By using dynamic panel data model, this thesi selects the samples of large and medium indstrial enterprises in 2002 to 2011, empirically analyzin the impact of government scientific and technological subsidies on R&D investment of enterprises.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the determinants of exit by bankruptcy in industrial sectors in Sweden. The dataset which is used gives a complete picture of the pattern of exit by bankruptcy on industry level in both manufacturing and service sectors in Sweden during the period 2004-2008. The importance of some industry structural factors such as scale economies, profitability, tangible and intangible capital intensity and industrial market growth rate for exit by bankruptcy are investigated. The use of two types of exit rates by bankruptcy (by firms and by employees) contributes to the current research. The two-way fixed effects model is used for the dependent variable of exit rate calculated by number of bankruptcies and total number of registered firms. The results show that only the long-term industrial market growth rate affects the exit rate by bankruptcy and it has a negative effect. The GLS in the two-way random effects model is used for the dependent variable of exit rate calculated by number of employees of bankruptcies. The results in this model, however, show that the existence of scale economies, more profitability, and investments in tangible and intangible capital assets all deter the number of bankruptcy.

During the last 20 years there has been a rapid increase of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa. Through examination of published research, we discover that Chinese FDI does not appear to clearly follow traditional assumptions of FDI. Especially in relation to economic freedom. This uncertainty, combined with lacking empirical research and limited available data in the region, led us to the aim of this work. We have set out to examine whether economic freedom is a determinant of Chinese FDI in Africa. For this purpose, a biennial panel data study for the years 2009 to 2019 was constructed. Fixed effects models using indices for economic freedom and relevant control variables are employed. The results show that economic freedom as defined by the Fraser Institute has a negative effect on Chinese FDI. Further, high levels of regulation reduces Chinese FDI. These findings stand in contrast to traditional theory on FDI determinants.

Coronaviruset har orsakat restriktioner och nedstängningar världen över, vilket har tvingat folk att stanna hemma i större utsträckning. Således har ett omdiskuterat ämne varit hur detta påverkar sexuellt våld, då hemmet är en utsatt plats för detta. Sydafrika är ett av världens länder med högst andel sexuellt våld och dessutom har landet genomfört stränga nedstängningar under pandemin. Trots teorier om att sexualbrott bör ha ökat under pandemin visade den skattade paneldatastudien, genom i huvudsak en fixed effects modell, att COVID-19 hade negativa effekter på sexualbrott för landets nio provinser under tre kvartal under 2020. Utmärkande var minskningen för det andra kvartalet under år 2020. De negativa estimaten motsäger siffror rapporterade både i mediala sammanhang och tidigare studier vilket lyfter en diskussion om mörkertal och hur dessa resultat kan tolkas i termer av tidigare forskning. / Due to the coronavirus, countries all over the world have imposed restrictions and lockdowns. Therefore, people have been forced to stay at home to a greater extent. Thus, a controversial topic has been how this affects sexual violence, since one’s home is a vulnerable place for this. South Africa has one of the worlds highest rates of sexual violence. Furthermore the country has had severe lockdowns during the pandemic. Despite theories that sexual offenses should have increased during the pandemic, the fixed-effects panel data study estimated a negative correlation between COVID-19 and sexual offenses for the country's nine provinces during three quarters in 2020, especially for the second quarter. This contradicts numbers reported both in media and previous research, which raises a discussion about unreported sexual crimes and how these results can be interpreted in terms of previous research.

Deteriorating air quality has attracted the interest of policymakers in most parts of the world. Poor air quality is behind many severe health problems on both a global and a local scale. While decarbonization is the primary driver behind the push for broader adoption of electric cars, we hypothesize the presence of significant co-benefits from adopting electric cars, such that electrifying the mode of transportation might reduce air pollution. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated panel data for the stock of electric cars and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) from Swedish municipalities between 2010-2019 using OLS models with fixed effects. The analysis suggests a significant negative correlation between the stock of electric cars and emissions of NOX. The presence of co-benefits suggests a stronger case for subsidizing the adoption of electric cars, beyond the level climate considerations warrant.

It has been suggested that commuting behaviours become habitual and that changes to commute mode are more likely at the time of major life events. However, evidence to support this has so far been limited to analyses of small-scale samples. To address this evidence gap, we use two waves of panel data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009/10 and 2010/11) to identify and explain the prevalence of individual change in commute mode from year to year amongst a representative sample of the English working population (n = 15,200). One third of those that cycle or get the bus to work, and one quarter of those that walk to work, are shown to change commuting mode by the following year. Car commuting is more stable, with only one in ten car commuters changing mode by the following year. Commute mode changes are found to be primarily driven by alterations to the distance to work which occur in association with changing job or moving home. Switching to non-car commuting becomes much more likely (9.2 times) as the distance to work drops below three miles. High quality public transport links to employment centres are shown to encourage switches away from car commuting and mixed land uses are shown to encourage switches to active commuting (walking and cycling). Switches away from car commuting are found to be more likely (1.3 times) for those with a pro-environmental attitude. The attitude orientation is shown to precede the behaviour change, demonstrating evidence of ‘cause and effect’. Overall, the study shows that changes in commuting behaviour are strongly influenced by life events, spatial context and environmental attitude.

The purpose of the paper is to study the differences between Chinese and IMF lending in Africa, in particular the effect on economic growth and the relationship between lending and risk of debt distress. The assumption starting out were that the Chinese loans would not be marginally worse than their IMF counterparts. To analyze this, panel data for 53 countries on the African continent during the timespan 2000-2019 were used and combined into five-year average values to account for the effects of the loans. Two different types of regressions were created, one on the effects of Chinese and IMF lending on economic growth and one on the distribution and probability of Chinese and IMF loans to go to countries in risk of debt distress. The results showed no statistical significance but the comparisons that were done showed only slight differences between the two creditors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18037号 / 経博第490号 / 新制||経||268(附属図書館) / 30895 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 西山 慶彦, 准教授 奥井 亮, 講師 末石 直也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第20870号 / 経博第565号 / 新制||経||283(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 西山 慶彦, 准教授 山田 憲, 准教授 高野 久紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Product placements are gaining more importance in corporate marketing communication budgets and marketers need to understand the effectiveness of these placements to justify investments into them. Three studies were conducted to study the effectiveness of product placements in movies. Essay one studied the economic worth of product placements on the long term profitability of the firm through an event study. Analysis of 467 placements of movies released during 1968-2007 shows that product placements generate a mean cumulative abnormal return of 0.21% during the (-1, +2) event window. Hierarchical linear modeling of the abnormal returns in cross-sectional analysis indicates that placement duration positively impacts the abnormal returns. Placement blatancy was found to negatively affect placements' worth. We did not find any support for the effect of critical reviews or presence of a star director on the worth of product placements. Crime and comedy genres were found to positively affect abnormal returns of placements. Additional MANCOVA analysis, using different event windows as the dependent variable, suggests that a period of two weeks might be required after a movie's release for the information about placement execution factors to be incorporated by the market in its evaluation of the firm. In essay two we study the effectiveness of product placement from a memory perspective by means of a longitudinal study, using a student subject panel. Subjects were exposed to a full- length movie and recognition was tracked at weekly intervals for a period of four weeks. Results of a dynamic panel analysis using generalized estimating equations indicate that audience recognition for a movie placement significantly diminishes one to two weeks after exposure to the movie. In addition, recognition of placements is enhanced by audiences' attitude toward product placements. Recognition is further affected by placement execution factors. Specifically, we found that audio placements and placements of longer duration positively affect placement recognition. Plot connectivity and character association did not significantly impact recognition over time. Essay three examines the impact of brand-character association on consumer attitude toward the placed brand. A 2x2 within subjects experiment, using a full-length movie as a stimulus, was conducted on a panel of student subjects to assess the interaction effect of character-brand valence on consumer attitude. Results support a significant interaction between character and brand valence. Analyses also indicate that congruency between character and brand valence enhances affective measures toward the placed brand, supporting the congruency theory and Meaning Transfer Model. Additionally, we found that brand familiarity fully mediates the character-valence interaction. Limitations and Implications of the studies were also discussed.