On the 16 of June 2009 the South African government put into force the National Register for Sexual Offenders in an attempt to alleviate the problem of sexual crime. The aim of this dissertation was thus, to engage in a comparative study on how the National Register for Sexual Offenders will operate in South Africa compared to a similarly implemented register in the UK, with specific references being made to the US. The dissertation also sought to ask the question of whether the implementation of the register could be the solution to protecting children in South Africa. After, an analysis into sexual offender registers abroad, the findings revealed that registers are not proactive, a crime must have already occurred and an offender must be listed on the register, before the register can be of any preventative value. Furthermore, they are expensive to maintain they are punitive and impede on any form of rehabilitation or reintegration of offenders into society. As to whether the register could make South African communities safer, further research showed that the conviction rate of child sex abuse is very low as only one in nine children ever report such abuse and only 4% of these cases will result in conviction. Therefore because the provisions of the register require an offender to be convicted before they are registered, the consequence is that very few sex offenders will be listed on the register. Moreover the provisions of the register are narrow and seek to prevent registered offenders from being employed in positions where they may have access to children. Such an approach fails to recognise that in South Africa the majority of sexual offences involving children occur within the family environment and not at the work place. The conclusion of the research is that the National Register for Sex Offenders is not the solution to protecting children in South Africa and it was recommended that the South African government should look into a more immediate, long term and preventative solution to curbing sexual crime. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Private Law / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vicentin_sc_me_bauru.pdf: 614719 bytes, checksum: 332c66dd91b98f7d394b341908a07474 (MD5) / Estudos sobre a incidência da violência sexual contra crianças têm revelado que este tipo de problemática atinge principalmente as meninas, na faixa etária de 6 a 14 anos, sendo o pai o principal autor. Nas famílias onde acontece a violência sexual é comum haver inversão de papéis entre seus integrantes, desorganizando a dinâmica e o funcionamento do grupo. Advindo o fato, estas famílias frequentemente vivenciam conflitos e sentimentos que influenciam negativamente as relações grupais e individuais de cada membro. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variáveis que podem comprometer os processos funcionais da dinâmica de famílias permeadas por violência sexual praticada pelo pai contra a filha. A “Teoria Sistêmica” foi o referencial teórico utilizado para este estudo, modelo que entende a família como uma rede de padrões interacionais e onde se espera comunicação e integração entre seus membros. Este estudo foi composto por 15 crianças do sexo feminino e suas respectivas mães, somando 30 participantes. As crianças tinham faixa etária entre 6 e 10 anos e foram violentadas sexualmente por seus pais. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no “Programa Sentinela” de um município do estado do Paraná, serviço responsável pelo atendimento psicossocial a crianças vítimas de violência sexual. Foi utilizado para coleta dos dados uma entrevista, realizada com as mães das 15 crianças alvo da pesquisa e o “Teste do Desenho em Cores da Família”, utilizado tanto com as 15 mães, como com as 15 crianças. Categorização das variáveis para análises específicas e protocolos de avaliação pertinentes aos instrumentos foram utilizados para análise dos dados, com base em pesquisas similares envolvendo famílias. Os resultados demonstraram que em termos gerais, as famílias objeto de análise apresentaram problemas relacionados à competição... / Several studies regarding sexual abuse of children have shown that this type of occurrence is mainly at female youth, aging from 6 to 14 years old, being the father the main responsible for the sexual abuse. Is common the occurence of an inversion in the people's role within the families where the sexual harassment is reported and, therefore, disorganization in the dynamics and functioning of the group. Due to this fact, these families often deal with conflicts and feelings which negatively influence the group and individual relationships of each member. This piece of research aimed at the identification of variables which could damage the functional processes of the dynamics of families where sexual abuse of daughters was inflicted by their fathers. The Systemic Theory was the main theoretic reference used in this piece of research. This model sees the family as a net of standards of interaction where communication among their members is expected. This piece of research was designed with 15 female children and their respective mothers, totalizing 30 people. The children aged 6 to 10 years and were sexually abused by their respective fathers. The data was gathered in the Programa Sentinela from a city of the Paraná State. The Programa Sentinela stands for a public service which is responsible for the psychosocial support to the sexually abused children. Two methods of data collection were applied: a interview, applied to the mothers involved in this piece of research, and the Teste do Desenho em Cores da Família where both mothers and daughters were involved in the trial. Categorization of variables in order to do specific analyses and evaluation protocols concerning the methods were used for data analysis, based on similar research carried out in families. The results have shown that, in general, the studied families presented problems... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Tânia Gracy Martins do Valle / Banca: Sandra Regina Gimeniz-Paschoal / Banca: Olga Maria Piazentim Rolim Rodrigues / Resumo: Estudos sobre a incidência da violência sexual contra crianças têm revelado que este tipo de problemática atinge principalmente as meninas, na faixa etária de 6 a 14 anos, sendo o pai o principal autor. Nas famílias onde acontece a violência sexual é comum haver inversão de papéis entre seus integrantes, desorganizando a dinâmica e o funcionamento do grupo. Advindo o fato, estas famílias frequentemente vivenciam conflitos e sentimentos que influenciam negativamente as relações grupais e individuais de cada membro. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variáveis que podem comprometer os processos funcionais da dinâmica de famílias permeadas por violência sexual praticada pelo pai contra a filha. A "Teoria Sistêmica" foi o referencial teórico utilizado para este estudo, modelo que entende a família como uma rede de padrões interacionais e onde se espera comunicação e integração entre seus membros. Este estudo foi composto por 15 crianças do sexo feminino e suas respectivas mães, somando 30 participantes. As crianças tinham faixa etária entre 6 e 10 anos e foram violentadas sexualmente por seus pais. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no "Programa Sentinela" de um município do estado do Paraná, serviço responsável pelo atendimento psicossocial a crianças vítimas de violência sexual. Foi utilizado para coleta dos dados uma entrevista, realizada com as mães das 15 crianças alvo da pesquisa e o "Teste do Desenho em Cores da Família", utilizado tanto com as 15 mães, como com as 15 crianças. Categorização das variáveis para análises específicas e protocolos de avaliação pertinentes aos instrumentos foram utilizados para análise dos dados, com base em pesquisas similares envolvendo famílias. Os resultados demonstraram que em termos gerais, as famílias objeto de análise apresentaram problemas relacionados à competição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Several studies regarding sexual abuse of children have shown that this type of occurrence is mainly at female youth, aging from 6 to 14 years old, being the father the main responsible for the sexual abuse. Is common the occurence of an inversion in the people's role within the families where the sexual harassment is reported and, therefore, disorganization in the dynamics and functioning of the group. Due to this fact, these families often deal with conflicts and feelings which negatively influence the group and individual relationships of each member. This piece of research aimed at the identification of variables which could damage the functional processes of the dynamics of families where sexual abuse of daughters was inflicted by their fathers. The "Systemic Theory" was the main theoretic reference used in this piece of research. This model sees the family as a net of standards of interaction where communication among their members is expected. This piece of research was designed with 15 female children and their respective mothers, totalizing 30 people. The children aged 6 to 10 years and were sexually abused by their respective fathers. The data was gathered in the "Programa Sentinela" from a city of the Paraná State. The "Programa Sentinela" stands for a public service which is responsible for the psychosocial support to the sexually abused children. Two methods of data collection were applied: a interview, applied to the mothers involved in this piece of research, and the "Teste do Desenho em Cores da Família" where both mothers and daughters were involved in the trial. Categorization of variables in order to do specific analyses and evaluation protocols concerning the methods were used for data analysis, based on similar research carried out in families. The results have shown that, in general, the studied families presented problems... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA BONILHA DE TOLEDO PIZA.pdf: 970259 bytes, checksum: e296c4994d48ecfafd048f3cc57617e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / In Brazil sexual violence is a crime. Rape and vulnerable rape are heinous crimes. It is estimated that only 10% of rapes are recorded and the SENASP point 42.946 police incidents in 2010. Most victims are women aged below 14 years. The absence of expert evidence difficult the sentencing of the offender. In victim, exams corpus delicti of carnal knowledge and research of semen when positive do not identify the perpetrator and negativity is not a factor of no sexual assault. Genetic analysis by PCR-STR and Y identifies the presence of male DNA and the genetic profile of the perpetrator. This paper aims to analyze samples for traces of sex crimes to obtain molecular profiles of Y-STR. We selected 19 cases of sex crimes with no suspect, totaling 20 female victims aged 11 months to 81 years, which resulted in 48 samples questioned, of which 44 were subjected to differential extraction and 4 to organic extraction, totaling 92 products extraction (44 SF, 44 NSF and 4 Organic). The DNA quantitation by real-time PCR detected the presence of male DNA in 62% of the samples. Of these, 21 samples were selected and standardized to a concentration of Y-DNA 0.1 ng to 1.25 ng / PCR reaction for Y-STR. Amplification was performed for 17 joint multiplex Y-STR markers and electrophoresis capillary was preceded in genetic analyzer and the results were analyzed by programs. Of the 21 samples amplified, 12 had results for Y-STR and their haplotype been classified as full (Y-STR 17), minimum (11 Y-STR) and incomplete (absence of one or more of the Y-STR minimum haplotype) resulting 10 minimal haplotypes and complete and 02 incomplete. After comparing the minimum haplotypes and complete intra case and between their criminal cases, it was evident that the sexual assaults were committed in each case, by a single assailant, not featuring serial crimes. It is easy to recognize the importance that the Y-STR haplotype analysis assumes the sexual crimes as expert evidence, especially when it becomes the only genetic information of the offender being questioned samples obtained. The results presented in this study demonstrate the importance of being analyzed the largest number of polymorphic markers Y-STR haplotype to compose an informative, giving preference to multiplex sets that amplify multiple loci simultaneously, including polymorphic markers with products up to 200 base pairs. / No Brasil a violência sexual é crime. O estupro e o estupro de vulnerável são crimes hediondos. Estima-se que apenas 10% dos estupros são registrados e dados da SENASP apontam 42.946 ocorrências policiais em 2010. A maioria das vítimas é do sexo feminino com idade abaixo de 14 anos. A ausência de prova pericial dificulta a condenação do agressor. Na vítima, os exames de corpo de delito de conjunção carnal e pesquisa de sêmen quando positivos não identificam o agressor e a negatividade não é fator de inexistência de agressão sexual. A análise genética, através da PCR e Y-STR permite identificar a presença de DNA masculino e o perfil genético do agressor. Este trabalho objetiva analisar amostras de vestígios de crimes sexuais para a obtenção de perfis moleculares de Y-STR. Foram selecionados 19 casos de crimes sexuais com ausência de suspeito, totalizando 20 vítimas do sexo feminino com idade entre 11 meses a 81 anos, que resultaram em 48 amostras questionadas, das quais 44 foram submetidas à extração diferencial e 4 à extração orgânica, totalizando 92 produtos de extração (44 FE, 44 FNE e 4 Orgânica). A quantificação de DNA pela PCR em tempo real detectou a presença de DNA masculino em 62% das amostras extraídas. Destas, 21 amostras foram selecionadas e normalizadas a uma concentração de Y-DNA entre 0,1 ng a 1,25 ng/reação de PCR para Y-STR. A amplificação foi realizada com conjunto multiplex para 17 marcadores Y-STR e a eletroforese capilar foi procedida em analisador genético; os resultados foram analisados por programas específicos. Das 21 amostras amplificadas, 12 apresentaram resultados para Y-STR e seus haplótipos foram classificados como completo (17 Y-STR), mínimo (11 Y-STR) e incompleto (ausência de 1 ou mais Y-STR do haplótipo mínimo), resultando em 10 haplótipos mínimos e completos e 02 incompletos. Após confrontar os haplótipos mínimos e completos intra caso e entre os respectivos casos criminais, ficou evidenciado que as agressões sexuais foram cometidas, em cada caso, por um único agressor, não caracterizando crimes em série. É de facil reconhecimento a importância que o haplótipo de Y-STR assume nas análises de crimes sexuais como prova pericial, principalmente quando este se torna a única informação genética do agressor a ser obtida de amostras questionadas. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo demonstraram a importância de serem analisados o maior número de marcadores polimórficos Y-STR para compor um haplótipo informativo, dando-se preferência a conjuntos multiplex que amplificam simultaneamente vários loci, incluindo marcadores polimórficos com produtos de até 200 pares de bases.

Internationally, there have been few studies examining the attitudes of people who have been raped towards police (Jordan, 2001a; Lievore, 2005; Temkin, 1997, 1999). Little research in Australia (particularly South Australia) has examined the experiences of victims/survivors of rape with police. Existing data do show that women who have been raped rarely report assaults to police. This has been attributed by researchers to a range of reasons, both personal and systemic, including the influence of stereotypes and myths about rape on victims’/survivors’ decision-making. Rape myths often reflect community attitudes, social norms and police responses. For example, victims/survivors may blame themselves and also expect police will blame or disbelieve them. Such expectations (or subsequent experiences) of negative police responses undermine victims’/survivors’ faith in police. However, this is not the whole story. In reality, police responses to rape are complex and inconsistent, influenced by both individual and organisational factors. I initiated this study to explore victims’/survivors’ expectations of, and experiences with, police in a transparent and accessible forum. Based on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 11 women who had been raped in South Australia, my findings illustrated the diversity of South Australia Police responses to victims/survivors of rape and suggested that South Australia Police practices were similar to those of other Australian and English-speaking jurisdictions. Overall, interactions with South Australia Police ‘simultaneously provide grounds for hope and are disappointing (Lievore, 2005: 59; emphasis added). In many cases police responses were disappointing, through service provision that was partly or wholly negative. Specific individual and organisational factors were associated with satisfactory or unsatisfactory police practices. Poor service provision was evident in individual police officers’ apathy and dismissive or disbelieving responses, and through low prioritisation and limited resourcing of sexual violence at an organisation level. However, my findings indicated that there was also much to be hopeful about when considering South Australia Police responses to rape. The participants in my study often reported exemplary service from individual officers. At the reporting and investigation stages, good practices were based on ‘procedural justice’ rather than ‘outcome justice’: characterised by strong communication, empathy and professionalism at an individual level and consistency at an organisational level.

Få polisanmälda sexualbrott mot barn leder till åtal. Det kan bero på att barnets utsaga, vilken ofta är den huvudsakliga bevisningen, inte bedöms nå upp till rättens beviskrav. Vuxnas generella förmåga att avgöra tillförlitlighet i barns utsagor är låg och i rättspraxis värderas utsagor utifrån kriterier såsom detaljrikedom, logik och konstans – kriterier som inte är anpassade till barnets värld samt ibland har bristande empiriskt stöd. Syftet var därför att undersöka vilka kriterier svenska domstolar åberopar i tillförlitlighetsbedömning av målsägandeutsagan vid sexualbrott mot barn. Etthundra domar från år 2017 analyserades utifrån kriterier från rättspraxis (NJA 2010 s 671), utsagepsykologisk forskning (SVA:s CBCA) samt utvecklingspsykologiska aspekter. I resultatet syns fokus på generellt hållna kriterier enligt praxis, medan forskningsbaserade specifikt hållna kriterier särskilt anpassade för barn som utsatts för sexuallbrott användes i låg grad. Den utvecklingspsykologiska kunskapen hos domstolarna framstod som generell och i liten grad anpassad till olika barns utvecklingsstadier. I diskussionen argumenteras för att ökad användning av fler forskningsbaserade kriterier särskilt anpassade för barn samt dito utvecklingspsykologiska kunskaper, förhoppningsvis skulle kunna öka lagföringsgraden och därvid ha positiv spridningseffekt på anmälningsbenägenhet, synen på rättsväsendets legitimitet samt den allmänna graden av rättvisa i samhället. Avslutningsvis omformuleras rådande utsageanalytiska riktlinjer från Högsta Domstolen utifrån utsagepsykologisk forskning. / Few reported cases of sexual crime against children lead to prosecution. This might depend on the child’s testimony – often the main evidence – which doesn’t satisfy the court’s requirement for evidence. The general capacity of an adult to determine reliability in children’s testimonies is low. In legal usage, testimonies are valued by the use of criteria such as quantity of details, logic and constancy, which may not be adjusted to fit a child and sometimes lacks empirical support. This study examined which criteria the Swedish courts invoke with reliability assessments of the plaintiff’s testimony in sexual crimes against children. One hundred grounds for decisions from 2017 were examined from legal usage (NJA 2010 s 671), testimonial research (SVA’s CBA), and developmental psychological aspects. The results found a focus on general maintained criteria according to practice, while research based criteria, adjusted specifically for the different ages of children who have been victims of sexual crime, were however used to a low degree. The developmental psychological knowledge seems general and to a low degree adjusted to the various developmental stages of children. Finally, it is argued that increased usage of more research based criteria, adjusted to suit children and such child psychological knowledge, could increase the prosecution degree. This would have a positive multiplying effect on crime reporting tendencies, the view of the justice’s legitimacy, and the general degree of justice in society. Lastly, the testimonial guidelines of the Swedish high court are redefined from testimonial research.

Orientador: Aloísio José Bedone / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T23:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oshikata_CarlosTadayuki_D.pdf: 1756310 bytes, checksum: e91871b9e56e145bd25e0cec71ccdaa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Introdução: a violência sexual contra as mulheres continua sendo um grande problema para o médico na prática clinica, pois pouco se sabe sobre a dinâmica do evento que envolve esta prática criminosa. Um dos problemas e dúvidas encontrados pelos pesquisadores é como oferecer o melhor tratamento a longo prazo para essas mulheres e como garantir o acesso aos retornos ambulatoriais programados para o seguimento. Objetivo: Analisar a adesão das mulheres vítimas de violência sexual no acompanhamento ambulatorial por seis meses e as tendências observadas nas características das mulheres, da agressão e do agressor ao longo dos anos, entre janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2006. Métodos: estudo longitudinal de cohort, com a análise de 642 mulheres que foram inicialmente atendidas no setor de urgência do CAISM (Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher) da UNICAMP (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) e que posteriormente retornaram ao ambulatório para seguimento ambulatorial. Na urgência foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas, as condições clínicas e psicológicas, realizados os exames físico geral e ginecológico, foram colhidas sorologias para doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST), para hepatites B e C, HIV (vírus da imunodeficiência humana), e realizadas a prescrição de medicamentos anti-HIV/DST e anticoncepção de emergência (AE). O seguimento ambulatorial consistia em avaliar a adesão aos retornos ambulatoriais, o uso correto das medicações prescritas na urgência e tratar os seus efeitos colaterais, coletar sangue periférico para avaliações renal e hepática, além de verificar o aparecimento de doenças genitais. Posteriormente novas consultas foram marcadas para 15 dias após o atendimento de urgência, 45 dias, 90 dias e 180 dias. Nos 15º, 45º e 90º dias de retorno ambulatorial foram checadas as sorologias anteriores, coletadas novas amostras de sangue para dar continuidade ao seguimento sorológico, foram colhidas as bacterioscopias de secreção vaginal e endocervical, além do acompanhamento conjunto com a psicologia e serviço social. No 180º dia se a evolução fosse satisfatória as mulheres recebiam alta ambulatorial. Resultados: a maioria das mulheres era jovem e branca, tinha baixa escolaridade e a maioria dos agressores era desconhecida; houve aumento da adesão ao seguimento ambulatorial ao longo dos anos e diminuiu a prescrição da anticoncepção de emergência. Conclusão: aumentou o conhecimento sobre o serviço por parte das mulheres e de outros seguimentos da sociedade, prevaleceu a violência urbana e muitas mulheres utilizavam métodos anticoncepcionais eficazes / Abstract: Introduction: Sexual violence against women remains a significant problem for the physician in clinical practice, since little is known with respect to the dynamics of the event that involves this criminal act. One of the problems associated with this issue, constituting the subject of questions raised by investigators, is how to offer the best long term treatment for these women and how to guarantee access to scheduled outpatient return visits for follow-up care. Objectives: To analyze the compliance of women who suffered sexual violence and who were followed-up as outpatients for six months, and the trends observed in sexual violence over the years between January 2000 and December 2006. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study that included analysis of 642 women who initially sought care at the emergency room of the Center for Women's Integrated Healthcare (CAISM) and who later returned to the center for outpatient follow-up. At the emergency room, the sociodemographic characteristics of the woman and her clinical and psychological status were evaluated; physical and gynecological examinations were performed, blood samples were taken to test for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and anti-HIV/STD medication and emergency contraception were prescribed. Outpatient follow-up consisted of evaluating the woman's compliance with the medications prescribed in the emergency room and treating any side effects, taking blood samples for kidney and liver evaluation, and verifying the appearance of any genital diseases. Later, further consultations were scheduled for 45, 90 and 180 days. On the 45th and 90th day visits during outpatient follow-up, results of the previous blood tests were checked and blood samples were once again taken to continue serological follow-up. In addition, vaginal and endocervical samples were taken for analysis, and support was provided by a psychologist and a social worker. If progress was satisfactory, follow-up was terminated on the 180th day visit. Results: Most of the victims were young, white women and had little schooling. The majority of aggressors were unknown to their victims. Compliance with outpatient follow-up increased over the years, while prescription of emergency contraception decreased. Conclusions: Knowledge regarding the existence of the center increased among women and in other segments of society. There was a prevalence of inner city violence in this study, as indicated by the fact that most of the aggressors were unknown to their victims and many of the women were already using contraception methods prior to seeking care at the center / Doutorado / Tocoginecologia / Doutor em Tocoginecologia

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KilmaMaisaLimaGondim.pdf: 421205 bytes, checksum: 69e9d9af3420ec4e21b52bb37d5d8ae8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-10 / The present work had taken for study object the sexual exploration of children and adolescents in the judicial district of Guarabira, and also intended to stand out the importance of the civil society participation as a strong instrument for combating and supporting the victimized children, as well as emphasizing within an interdisciplinar perspective the legislation about the explored theme, discussing about both its rightnesss and mistakes in what concerns to the culprits punishment. It searches in the Brazilian Criminal Code and in the Statute of Child and Adolescent the incriminating articles, tracing as follows a historical, social and legal analysis. The research was carried through in the Tutorial Counseling of Guarabira. Through the collection of data in the victims attendance files, it has tried to show the historical context of the Statute of Child and Adolescent. It was evidenced that there used to be a not protective legislation of children and adolescents rights, which had evolved to the standard we have these days, also called integral protection. However, the SCA, which was born from intense social fights, many of them organized by civil society, still brings on its text discriminating and absolutely unpractical articles. Thus, it is necessary to rethink the exploration concepts to bring up to discussion new instruments which are endowed with full effectiveness. While we have a contradictory criminal statute and in the social field also contradictory concepts of exploration, it will become impossible, or in the best hypotheses, extremely hard its confrontation and punishment. The promulgation of an extraordinary law such as the Statute is not enough, it is necessary that before everything else the public politics give to child and adolescent, victims of this violence, a legal and social support, as well as the support through their psychical, educational, familiar, emotional and moral recovery. During the research, the data of the Tutorial Counseling of Guarabira containing the attending files were analyzed, and through them the cases of sexual exploration of children and adolescents could be detected throughout the period from January to December of 2005. In this purpose, the descriptive procedure method was used, in its exploratory and historical character. The registered data has revealed that the number of sexual exploration attending is minimal if related to other attendings, as well as it is possible to observe the difficulty in precising the crime described by the victim or his relatives and the identification itself from the Counseling members. The educational profile points to the already described national level, little access to education and a great number of school evasion. / O presente trabalho teve por objeto de estudo a exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes na comarca de Guarabira, procurou ressaltar a importância da participação da sociedade civil como um forte instrumento de combate e apoio às crianças vitimizadas, bem como enfatizando dentro de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar a legislação concernente à matéria abordada, discutindo seus acertos e atropelos no que diz respeito a punição dos culpados. Busca no Código Penal Brasileiro e no Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente os artigos incriminadores, traçando a seguir uma análise histórica, social e jurídica. A pesquisa foi realizada no Conselho Tutelar da cidade de Guarabira. Através da coleta de dados nas fichas de atendimento às vítimas. Procurou mostrar o contexto histórico do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Constatou-se que antes tínhamos uma legislação não protetora dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes, a qual evoluiu para o padrão que temos na atualidade, a chamada proteção integral. Porém, o ECA, que foi fruto de intensas lutas sociais, muitas delas organizadas pela sociedade civil, ainda traz em seu texto artigos discriminadores e passíveis de absoluta inaplicabilidade. Assim, é preciso repensar os conceitos de exploração para trazer à baila novos instrumentos dotados de plena eficácia. Enquanto tivermos um estatuto penal contraditório e no campo social conceitos de exploração também contraditórios, tornar-se-á impossível, ou na melhor das hipóteses, dificílimo o seu enfrentamento e punição. Não basta a promulgação de uma lei extraordinária como é chamado o Estatuto, é preciso antes de tudo políticas públicas que dê à criança e ao adolescente, vítimas desta violência, o suporte jurídico e social, assim como o apoio em sua recuperação psíquica, educacional, familiar, emocional e moral. Durante a pesquisa foi analisado os dados do Conselho Tutelar de Guarabira contidos nas fichas de atendimentos e através delas detectados os casos de exploração sexual em crianças e adolescentes no período de Janeiro a Dezembro de 2005. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método de procedimento descritivo de caráter exploratório e histórico. Os dados cadastrais revelaram que os números de atendimentos de exploração sexual é ínfimo em relação a outros atendimentos, bem como pode-se constatar a dificuldade em precisar o crime retratado pela vítima ou seus familiares e a própria identificação pelos membros do conselho. O perfil educacional aponta para o já descrito em nível nacional, baixa escolaridade e um grande número de evasão escolar.

Coronaviruset har orsakat restriktioner och nedstängningar världen över, vilket har tvingat folk att stanna hemma i större utsträckning. Således har ett omdiskuterat ämne varit hur detta påverkar sexuellt våld, då hemmet är en utsatt plats för detta. Sydafrika är ett av världens länder med högst andel sexuellt våld och dessutom har landet genomfört stränga nedstängningar under pandemin. Trots teorier om att sexualbrott bör ha ökat under pandemin visade den skattade paneldatastudien, genom i huvudsak en fixed effects modell, att COVID-19 hade negativa effekter på sexualbrott för landets nio provinser under tre kvartal under 2020. Utmärkande var minskningen för det andra kvartalet under år 2020. De negativa estimaten motsäger siffror rapporterade både i mediala sammanhang och tidigare studier vilket lyfter en diskussion om mörkertal och hur dessa resultat kan tolkas i termer av tidigare forskning. / Due to the coronavirus, countries all over the world have imposed restrictions and lockdowns. Therefore, people have been forced to stay at home to a greater extent. Thus, a controversial topic has been how this affects sexual violence, since one’s home is a vulnerable place for this. South Africa has one of the worlds highest rates of sexual violence. Furthermore the country has had severe lockdowns during the pandemic. Despite theories that sexual offenses should have increased during the pandemic, the fixed-effects panel data study estimated a negative correlation between COVID-19 and sexual offenses for the country's nine provinces during three quarters in 2020, especially for the second quarter. This contradicts numbers reported both in media and previous research, which raises a discussion about unreported sexual crimes and how these results can be interpreted in terms of previous research.

This thesis investigates and illustrates how men are presented and treated in legal cases concerning sexual crimes in Gävle during the time period of 1631 to 1639 and how the norms concerning manhood are represented in the text. The theoretical material used to analyse the result are based on a number of different approaches to the concept of the social constructed gender, such as Marxism, power, control and gender-system. Joan Wallach Scott, R. W Connell and Yvonne Hirdman are three of the seven researchers used in the theoretical material and analysis.   Previous research regarding similar cases has mainly been focused on women and their rights. Åsa Karlsson Sjögren is one researcher who used the same source material that is used in this thesis but her dissertation focuses on women’s rights in all of the legal cases and men are only mentioned to show the contrast between the sexes. Marie Lindstedt Cronberg, Gudrun Andersson, and Malin Lennartsson are some of the other researchers that have concluded similar research.   The most important thing that this thesis illustrates is the fact that is seems to be the women’s sexual status in each case that determines the man’s sentence, in excess of the crime itself, apart from the crimes concerning incest and fornication. The men are presented in a different way than the women where the men’s social status is more important than the women’s. This indicates that the norms concerning manhood differs depending on who the woman in the crime is and what she has done, sexually, beforehand. Men should not commit sexual crimes but the severity of the crime differs depending on the man’s social status and the woman’s sexual status.