Thesis--Cambridge University. / At head of title: United Arab Republic. Ministry of Culture and National Orientation. Antiquities Department of Egypt. "Corrections": leaf inserted.

The editor's Thesis--Oxford. / Text in Greek; translation, commentary, and notes in English. Bibliography: p. 278-280.

Thesis--Cambridge University. / At head of title: United Arab Republic. Ministry of Culture and National Orientation. Antiquities Department of Egypt. "Corrections": leaf inserted.

In recent years many institutions holding papyri have put images of their collections online, while transcriptions previously published in print are now hosted in the Digital Corpus of Literary Papyri. Anagnosis aims to provide an intuitive and easy-to-use web interface between those images and related digitized texts. The main goal lies in automatic data processing and text-recognition accuracy: Through a dedicated OCR algorithm, letters on the image are identified with single boxes and thus linked to the transcription. A coordinates system of the glyphs on the image can then be transferred and applied to each new image uploaded for the same text section. Once all character boxes are generated, Anagnosis can extract a sample alphabet that users may rearrange to virtually restore lost parts of text directly on the image.

Les premiers siècles de notre ère ont légué de nombreux témoignages de pratiques dites « magiques », de l’inventaire de remèdes jusqu’aux rituels d’envoûtement, en passant par la mise en scène de pouvoirs surhumains dans la sphère humaine. Dans un monde méditerranéen relativement globalisé, les pratiques magiques ouvrent un espace de savoirs transculturels autour de l’exercice d’un pouvoir rituel. Animaux et matières animales ont été employés dans la composition de remèdes médicaux comme de rituels guérisseurs, pour mettre en œuvre un pouvoir rituel, invoquer les dieux, envoûter. En partant de Pline l’Ancien, des Cyranides et des papyrus de magie grecs, une enquête qui fait parler aigle, chauve-souris, chat, chien, echeneis, hyène, huppe, lézards, serpents et taupe aux côtés de nombres d’autres figures animales permet d’observer leurs « cuisine », sacrifices ou mises à mort rituelles, mais aussi leur participation à la représentation des puissances surhumaines dans un contexte multiculturel, principalement entre Rome, la Grèce et l’Égypte. L’utilisation de l’animal dans les rites comme dans la médecine a été le lieu d’un dialogue entre différents domaines de savoirs et différentes cultures, et les modalités d’énonciation de tels savoirs, selon le type de documentation, témoigne de la multiplicité des interprétations qui ont pu, et doivent être apportées aux rites. L’écriture de natures animales merveilleuses permet d’énoncer tant le pouvoir rituel que des discours physiologiques, telle la notion d’antipathie. Ce faisant, l’anthropozoologie participe à une révision de la notion même de « magie » dans le champ de l’histoire des religions antiques. / Documents from the Roman Imperial Period testify for the practice of “magic” all around the Mediterranean sea, including lists of remedies and cursing rituals, as well as the pretentions for some marvellous powers in the human sphere. In a relatively globalized world, the so-called “magical” practices are an open space for a kind of multicultural knowledge. Animals have been used in the making of medical remedies and rituals in the performance of a ritual power, to invoke the gods, or to cast curses. Getting from Pliny the Elder, the Cyranides and the greek papyri of magic, an investigation where eagle, bat, cat, dog, echeneis, hyena, hoopoe, lizards, snakes and mole talk among many other animal figures gives a chance to observe their cooking, sacrifice, or ritual killing, as well as their ability to represent the powers beyond in a multicultural context, first of all between Rome, Greece and Egypt. The use of animals in rites and medicine has been a subject of dialogue between different fields of knowledge and different cultures. The modalities of enunciation of such knowledge testify of the multiplicity of possible interpretations for the rites depending on the documentation. The writing of marvellous animal natures makes the ritual power as well as physiological discourses, such as the notion of antipathy. Then, the animal studies take part in a revising of the very notion of “magic” in the field of antic history.

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In this paper, I would like to explore the new ways of perceiving Papyri und Papyrology i.e. papyrological studies from Egyptian-Arabic perspectives. The paper will shed light on three main and, from my point of view, intertwined ways of thinking about this discipline that has been newly of importance just because of the new media. First, one should consider the question of legal status of papyri presented online, including their provenance, and the Egyptian (legal) point of view in this regard. Most, if not all, the available, papyri databases, which presents papyri online, suffice themselves with just a note about the purchase of a certain piece from unknown Egyptian, sometime known and famous like M. Nahman, without any indication about on which government, circumstances, regulations und laws this “supposedly” legal purchase has been conducted. I would suggest putting up a Wikipedia link or any other mean to give the “Egyptian” Science citizen, a further reading lists and short justifications about the transportation of this artefact from his country to Europe or the United States, where most of the papyri, presented in the moment online, are kept. Second, The provenance of the same pieces are in many cases given either with transliterated names that doesn’t exist on Arabic modern maps which one find through e.g. Google or with names that mix the archeological site with its nearby village or town. A similar database, in cooperation and with the help of with the Egyptian Universities’ students of Archeology, would solve this problem. Such links would also serve as a start for more specialized research that connects Archeology and Papyri with modern as well as recent Egyptian History. Third, an Arabic translation of the Papyri presented online, again with the help of Egyptian students of History, Classics and Archeology departments, would be a basis for more further analysis of these texts, whether they are written in Egyptian (with all its script) Greek, Latin or Coptic. These are some chances, which may seem easier to achieve, thanks to the new digital media, especially the social ones, but the challenges that would face any implementation of the above-mentioned idea in the current Egyptian academia are tremendous. This include but not limited to financial and legal matters that control the education system in Egypt.

Cette étude rassemble une sélection d’ostraca et papyri hiératiques documentaires provenant de Deir el-Medina, le village des ouvriers de la tombe royale au Nouvel Empire. Tous sont liés aux différentes étapes de la préparation concrète à la mort par les habitants de ce site. Les informations qu’ils apportent sont étudiées à travers trois grands axes – abordés dupoint de vue technique, lexicographique, économique, juridique, etc. – : l’acquisition et la préparation de la tombe ; la commande de l’équipement funéraire ; et la rédaction de testaments. La confrontation de ces textes avec les résultats archéologiques permet d’appréhender la façon dont l’Égyptien « moyen » du Nouvel Empire anticipait sa propre mort pour lui-même et ses descendants ou, au contraire, ne la préparait pas, laissant à ses héritiers le soin de prendre en charge ses funérailles. Dans ce contexte, la place des femmes et leur relative dépendance vis-à-vis des hommes de leur entourage sont également abordées. Le site de Deir el-Medina a été choisi comme cadre pour cette étude en raison de son importante documentation qui permet une connaissance – exceptionnelle pour l’Égypte ancienne – de la vie quotidienne de ses habitants. L’accent est mis sur la façon dont le travail dans la tombe de Pharaon privilégiait ces derniers ; outre l’avantage de se voir attribuer une concession funéraire – prérogative normalement réservée à l’élite égyptienne –, leur statut leur facilitait l’accès aux matières premières et leurs spécialisations pouvaient être mises au service de leur propre organisation ante mortem. / This study brings together a selection of documentary hieratic ostraca and papyri from Deir el-Medina, the village of the royal tomb’s workmen during the New Kingdom. All are related to the differents stages of the concrete preparation for death by the inhabitants of this site. The informations they provide are studied through three large axis – discussed from thetechnical, lexicographical, economical, legal point of view, etc. – : the acquisition and preparation of the tomb; the order of the funerary equipment ; and the writing of wills. The comparison of these texts with archaeological findings allow to understand how the « medium » Egyptian of the New Kingdom anticipated his own death for himself and his descendants or, on the contrary, did not prepare it, leaving the task of taking care of his funeral to his heirs. In this context, the place of the women and their relative dependence towards the men of their circle are also discussed. The site of Deir el-Medina was chosen as the framework for this study because of its considerable documentation allowing a knowledge – unique for the ancient Egypt – of the daily life of its inhabitants. The focus is on how the work in the tomb of Pharaoh favored them ; besides the advantage of being awarded a burial concession – prerogative normally reserved for the egyptian elite –, their status make easier for them the access to raw materials and their specializations could be harnessed to their own ante mortem organization.

In recent years many institutions holding papyri have put images of their collections online, while transcriptions previously published in print are now hosted in the Digital Corpus of Literary Papyri. Anagnosis aims to provide an intuitive and easy-to-use web interface between those images and related digitized texts. The main goal lies in automatic data processing and text-recognition accuracy: Through a dedicated OCR algorithm, letters on the image are identified with single boxes and thus linked to the transcription. A coordinates system of the glyphs on the image can then be transferred and applied to each new image uploaded for the same text section. Once all character boxes are generated, Anagnosis can extract a sample alphabet that users may rearrange to virtually restore lost parts of text directly on the image.