad de gjort under dagen.  Resultat För samtliga försökspersoner kan man se en genomgående trend avseende fysisk belastningsnivå uttryckt som hjärtfrekvens vilket syns i följande resultat. Den högsta pulsen uppnåddes under idrottslektionerna med en genomsnittlig hjärtfrekvens på ca 140 slag/min, den näst högsta under de praktiska lektionerna med 94 slag/min. Därnäst följde rasterna med 83 slag/min och lägst utslag visades under teorilektionerna med en genomsnittlig hjärtfrekvens på ca 80 slag/min. Försökspersonerna utnyttjade ca 30 % av sin maximala syreupptagningsförmåga under de praktiska lektionerna. Slutsats Den här studien har visat att det är under undervisningen i idrott och hälsa och delvis på de praktiska lektionerna som en högre aktivitetsnivå mätt i hjärtfrekvens kan noteras hos försökspersonerna. Studien indikerar också att försökspersonerna utsätts för relativt hög fysisk belastning. Ca 30 % av den maximala syreupptagningsförmågan utnyttjas vid en skoldag med praktiska lektioner. / Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the aerobic physical activity level of high school students who study to become building workers during school days which consist of theory classes, practical classes, physical education classes and pauses. The question to be answered was: How was the aerobic physical activity level during theory classes, practical classes, physical education classes and pauses for high school students in a program for building workers. Method In this study participated 9 boys aged 16, length 174-192 cm and weight 51-91 kg. The test that has been carried out was 5 Minutes Pyramid Test (5MPT). In addition heart rate was measured during the school day. The 5MPT is a 5-minute-shuttle test, in which the participant moves back and forth in a short interval (5.5 m) over boxes (highest height 0.53 m) formed like a pyramid. Power in the pyramid test (5MPT POWER) was calculated as the product of numbers of laps, body mass, gravity and highest box level divided by time. From 5 MPT VO2 max and Power/kg (W/kg) were calculated for the participants. The participant’s heart rates were measured during a week the whole school day by means of a heart monitor with the monitor display taped over and an electrode belt. They pushed a button on the clock to mark when they had pauses and when the classes started again. The participants wrote in a diary what they had done during each day. Results The results show that for each of the participants the same trend considering aerobic physical load level expressed in heart rate in the following results. The highest pulse rate was obtained during the physical education lessons 140 beats/min followed by practical lessons 94 beats/min, pauses 83 beats/min and theory lessons 80 beats/min. The participants are using approximately 30 % of their maximal oxygen uptake during a day with practical lessons. Conclusions This study shows that it is during physical education lessons and to some extent during practical lessons in building construction, a higher activity level measured in heart rate can be noticed in the participants. The study indicates that the participants are exposed to a relative high physical workload. Roughly 30 % of maximal oxygen uptake is used during a day of practical lessons.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias, neuromusculares e cinéticas de mulheres realizando exercícios de hidroginástica em diferentes intensidades de esforço. No estudo I, 20 mulheres jovens (24,0 ± 2,5 anos; 163,3 ± 6,7 cm; 60,0 ± 6,7 kg) realizaram quatro sessões de testes progressivos, três correspondentes aos testes aquáticos (corrida estacionária (CE), chute frontal (CF), deslize frontal (DF)) e uma correspondente ao teste em esteira terrestre (EST), com o intuito de determinar e comparar as respostas de frequência cardíaca (FC), consumo de oxigênio ( 2 VO ) e ventilação (Ve ) no primeiro limiar ventilatório (LV1), no segundo limiar ventilatório (LV2) e no máximo esforço (MAX). No estudo II, 15 participantes da amostra realizaram duas sessões, uma no meio aquático (MA) e outra no meio terrestre (MT). O protocolo de testes consistiu na execução dos três exercícios de hidroginástica nas três intensidades pré-determinadas (LV1, LV2 e MAX) com o intuito de determinar o valor de pico da força de reação do solo vertical (Fzpico) e o impulso (IMP). No estudo III, 12 participantes da amostra realizaram uma sessão correspondente ao protocolo experimental, que consistia na execução dos três exercícios de hidroginástica nas três intensidades de esforço previamente avaliadas, com o intuito de determinar as respostas de 2 VO , atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) dos músculos reto femoral (RF), semitendinoso (ST), vasto lateral (VL), porção curta do bíceps femoral (BF), tibial anterior (TA) e gastrocnêmio lateral (GL) e a Fzpico. ANOVA para medidas repetidas de um, dois e três fatores foram utilizadas (α = 0,05). Ao comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias entre protocolos de testes progressivos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os exercícios aquáticos para nenhuma das intensidades. No entanto, o protocolo em EST apresentou valores significativamente maiores de FC em todas as intensidades, de 2 VO nas intensidades LV2 e MAX, e de Ve na intensidade LV2. Ao analisar a força de reação do solo, respostas significativamente maiores para Fzpico e IMP foram verificadas para MT comparado a MA. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre todas as intensidades para Fzpico e IMP no MT, e IMP no MA. Todavia, diferenças significativas foram observadas somente entre LV1 e as demais intensidades para Fzpico no MA. Além disso, no MA, valores de Fzpico significativamente menores foram observados entre o exercício DF e os demais exercícios. Para o sinal EMG, valores significativamente maiores foram observados para CF e menores para CE na atividade de todos os músculos, exceto TA que apresentou maiores respostas para DF comparado aos demais. Além disso, diferenças significativas entre as intensidades foram observadas para todos os grupos musculares. A partir dos resultados, conclui-se que, em um programa de treinamento de hidroginástica, existe a necessidade de realizar-se testes máximos específicos nos exercícios aquáticos, uma vez que as respostas de FC, 2 VO e Ve apresentaram diferenças entre os exercícios de hidroginástica analisados e EST. Outro fator a ser levado em consideração é a escolha da intensidade e dos exercícios a serem prescritos. Se o objetivo for amenizar a ação da Fzpico, exercícios com as características do DF devem ser priorizados, sendo importante salientar que o mesmo apresenta uma intensa atividade neuromuscular para todos os músculos analisados, exceto GL. Além disso, intensidades correspondentes ao LV1 devem ser utilizadas a fim de minimizar a Fzpico, todavia, nessa intensidade a atividade neuromuscular foi significativamente menor para todos os exercícios e músculos analisados. Por outro lado, se o objetivo é trabalhar com altas intensidades, não existe diferença entre a Fzpico correspondente ao esforço máximo e LV2, logo a intensidade máxima pode ser utilizada com a mesma segurança que LV2, apresentando um menor IMP e uma maior ativação EMG para todos os grupos musculares analisados. No entanto, se o objetivo for minimizar a ativação muscular, sugere-se o uso do exercício CE, uma vez que ele pode ser utilizado nas aulas de hidroginástica com a mesma intensidade cardiorrespiratória que os demais exercícios avaliados, induzindo a uma menor fadiga periférica. / The aim of the present study was to analyze the cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinetic responses of women performing water aerobic exercises at different effort intensities. In study I, 20 young women (24.0 ± 2.5 years; 163.3 ± 6.7 cm; 60.0 ± 6.7 kg) performed four progressive test sessions, three corresponding to aquatic tests (stationary running (SR), frontal kick (FK), cross country skiing (CCS)) and one to treadmill (TRE), with the purpose of determining and comparing the heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake ( 2 VO ) and ventilation (Ve ) responses at the first ventilatory threshold (VT1), second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and maximal effort (MAX). In study II, a sample of 15 participants performed two sessions, one in water immersion (WI) and the other on dry land (DL). The test protocol consisted of three water aerobic exercises performed at three pre-determined intensities (VT1, VT2 and MAX) with the purpose of determining the peak vertical ground reaction forces (Fzpeak) and impulse (IMP). In study III, a sample of 12 participants performed one session corresponding to the experimental protocol, which consisted of three water aerobic exercises performed at the three previously evaluated effort intensities, with the purpose of determining the VO2 , electromyographic activity (EMG) of rectus femoris (RF), semitendinosus (ST), vastus lateralis (VL), short head of biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and the Fzpeak. One-way, two-way and three-way repeated measures ANOVA were used (α = 0.05). Regarding cardiorespiratory responses to the progressive test protocols, there were no significant differences between aquatic exercises at any intensity. However, the TRE protocol showed significantly higher HR at all intensities, VO2 at intensities corresponding to VT2 and MAX, and Ve at VT2. Analyzing the ground reaction forces, significantly higher values of Fzpeak and IMP were observed for DL compared to WI. It was observed significant difference between all intensities for Fzpeak and IMP on DL, and for IMP in WI. Nevertheless, a difference was observed between VT1 and higher intensities for Fzpeak in WI. In addition, in WI significantly lower Fzpeak values were observed for CCS compared to the other exercises. Regarding the EMG signal, significantly higher muscle activity was found for the FK, and lower for the SR, except in the TA muscle, which presented higher responses for the CCS compared to the other exercises. Moreover, there were significant differences between intensities for all muscle groups. According to the results, it might be concluded that, during water aerobics training is important to perform specific maximal tests in the aquatic exercises, since the HR, VO2 and Ve responses presented differences between water aerobic exercises and TRE. Another important issue that must be considered is the exercise and intensity to be prescribed. Exercises with similar characteristics to the CCS must be priorized if the aim is to attenuate the Fzpeak action, as it is important to highlight that this exercise presents intense neuromuscular activity in all the analyzed muscles, with the exception of GL. In order to minimize the Fzpeak, intensities corresponding to VT1 must be performed. However, the neuromuscular activity was significantly lower for all exercises and muscles analyzed at VT1. On the other hand, there is no difference in the Fzpeak between MAX and VT2; thus the maximal intensity is as safe to use as the VT2, with lower IMP and higher EMG activation in all the analyzed muscle groups. Notwithstanding, if the aim is to minimize the muscular activation, SR is recommended since it can be used during water aerobics with a similar cardiorespiratory intensity to the other evaluated exercises, while inducing lower peripherical fatigue.