Bakgrund Parprogrammering och mobbprogrammering är samarbetsinriktade programutvecklingstekniker där utvecklare arbetar tillsammans för att lösa problem. Fördelarna inkluderar förbättrad kodförståelse, minskad defektfrekvens och kunskapsöverföring. Mobbprogrammering involverar en hel grupp av programmerare som samarbetar med samma kod. Båda metoderna leder till ökad produktivitet och kunskapsbreddning bland utvecklarna. Dessa metoder undersöktes i samarbete med Trafikverket för att förbättra förståelsen av deras effektivitet inom olika utvecklingskontexter. Syfte Vilka styrkor och svagheter upplever utvecklare med par-, mobb- och soloprogrammering inom nyutveckling och förvaltning? Metod Datainsamlingen bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer och en enkät. Urvalet för intervjuerna gjordes av vår handledare på Trafikverket, som valde personer med erfarenhet av parprogrammering. (Enkäten skickades ut till 205 utvecklare och vi fick 23 svar, vilket motsvarar ensvarsfrekvens på 11,2%.) Analys Resultatet visar att utvecklare hade störst preferens för att programmera ensam i nyutveckling (43%) samt i förvaltning (35%).Undersökningen visade även att (82%) ser kompetensspridning som en anledning att använda sig av par- eller mobbprogrammering. Slutsatser Styrkorna med soloprogrammering är att det oftast går snabbare att utveckla, utvecklaren kan jobba mer självständigt och efter sina egna preferenser. Styrkorna med par- och mobbprogrammering är att kodkvaliteten ökar och förmågan att sprida kunskap. Oftast går det snabbare att lösa problem i par och mobb. Svagheterna med par- och mobbprogrammering är att det krävs fler resurser och det kan ta längre tid att göra framsteg. Följder Resultatet av denna undersökning kan vara till nytta för organisationer som använder eller överväger att använda par- eller mobbprogrammering som metod för utveckling, och bidra till att optimera deras utvecklingsprocesser. / Background Pair programming and mob programming are collaborative software development techniques where developers work together to solve development problems. The benefits include improved code understanding, reduced defectrates, and knowledge transfer. Mobprogramming involves an entire team of programmers collaborating on the same code. Both techniques lead to increased productivity and knowledge sharing among developers. These techniques were investigated in collaboration with Trafikverket to improveunderstanding of their effectiveness in different development contexts. Aim To find out what strengths and weaknesses developers experience with pair programming, mob programming and solo programming in the contexts of new development projects and maintenance. Method The data collection involved semi-structured interviews and a survey. The selection for the interviews was done by our supervisor at Trafikverket, who chose individuals with experience in pair programming. The survey was distributed to 205 developers, and we received 23 responses, resulting in a responserate of 11.2%. Analysis The result shows that developers had the greatest preference for programming alone in new development (43%) and in maintenance(35%). The survey also showed that (82%) see the spread of skills as a reason to use pair or mob programming. Conclusions The strengths of solo programming include faster development, the ability for developers to work independently and according to their own preferences. The strengths of pair and mob programming include improved code quality and knowledge sharing. Problem-solving is often faster in pair and mob programming. The weaknesses of pair and mob programming include the need for more resources and potentially longer time to make progress. Implications The results of this study can be beneficial for organizations that currently use or are considering adopting pair programming or mob programming as a development method. It can contribute to optimizing their development processes and improving their overall outcomes.

The launch of Sentinel-1A/B satellites in 2014 and 2016 marked a pivotal moment in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology, ushering in a golden era for SAR. With a revisit time of 6–12 days, these satellites facilitated the acquisition of extensive stacks of high-resolution SAR images, enabling advanced time series analysis. However, processing these stacks posed challenges like interferometric phase degradation and tropospheric phase delay. This study introduces an advanced Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm that optimizes interferometric pairs, addressing systematic errors through dyadic downsampling and Delaunay Triangulation. A novel statistical framework is developed for elite pixel selection, considering distributed and permanent scatterers, and a tropospheric error correction method using smooth 2D splines effectively identifies and removes error components with fractal-like structures. Beyond geodetic technique advancements, the research explores geological phenomena, detecting five significant slow slip events (SSEs) along the Southern San Andreas Fault using multitemporal SAR interferometric time series from 2015-2021. These SSEs govern aseismic slip dynamics, manifesting as avalanche-like creep rate variations. The study further investigates Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as a nature-engineering-based solution in the Santa Ana Basin. Analyzing surface deformation from 2004 to 2022 demonstrates MAR's effectiveness in curbing land subsidence within Orange County, CA. Additionally, MAR has the potential to stabilize nearby faults by inducing a negative Coulomb stress change. Projecting into the future, a suggested 2% annual increase in recharge volume through 2050 could mitigate land subsidence and reduce seismic hazards in coastal cities vulnerable to relative sea level rise. This integrated approach offers a comprehensive understanding of geological processes and proposes solutions to associated risks. / Doctor of Philosophy / The launch of Sentinel-1A/B satellites in 2014 and 2016 marked a big step forward in radar technology, especially Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). These satellites, which revisit the same area every 6-12 days, allowed us to collect many high-quality radar images. This helped us study changes over time in a more advanced way. However, there were challenges in handling all these images, like errors in the radar signals and delays caused by the Earth's atmosphere. We devised a smart algorithm based on the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) to tackle these challenges. It helps optimize how we use pairs of radar images, reducing errors. We also developed a new method to pick the best pixels in the images and corrected errors caused by the atmosphere using mathematical methods. Moving beyond just technology, our research also looked at interesting Earth events. We found five major slow slip events along the Southern San Andreas Fault by studying radar data from 2015 to 2021. These events are like slow-motion slips along the fault, influencing how the ground moves. We also explored Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as a solution in the Santa Ana Basin. By studying ground movement from 2004 to 2022, we found that MAR helped prevent the land from sinking in Orange County, California. It even has the potential to make nearby faults more stable. Looking ahead, increasing MAR activities by 2% each year until 2050 could protect against land sinking and reduce earthquake risks in coastal cities facing rising sea levels. This combined approach gives us a better understanding of Earth's processes and suggests ways to tackle related problems.

Quantum communication protocols require maximally entangled state of pair of qubits (spin-1/2 states in this context) to be shared between sender and the receiver. The entangled qubits lose entanglement because of random magnetic field disturbances. The dynamics in the form of joint density matrix of random pure entangled state provide the steady (joint) state and the associated timescales (time taken by the pair to reach the steady state) providing a scope in future to quantify the effective utilization of quantum communication protocols. / The dynamics of an identical pair of entangled spin-1/2 particles, both subjected to the identical, independent, correlated random magnetic fields is studied. The dynamics of the pure joint state of the pair is derived using stochastic calculus. In case of identical fields, an ensemble of such pure states are combined using the modified spin joint density matrix and the joint relaxation time is obtained for the pair of spin-1/2 particles. These dynamics can be interpreted as special kind of correlations involving the spatial components of the Bloch polarization vectors of the constituent entangled spin-1/2 particles. In case of independent random magnetic fields, the dynamics are obtained by considering a pure joint state of entangled spin-1/2 particles. The disentanglement time defined as the time taken for the particles to become disentangled, is obtained. In case of correlated random magnetic fields, the dynamics of a maximally entangled pair of spin-1/2 particles are derived in terms of the joint density matrix of the entangled pair from which the steady state density matrix and the associated timescale for it to be reached are obtained. The asymptotic density matrix in this case represents a state of (partial) disentanglement. In other words, there is a persistent entanglement in case of correlated field disturbances. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Maximally entangled pair of quantum bits (in the form of spin-1/2 states) lose entanglement either partially or completely depending upon the nature of random magnetic field disturbances around them (correlated/independent/identical fields). The dynamics of entangled states (in the form of density matrix of a random pure state) in the presence of random magnetic fields are obtained using the ideas of stochastic calculus to understand the steady state of the pair and the associated timescales to be reached.

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付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「先端光・電子デバイス創成学」 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23904号 / 工博第4991号 / 新制||工||1779(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 竹内 繁樹, 教授 川上 養一, 准教授 浅野 卓 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

In the 50+ years since the discovery of magnetic compass orientation by migratory songbirds, evidence for the use of magnetic cues has been obtained for a range of taxonomic groups, including several classes of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Surprisingly, however, the biophysical mechanisms and biological substrate that underlie magnetic sensing are still not fully understood. Moreover, while use of magnetic cues for compass orientation is intuitive, the functional significance of other forms of behavioral responses mediated by magnetic cues, such as spontaneous magnetic alignment, is less clear. The following research was carried out to investigate the mechanisms underlying magnetic orientation in vertebrates and invertebrates. This involved the modification of existing experimental systems to characterize responses to magnetic cues in laboratory animals (flies, mice) and the development of novel techniques for studying the role of magnetic cues in the spatial behavior of free-living animals (red foxes). Chapter II examines magnetic orientation in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We show that three strains of larvae reared under non-directional ultraviolet (UV) light exhibit quadramodal spontaneous orientation along the anti-cardinal compass directions (i.e. northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest) when tested in a radially symmetrical environment under UV light. Double-blind experiments cancelling the horizontal component of the magnetic field confirmed that the response is dependent on magnetic cues rather non-magnetic features of the test environment. Furthermore, we argue that the larval quadramodal pattern of response is consistent with properties of magnetic compass orientation observed in previous studies of adult Drosophila and laboratory mice, both of which have been proposed to be mediated by a light-dependent magnetic compass mechanism. Chapter III explores the use of novel biologging techniques to collect behavioral and spatial data from free-roaming mammals. Specifically, a previous observational study of free- roaming red foxes found a 4-fold increase in the success of predatory 'mousing' attacks when foxes were facing ~north-northeast, consistent with magnetic alignment responses reported for a range of terrestrial animals. The authors propose that the magnetic field may be used to increase accuracy of mousing attacks. Using tri-axial accelerometer and magnetometer bio-loggers fitted to semi-domesticated red foxes, we created ']magnetic ethograms' from behavioral and magnetic machine learning algorithms 'trained'] to identify three discrete behaviors (i.e. foraging, trotting, and mousing-like jumps) from raw accelerometer signatures and to classify the magnetic headings of mousing-like jumps into 45° sectors from raw magnetometer data. The classifier's ability to accurately identify behaviors from a separate fox not used to train the algorithm suggests that these techniques can be used in future experiments to obtain reliable magnetic ethograms for free-roaming foxes. We also developed the first radio-frequency emitting collar that broadcasts in the low MHz frequency range shown to disrupt magnetic compass responses in a host of animals. The radio-frequency collars coupled with biologgers will provide a powerful tool to characterize magnetic alignment responses in predatory red foxes and can be adapted for use in studies of magnetic alignment and magnetic compass orientation in other free-roaming mammals. Chapter 3 discusses findings from a magnetic nest building assay involving male labratory mice. Mice trained to position nests in one of four directions relative to the magnetic field exhibited both learned magnetic compass responses and fixed magnetic nest positioning orientation consistent with northeast-southwest spontaneous magnetic alignment behavior previously reported for wild mice and bank voles. This is the first mammalian assay in which both learned magnetic compass orientation and spontaneous magnetic alignment were exhibited in the same species, and suggests that the use of magnetic cues in rodents may be more flexible that previously realized. / Ph. D. / A variety of animals have been shown to use the Earth’s magnetic field to help guide diverse spatial behaviors, however, the underlying sensory mechanisms mediating this sense remain elusive. Evidence for two distinct sensory mechanisms has come from behavioral studies involving a wide range of organisms, including migratory birds, newts, mole rats, mice, and several classes of invertebrates. The following research was carried out to determine the underlying sensory mechanisms mediating magnetic sensing in larval fruit flies. Properties consistent with a light-dependent, photoreceptor-based mechanism were found to underlie innate magnetic alignment behavior in larval flies, similar to the proposed compass mechanism thought to mediate compass responses in migratory birds and newts. A reanalysis of two previous studies of learned magnetic compass responses in adult fruit flies and laboratory mice show similar behaviors when compared to that of larval flies, suggesting a common underlying light-dependent magnetic mechanism across these groups. Furthermore, we provide evidence for learned magnetic compass responses in laboratory mice, where the orientation of individuals appears to be dependent on properties of the local environment (e.g. electromagnetic, temperature, humidity) in training and testing. These data suggest that the use of magnetic cues in mammals is context-dependent and more flexible than previously recognized. We have also developed new technologies for studies of magnetic orientation in free-roaming animals. Specifically, bio-logging devices containing triaxial accelerometer and magnetometer sensors where used to create ‘magnetic ethograms’, where the behavior and magnetic alignment of an animal can be reliably and accurately extracted from raw sensor data. We also discuss possible field experiments that can be performed to provide a specific test of the underlying sensory mechanism mediating magnetic behavior in free-roaming animals. This work will likely be of interest to a broad range of disciplines including sensory ecology, ethology, quantum chemistry, biophysics, wildlife management, and conservation.

Yes / We examine whether the inflation rates of the countries that pursueinflation targeting policies have converged as opposed to the expe-rience of the OECD non-inflation targeters. Using a methodologyintroduced by Pesaran (2007a), we examine the stationarity prop-erties of the inflation differentials. This approach has the advantageof avoiding setting arbitrarily a specific country as the benchmarkeconomy. Our results indicate that the inflation rates converge irre-spective of the monetary policy framework.

Considering the high reproductive investment of the social male and the cost to the female of losing this benefit by soliciting copulations outside the social pair bond, it is expected that most raptor populations would exhibit low to no occurrence of extra-pair paternity (EPP). This holds true for the majority of raptor species studied to date with only one exception of an urban Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) study which reported an unexpectedly high extra-pair young frequency of 19.29%. In our study we examined the frequency of EPP within a red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) population residing in the suburban/urban matrix of southwest Ohio. During the breeding seasons of 2018 and 2019, 181 breeding age and nestling individuals were color-banded and sampled for genetic analysis using nine microsatellite loci. After genotyping a total of 40 broods (with at least two nestlings per brood) and both presumptive parents of each brood, no clear evidence of EPP was detected. However, at one nest site, the entire brood of four chicks was not sired by the adult male observed during the courtship period, nor another adult male observed tending the chicks later in the season. We suspect that this particular nest represented two instances of rapid mate replacement rather than extra-pair fertilization by a third unsampled male, because none of the chicks were sired by either of the two adult males observed at the nest. We also reviewed potential factors contributing to our finding of overall genetic monogamy in our study population in comparison to other raptor taxa EPP studies. Our results suggested that factors other than habitat composition alone play an important role in determining the type of breeding strategy exhibited by different raptor populations.

Die Struktur und Dynamik von Biomolekülen wird durch ein komplexes Wechselspiel mit Ionen und Wassermolekülen der Hydratationshülle beeinflusst. Die Wechselwirkungen sind kaum verstanden, zum Teil weil es an experimentellen molekularen Sonden mangelt. Lokale Schwingungen des RNA-Rückgrats bieten solch nicht-invasive Sonden, empfindlich gegenüber den ersten Schichten der RNA-Solvatationshülle. Die Empfindlichkeit rührt von elektrischen Feldern auf der biomolekularen Oberfläche. Diese Dissertation nutzt die Sensitivität aus, um mit Femtosekunden-2D-IR-Spektroskopie der asymmetrischen Phosphatstreckschwingung die Rolle positiv geladener Ionen, insbesondere Magnesium, Mg2+, zu untersuchen, die negativ geladene Phosphatgruppen des Rückgrats kompensieren. Erste Experimente an Dimethylphosphat, zusammen mit theoretischen Berechnungen, zeigen eine Blauverschiebung der Phosphatmode aufgrund der Bildung von Kontaktionenpaaren. Kurze Abstände zwischen Mg2+ und der Phosphatgruppe führen zu repulsiven Austauschwechselwirkungen, die die Potentialfläche der Schwingung stören. Bei Doppelstrang-RNA zeigt sich eine starke Abhängigkeit der Phosphatschwingung von lokalen Wasserstrukturen. Frequenzverschiebungen durch den Starkeffekt führen zu drei Schwingungsbanden, die unterschiedliche lokale Geometrien widerspiegeln. Elektrische Felder von solvatisierenden Wassermolekülen beeinflussen dabei das Bindungspotential. Abschließend erlaubt es die Blauverschiebung der Phosphatmode, die Bildung von Mg2+/Phosphat Kontaktionenpaaren in Transfer-RNA quantitativ zu verfolgen. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese die Tertiärstruktur der tRNA stabilisieren, indem sie die Coulombabstoßung zwischen negativ geladenen Phosphatgruppen kompensieren, besonders in kompakten Regionen. Die Dissertation demonstriert das Potential zeitaufgelöster Schwingungsspektroskopie, kombiniert mit theoretischen Beschreibungen auf molekularer Ebene, um die komplexen Interaktionen biomolekularer Solvatationsumgebungen zu erforschen. / The structure and dynamics of biomolecules are influenced by a complex interplay with ions and water molecules in the local hydration shell. The underlying interactions are poorly understood, partly because of a lack of experimental probes that can access the molecular scale. Local vibrations of the RNA backbone provide non-invasive probes sensitive to the first hydration layers of the RNA solvation shell via the imposed electric field on the biomolecular surface. This thesis exploits this sensitivity in femtosecond 2D-IR spectroscopy experiments on the asymmetric phosphate stretch vibration to investigate the role of positively charged ions, particularly the magnesium cation Mg2+, in counteracting the negatively charged phosphate backbone. Initial experiments with the model system dimethyl phosphate in combination with theoretical calculations report a frequency blue-shift due to the formation of contact ion pairs. Short distances between Mg2+ and phosphate lead to exchange repulsion interactions that perturb the vibrational potential energy surface. In double helical RNA, a strong dependence of the phosphate mode on the local hydration structure of the phosphate group is found. Three distinct vibrational peaks reflect different hydration geometries as a result of vibrational Stark shifts. Responsible for the frequency shifts are electric fields from solvating water molecules. Ultimately, the blue-shift of the phosphate mode allows to quantitatively follow the formation of Mg2+-phosphate contact pairs in transfer RNA systems. It is shown that these configurations stabilize the tertiary structure of tRNA molecules by efficiently compensating the Coulomb repulsion from negatively charged phosphate groups, particularly in highly congested regions. The thesis demonstrates the potential of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy combined with theoretical descriptions on the molecular level to probe the complex interactions of biomolecular solvation environments.