La sarcopénie est considérée comme un syndrome gériatrique se caractérisant par une diminution de la masse musculaire qui en s'aggravant sera à l'origine d'une détérioration de la force musculaire et des performances physiques. La sarcopénie est évidemment imputable au processus de vieillissement, mais son développement peut être accéléré sous l'effet de facteurs pathologiques et comportementaux. Depuis un siècle à peine, le comportement de l'homme moderne, en matière d'activité physique, a radicalement changé avec un mode de vie de plus en plus inactif. Cette inactivité chronique est apparue trop soudainement pour permettre à notre génotype de s'adapter, et contribue ainsi à accélérer ledéveloppement de la sarcopénie. Néanmoins, des interrogations subsistent concernant les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires par lesquels l'inactivité physique favoriserait ce syndrome gériatrique. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse était donc de déterminer certains de ces mécanismes en se centrant tout particulièrement sur le rôle des espèces dérivées del'oxygène (ERDO). En s'appuyant sur différents modèles expérimentaux d'activité (entraînement en endurance) et d'inactivité (suspension par la queue) chez le rongeur, nos travaux ont mis en évidence le rôle essentiel de la surproduction chronique d'ERDO (qu'elle soit liée à l'âge et/ou l'inactivité) dans l'activation de certains facteurs de transcription et kinases redox-sensibles impliqués dans la sarcopénie (i.e. NF-κB, p38 MAPK). Nos travaux démontrent également que l'avance en âge (et probablement l'inactivité chronique) induit une perte de réactivité de PGC-1α, un facteur de transcription redoxsensible régulant un certain nombre de mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans la sarcopénie. Cette perte deréactivité pourrait s'expliquer par la surproduction chronique d'ERDO dans le muscle âgé

Le but de ce travail consistait à étudier les effets d'une activité physique modérée aiguë ou chronique sur le fonctionnement mitochondrial musculaire et hépatique. Nous avons étudié en parallèle la respiration mitochondriale et la production de ROS estimée par la mesure de l'H2O2 en présence de la sonde Amplex Red. Nous avons montré que l'exercice était à l'origine d'une augmentation de la production radicalaire et cela de façon persistante après 2h de récupération dans le muscle mais qui était décalée dans le foie. Cette production apparaît comme tolérée par la mitochondrie dont le statut antioxydant n'est pas affecté. Des mesures en présence de substrats et inhibiteurs spécifiques de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale, permettant d'isoler fonctionnellement les complexes de l'oxydation phosphorylante, nous ont permis de révéler des adaptations spécifiques des tissus. La deuxième partie du travail concernait l'étude de l'activité physique chronique modérée qui induit une augmentation de densité mitochondriale à la fois dans le muscle et le foie, associée à des adaptations fonctionnelles. La mitochondrie musculaire semble en effet plus efficace pour extraire des équivalents réduits en provenance des acides gras à travers un processus de slipping métabolique. La mitochondrie hépatique présente une amélioration de rendement d'oxydation en état phosphorylant à partir de substrats du complexe I. Les résultats suggèrent un fonctionnement diminué des mitochondries en réponse à l'exercice compensé par une augmentation du contenu en unités fonctionnelles. Les sites de production de ROS à l'exercice apparaissent tissu spécifique. En effet on observe que l'exercice modifie la production d'H2O2 à partir du complexe III dans le muscle et du I dans le foie. L'utilisation d'oligonucléotides antisens de PGC-1α, destinée à réprimer l'expression protéique de PGC-1α, n'a pas d'influence sur l'augmentation de densité mitochondriale induite par l'entraînement au niveau musculaire mais l'inhibe complètement dans le foie. Des adaptations fonctionnelles liées à l'absence de cette protéine régulatrice, passant par une perturbation de la respiration et de la production de ROS semblent confirmer un rôle majeur de PGC-1α dans les adaptations mitochondriales tissus spécifiques à l'exercice. Ces résultats suggèrent que les ROS pourraient contribuer par rétrocontrôle sur PGC-1α aux adaptations énergétiques induites par l'activité physique.

The normal adult heart prefers fatty acids as an energy substrate. In the case of heart failure, the heart switches its preference from fatty acids to glucose, adopting a pattern similar to fetal metabolism. PGC-1α is heavily involved in the shift towards glucose oxidation. p65, which belongs to the NF-κB transcription factor family is another crucial molecule involved in maintaining cardiac homeostasis. There is a substantial amount of evidence suggesting that PGC-1α and NF-κB directly interact, thereby connecting metabolic and inflammatory processes. Dysregulation of either PGC-1α or NF-κB signalling correlates to many diseases including heart disease. In this study, we provide further evidence that the NF-κB family has the ability to repress PGC-1α. We also show that the PGC-1α promoter contains a p65 binding site through which p65 imparts control on the PGC-1α gene. Metabolic homeostasis and inflammation pathways are closely linked and play crucial roles in heart dysfunction.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an x-linked neuromuscular disease that is caused by an absence of dystrophin protein, rendering skeletal muscle more susceptible to contraction-induced damage. One therapeutic strategy focuses on increasing the expression of endogenous utrophin A, a dystrophin homologue. Interestingly, slow muscle is more resistant to the dystrophic pathology and has increased utrophin A expression (Webster 1998; Gramolini 2001b). These observations led researchers to explore the therapeutic potential of stimulating the slow, oxidative myogenic program (SOMP) in the mdx context. Beneficial adaptations were seen with pharmacological activation of PPARδ and AMPK. We treated mdx mice with resveratrol (~100mg/kg/day), a putative SIRT1 activator, for 6-7 weeks and evaluated the activity of phenotypic modifiers that are known to influence the SOMP. SIRT1 activity and protein levels increased significantly, as well as downstream PGC-1α activity. There was evidence of a fibre type conversion as the treated mice had a higher proportion of the slow myosin heavy chain isoforms in both the EDL and Soleus skeletal muscles. Utrophin A protein levels showed modest, but consistent increases with resveratrol treatment. Finally, histological analysis revealed improvements in central nucleation and fibre size variability. These findings were promising, but raised the question of whether modifying the treatment regimen may result in greater therapeutic benefits. Surprisingly, we discovered that an elevated dose of 500mg/kg/day was ineffective in its promotion of the SOMP. SIRT1 was not activated and there was no change in utrophin A levels with resveratrol treatment. Taken together, this study demonstrates that resveratrol has the ability to promote the SOMP through SIRT1 and PGC-1α activation. It also highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate dose of resveratrol to maximize its effectiveness.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6406.pdf: 2384873 bytes, checksum: 540107ae0b5b377c4dd745fed9717832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-12 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Menopause is associated with higher risks of metabolic changes that may compromise women s life quality. Glicemia is regulated by the liver which is responsible for glucose storage at postprandial and for glucose efflux in a fastened state. The absence or the reduction of stradiol levels cause glucose intolerance and deregulated insulin output in bloodstream, setting of the insulin resistance process (RI). Hepatic glucose regulation is directly related to the accurate control of gene expression which encodes different isoforms of oxidation proteins and glucose input proteins. Studies suggest that Resistance Training (TR) prevents RI on ovariectomized (Ovx) rats liver. However there are few molecular events that support TR. Objective: To investigate the Ovx and TR effects over protein and gene expression of biomarkers associated with insulin signalization and glucose oxidation in rats liver. Methods: Adults Sprague-Dawley were divided into 4 groups (n=6 each group): Sedentary Sham-surgical (Sham-Sed); Sedentary-Ovx (Ovx-Sed); (Sham-Tr) and (Ovx-Tr). Tr protocol included 1.1 m vertical climbing with tied weight to the rats tail. Each session consisted of 4 to 9 climbing and 2 minutes of resting between the exercises. Training was performed 3 times a week during 10 weeks. Gene expression was analysed using real time quantitative PCR and protein assays by Western Blotting technic. Results: GLUT2 gene and protein expression and PGC-1α gene expression increased significantly; and p-Akt Ser473 protein expression decreased in Ovx group. TR promoted a greater increase of PGC-1α gene expression and further repair of GLUT2 gene and protein expression and p-Akt Ser473 protein expression. Conclusions: The results show the ovariectomy promotes overexpression of molecular markers that induced RI. These findings suggest that TR may play an important role on the RI prevention in Ovx animals through gene and protein expression repairment of the glycolytic metabolism signalling molecules. / A menopausa está associada ao risco aumentado de diversas alterações metabólicas que podem comprometer a qualidade de vida. A glicemia é regulada pelo fígado o qual é responsável pelo armazenamento de glicose no período pós-prandial e pelo efluxo da glicose no jejum. A ausência ou redução dos níveis de estradiol provocam liberação desregulada de insulina na circulação sanguínea e intolerância à glicose, desencadeando o processo de resistência à insulina (RI). A regulação dos níveis de glicose hepática está diretamente relacionada ao controle preciso da expressão dos genes que codificam as diferentes isoformas de proteínas de oxidação e captação de glicose. O treinamento resistido (TR) pode prevenir a RI no fígado de ratas ovariectomizadas (Ovx). No entanto ainda há poucos eventos moleculares que fundamentam o TR no modelo experimental de menopausa. Objetivo: investigar os efeitos da Ovx e do TR sobre a expressão gênica e proteica de biomarcadores relacionados à sinalização da insulina e oxidação da glicose no fígado de ratas. Métodos: Ratas Sprague Dawley adultas foram divididas em 4 grupos (n = 6 por grupo): sham operado sedentário (Sham-Sed), Ovx sedentário (Ovx-Sed), Sham-Tr e Ovx-Tr. O protocolo TR exigiu dos animais a escalada vertical de 1,1 m com pesos atados as suas caudas. Cada sessão consistiu de 4-9 escaladas, com intervalo de 2 minutos entre as escaladas, realizados 3 vezes por semana durante 10 semanas. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada por PCR-RT pelo método ΔΔCt e as análises proteicas pela técnica de Western Blotting. Resultados: Aumentou significativamente expressão gênica e proteica de GLUT2 e gênica de PGC-1α, também a diminuição da quantificação proteica de Akt-p(Ser473) no grupo ovariectomizados sedentário. A diminuição da expressão gênica e proteica de GLUT2, o aumento da expressão gênica de PGC-1α e proteica de Akt-p Ser473 nos grupos treinados em relação ao grupo controle e ovariectomizados. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que a ovariectomia promove a superexpressão de sinalizadores moleculares que induz a RI e o TR foi capaz de promover a restauração desta sinalização. Estes achados sugerem que o TR exerce efeitos notórios na modulação dos sinalizadores que podem induzir a RI em animais Ovx, por meio da restauração da expressão gênica e proteica das moléculas que sinalizam o metabolismo glicolítico.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an x-linked neuromuscular disease that is caused by an absence of dystrophin protein, rendering skeletal muscle more susceptible to contraction-induced damage. One therapeutic strategy focuses on increasing the expression of endogenous utrophin A, a dystrophin homologue. Interestingly, slow muscle is more resistant to the dystrophic pathology and has increased utrophin A expression (Webster 1998; Gramolini 2001b). These observations led researchers to explore the therapeutic potential of stimulating the slow, oxidative myogenic program (SOMP) in the mdx context. Beneficial adaptations were seen with pharmacological activation of PPARδ and AMPK. We treated mdx mice with resveratrol (~100mg/kg/day), a putative SIRT1 activator, for 6-7 weeks and evaluated the activity of phenotypic modifiers that are known to influence the SOMP. SIRT1 activity and protein levels increased significantly, as well as downstream PGC-1α activity. There was evidence of a fibre type conversion as the treated mice had a higher proportion of the slow myosin heavy chain isoforms in both the EDL and Soleus skeletal muscles. Utrophin A protein levels showed modest, but consistent increases with resveratrol treatment. Finally, histological analysis revealed improvements in central nucleation and fibre size variability. These findings were promising, but raised the question of whether modifying the treatment regimen may result in greater therapeutic benefits. Surprisingly, we discovered that an elevated dose of 500mg/kg/day was ineffective in its promotion of the SOMP. SIRT1 was not activated and there was no change in utrophin A levels with resveratrol treatment. Taken together, this study demonstrates that resveratrol has the ability to promote the SOMP through SIRT1 and PGC-1α activation. It also highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate dose of resveratrol to maximize its effectiveness.

Le mélanome est le cancer de la peau le plus mortel. Il est caractérisé par une grande hétérogénéité et une reprogrammation métabolique importante qui lui confère l’habileté de promouvoir des programmes immunosuppressifs et de développer une résistance aux traitements. Cette capacité permet au mélanome d’agir sur le microenvironnement tumoral et d’échapper à l’immunosurveillance du système immunitaire. La famille des peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1s) est un joueur clé du métabolisme cellulaire en régulant la biogenèse mitochondriale, la phosphorylation oxydative et la détoxification du stress oxydatif. Des études ont montré que l’expression de PGC-1α module la fonction mitochondriale. Les fonctions de PGC-1β et PRC, les 2 autres membres de cette famille, dans le mélanome restent largement inexplorées. Ce mémoire montre pour la première fois que l’expression des PGC-1s est non seulement associée à l’expression de plusieurs molécules pro-inflammatoires (IL-8, TNF, IL-1), mais aussi à l’expression de molécules immunosuppressives (CD73, PD-L2, Galectin-9) pouvant contrôler la réponse immunitaire. Par l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs ciblant des voies de signalisation de l’immunité innée, nous avons montré que la régulation de ces molécules s’effectue via MEK et IKK dans les cellules déplétées en PGC-1β. La déplétion en PGC-1 altère la fonction mitochondriale, induisant l’expression de p21 et l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire d’une manière soutenue et via un mécanisme indépendant des dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène (ROS). Nos travaux montrent que les PGC-1s possèdent d’importantes fonctions immunitaires dans le mélanome qui peuvent potentiellement dicter la croissance tumorale, l’évasion cellulaire et la réponse aux thérapies anticancéreuses. / Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. It is defined by great heterogeneity and extensive metabolic reprogramming which gives it the ability to promote immunosuppressive programs and develop therapy resistance. This ability allows melanoma to define the tumor microenvironment and escape the immunosurveillance of the immune system. The peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1s) family is a key player in cell metabolism by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress detoxification. Studies have shown that the expression of PGC-1α is linked to increased mitochondrial function and the metastatic potential of melanoma. The functions of PGC-1β and PRC, the other 2 members of this family, in melanoma remain largely unexplored. This thesis shows for the first time that the expression of PGC-1s is not only associated with the expression of several pro-inflammatory molecules (IL-8, TNF, IL-1) but also with the expression of immunosuppressive molecules (CD73, PD-L2, Galectin-9) which can control the immune response. Using inhibitors targeting innate immunity signaling pathways, we have shown that the regulation of these molecules occurs via MEK and IKK in PGC-1β depleted melanoma cells. Depletion of PGC-1 impairs mitochondrial function and leads to p21 induction and cell cycle arrest in a sustained manner by a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-independent mechanism. Our work shows that PGC-1s have important immune functions in melanoma that can potentially dictate tumor growth, cell evasion and response to cancer therapies.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第20641号 / 生博第383号 / 新制||生||50(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 見学 美根子, 教授 西田 栄介, 教授 井垣 達吏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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O sulforafano (SFN) é um composto natural que possui propriedades antioxidantes, estimulando, principalmente, o sistema antioxidante endógeno celular. Este composto está associado a uma via clássica de ativação, a via do fator eritroide nuclear tipo 2 (Nrf2). Entretanto, estudos mais recentes têm demonstrado que a ação do SFN também pode se dar pela via do coativador 1-alfa do receptor ativado por proliferador do peroxissoma (PGC-1α). A diferença da via de ativação pelo SFN parece ter relação com o tempo de exposição das células a este composto. Visto que o SFN é uma importante estratégia terapêutica no combate ao estresse oxidativo, que está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de diversas doenças cardiovasculares, a investigação do seu mecanismo de ação é necessária. A análise in vitro é uma ferramenta importante para a investigação das vias e tempos de incubação envolvidos na ação antioxidante do SFN. Sendo assim, a cultura primária de cardiomiócitos de ratos adultos é um dos modelos que pode ser utilizado, sendo a sua principal vantagem, o fato da fisiologia destas células se aproximar mais das condições fisiológicas in vivo. O objetivo deste estudo, então, foi analisar a estimulação de defesas antioxidantes feita pelo SFN, através das vias do Nrf2 e do PGC-1α, em tempos diferentes, utilizando a técnica de cultura de cardiomiócitos adultos. Ratos Wistar machos foram eutanasiados, para que seus corações fossem retirados e submetidos ao processo de isolamento de células cardíacas, em aparelho de Langendorff modificado. As células foram isoladas através da perfusão do coração com solução de Krebs e colagenase tipo II, por um período de 30 minutos. Após isso, as células isoladas foram plaqueadas e mantidas em incubadora a 37°C e 5% de CO2. Foi realizado o tratamento com 5 μM de SFN e/ou 5 μM de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). As células foram divididas nos seguintes grupos experimentais: Controle, SFN, H2O2 e SFN+H2O2. Os grupos foram subdivididos em dois tempos de incubação: 1 e 24 horas. Foram realizadas as análises dos níveis totais de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e de lipoperoxidação (LPO); atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa s-transferase (GST); expressão proteica das isoformas citosólica (SOD-1) e mitocondrial (SOD-2) da SOD, e dos fatores Nrf2 e PGC-1α. Os resultados do trabalho mostram que, em relação ao tempo de 1 hora, o SFN incubado por 24 horas aumentou em 59% a atividade da SOD, 55% a expressão proteica da SOD-1, 24% a expressão proteica da SOD-2 e 69% a expressão proteica do PGC-1α. A expressão do Nrf2 foi 17% maior no tempo de 1 hora, em relação a 24 horas. Em relação à atividade da catalase e aos níveis de ROS e de LPO, houve diferença somente nos grupos incubados por 1 hora, nos quais a atividade da CAT foi menor no grupo H2O2, os níveis de ROS estavam diminuídos no grupo SFN, e os níveis de LPO estavam maiores no grupo H2O2. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação à atividade da GST. Como conclusão, o SFN demonstrou um papel protetor nos grupos 1 hora, impedindo a geração de ROS e de dano a lipídeos, apesar de não apresentar um efeito expressivo sobre as enzimas antioxidantes. O efeito dos tempos de incubação na expressão do Nrf2 (aumentada em 1 hora) e do PGC-1α (aumentada em 24 horas) mostrou que realmente há uma relação temporal entre a sinalização destas duas vias, ativadas pelo SFN. Este resultado é instigante para que futuras análises dessa relação temporal das vias do SFN sejam realizadas. / Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural compound that has antioxidant properties, mainly stimulating the endogenous cellular antioxidant system. This compound is associated with a classical pathway of activation, the nuclear erythroid factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. However, more recent studies have shown that the action of SFN can also occur through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). The difference in the pathway of activation by SFN seems to be related to the time of exposure of the cells to this compound. Since SFN is an important therapeutic strategy in the fight against oxidative stress, which is related to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, the investigation of its mechanism of action is necessary. In vitro analysis is an important tool for investigating the pathways and incubation times involved in the antioxidant action of SFN. Thus, a primary culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes is one of the models that can be used, the main advantage being that the physiology of these cells are closer to the physiological conditions in vivo. The objective of this study was to use adult cardiomyocyte culture technique to analyze the stimulation of antioxidant defenses by SFN through Nrf2 and PGC-1α pathways at different times. Male Wistar rats were euthanized, so that their hearts were removed and submitted to the process of isolation of cardiac cells, in modified Langendorff apparatus. Cells were isolated by perfusion of the heart with Krebs solution and type II collagenase for a period of 30 minutes. After that, the isolated cells were plated and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2. Treatment was performed with 5μM SFN and/or 5μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cells were divided into the following experimental groups: Control, SFN, H2O2 and SFN+H2O2. The groups were subdivided into two incubation times: 1 and 24 hours. Analyzes of total oxygen reactive species (ROS) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) levels were performed; activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione s-transferase (GST); protein expression of citosolic (SOD-1) and mitochondrial (SOD-2) isoforms of SOD, as well as Nrf2 and PGC-1α factors. The results of this work show that, compared to 1 hour time, SFN incubated for 24 hours increased SOD activity by 59%, SOD-1 protein expression by 55%, SOD-2 protein expression by 24%, and 69% PGC-1α protein expression. Expression of Nrf2 was 17% higher at 1 hour, over 24 hours of incubation. Regarding catalase activity and ROS and LPO levels, there were differences only in the groups incubated for 1 hour, in which the CAT activity was lower in H2O2 group, the ROS levels were decreased in SFN group, and levels of LPO were higher in H2O2 group. No differences were found in relation to GST activity. In summary, SFN demonstrated a protective role in 1 hour groups, preventing generation of ROS and lipid damage, although it does not present an expressive effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The effect of incubation times on expression of Nrf2 (increased by 1 hour) and PGC-1α (increased by 24 hours) showed that there is actually a temporal relationship between the signaling of these two pathways, activated by SFN. This result is instigating for future analyzes of this temporal relationship of SFN pathways to be performed.