Bibliography: leaves 175-203. / xxix, 203 leaves, [14] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Investigates whether cytokines influence the development of the embryo prior to implantation. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Depts. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Microbiology and Immunology, 1993

Estudos anteriores de literatura indicavam que o sistema renina-angiotensina II local pineal era de fundamental importância para a expressão plena da capacidade de síntese de melatonina induzida pela estimulação noradrenérgica pelos pinealócitos. Essa relação funcional estava na dependência de uma interação parácrina entre pinealócitos e astrócitos onde os astrócitos seriam os responsáveis pela síntese de angiotensina II que, liberada pela ação da noradrenalina, agiria em receptores do tipo AT1 existentes na membrana dos pinealócitos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de, uma vez estabelecida a metodologia de dissociação e cultivo dos tipos celulares, estudar a hipótese acima, além das possíveis vias de transdução intrapinealocitárias que levassem ao efeito potenciador da angiotensina II sobre a estimulação noradrenérgica no processo de síntese de melatonina. Os resultados mostraram que, diferentemente do que acontece com glândulas intactas ou com co-cultura (cultura contendo astrócitos e pinealócitos), a estimulação noradrenérgica de pinealócitos isolados não é passível de bloqueio por Losartan, uma droga bloqueadora de receptores AT1. Por outro lado, nas mesmas condições experimentais, a síntese de melatonina induzida pela estimulação noradrenérgica é passível de potenciação pela adição de angiotensina II , efeito esse, que é bloqueado pelo Losartan. Demonstrou-se, ainda, que a estimulação noradrenérgica de astrócitos isolados, provoca a liberação de angiotensina II por esse tipo celular. Demonstrou-se, ainda, que há a mobilização de pelo menos duas vias de transdução nos pinealócitos quando estimulados pela angiotensina II: aumento da concentração de cálcio intracelular e mobilização de processos de fosforilação em tirosina usando as vias das proteínas JAK/ STAT. Dessa forma, pelo presente trabalho pode- se especular que quando a glândula pineal é estimulada pela liberação de noradrenalina dos terminais simpáticos, ao mesmo tempo que esta age nos pinealócitos promovendo a via de síntese de melatonina, age, também, nos 7 astrócitos, liberando angiotensina II que, por sua vez, age nos pinealócitos potenciando a ação estimulatória da noradrenalina, levando a um aumento da síntese de melatonina. / We have previously demonstrated that Angiotensin II (Ang II) potentiates the noradrenaline-stimulated (Nor+) melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland [Baltatu et al.,J. Neurochem.(2002)80, 328-334]. The aim of the present paper was to study the possible paracrine interactions between glial cells and pinealocytes in the rat pineal gland. To accomplish this aim, after standard pineal cell dissociation we studied the two cellular types separated in different cell cultures, either of glial pineal cells or pinealocytes. First, we showed, using freshly dissociated pineal cells, that Losartan is able to reduce Nor+ induced melatonin synthesis, similarly to what happens with pineal glands culture. Noradrenaline stimulation is able to induce melatonin synthesis in glial cell-free pinealocytes cell culture, what is not blocked by Losartan. In this condition, Ang II is able to potentiated the Nor+ induced melatonin synthesis, an AngII effect that is blocked by Losartan. Moreover, Ang II stimulated pinealocytes show an increase in Ca2+ current as evaluated by confocal microscopy. On the other hand, pinealocytes-free glial cells cultures when stimulated by noradrenaline release Ang II in the culture medium. Taking into account the above results it is possible to speculate that in the intact pineal gland noradrenaline released by sympathetic terminals stimulated pinealocytes inducing the well know process of melatonin synthesis at the same time that stimulate glial cells that release AngII that acting through AT1 receptors in pinealocytes potentiate melatonin synthesis by the inducing an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ pool and tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK/STAT complex.

Orientadores: Rejane Maira Góes, Maria Etelvina Pinto Fochi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T12:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reame_Vanessa_M.pdf: 2703536 bytes, checksum: ca5e54abedb9ba4eb714ecc22d220f3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A obesidade está associada a vários prejuízos para a saúde, mas os efeitos sobre o sistema genital e reprodução masculina ainda são pouco compreendidos. Um estudo concluído recentemente em nosso laboratório comparou os efeitos do ambiente obesogênico (AO) em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento de ratos sobre a produção espermática na idade adulta. Todos os grupos expostos ao AO apresentaram prejuízos espermáticos. Para esclarecer esses achados, no presente trabalho, nós investigamos se os diferentes períodos de exposição ao AO resultaram em alterações funcionais nas células de Sertoli e modificaram permanentemente o ambiente parácrino intratesticular. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar adultos expostos à obesidade materna na gestação (O1), na gestação/ lactação (O2), ou sujeitos ao AO após desmame (O3), da lactação até a idade adulta (O4) ou da gestação até a idade adulta (O5) e grupo controle (C). A obesidade materna ou o AO foram induzidos por dieta com 20% de lipídeos (ração controle: 4% de lipídeos), por 15 semanas. As análises em microscopia de luz não mostraram alterações morfológicas nas células de Sertoli e no número dessas células expressando o receptor de andrógeno nos estágios VII e VIII do ciclo do epitélio seminífero. Entretanto, a percentagem de túbulos com descolamento prematuro de células germinativas foi acentuada em O5, moderada nos grupos O1, O2 e O3 e menor em O4. A testosterona sérica diminuiu 60% em O3 e O5, 27 % em O2, ~45% em O4 e não variou no O1. A dosagem de citocinas e de fator de crescimento, com o uso de ensaios multiplex, indicou aumento do TNF-'alfa' e a diminuição do FGF-2 no testículo dos grupos O1, O3 e O4, diminuição da IL-1'alfa' e IL-1'beta' no grupo O2, e diminuição da IL-1'alfa' no grupo O5. Nenhum grupo apresentou alteração para a IL-6. Adicionalmente, as análises por imunocitoquímica e por Western blotting mostraram que a expressão de conexina 43 diminuiu para o grupo exposto ao AO por toda a vida. As alterações no TNF-'alfa' e na IL-1'alfa1 pode ter aumentado a permeabilidade da barreira hematotesticular e juntamente com a queda na testosterona, podem explicar o descolamento de células germinativas e o prejuízo na eficiência e produção espermática. Esses dados indicam que o AO modula os fatores parácrinos testiculares de maneira diferencial, dependendo do período de exposição / Abstract: Obesity is associated with several health damage, but the effects on the reproductive system and male reproduction are still poorly understood. A study recently in our laboratory compared the effects of the obesogenic environment (OE) at different stages of development of rats on sperm production in adulthood. All the groups exposed to OE showed sperm damage. To clarify these findings in the present study, we investigated whether the different periods of exposure to OE resulted in functional changes in Sertoli cells and permanently changed the intratesticular paracrine environment. Wistar adult rats exposed to maternal obesity during pregnancy (O1), during pregnancy / lactation (O2), or subject to OE after weaning (O3), lactation to adulthood (O4) or from pregnancy to adulthood ( O5) and control group (C) were used. The maternal obesity or OE were induced by diet with 20% lipids (control diet: 4% lipid) for 15 weeks. The analysis by light microscopy showed no morphological changes in Sertoli cells and in the number of these cells expressing the androgen receptor in the seventh and eighth stages of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium. However, the percentage of tubules with premature separation of germ cells was accentuated in O5, moderate in groups O1, O2 and O3 and lower in O4. Serum testosterone decreased by 60% in O3 and O5, 27% in O2, ~ 45% in O4 and did not change in O1. The dosage of cytokines and growth factor with the use multiplex assays, showed an increase of TNF-'alpha' and the reduction of FGF-2 in the testis of groups O1, O3 and O4, reduced IL-1'alpha' and IL-1'beta' in O2 group, and decreased IL-1'alpha' in the O5 group. Neither group showed a change for IL-6. Additionally, analysis by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting showed that the expression of connexin 43 decreased to the group exposed to OE for all life. Changes in TNF-'alpha' and IL-1'alpha' may have increased the permeability of Blood-Testis barrier and along with the drop in testosterone may explain the detachment of germ cells and the loss in efficiency and sperm production. These data indicate that the OE modulates testicular paracrine factors differentially, depending on the exposure period / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

No description available.

Macrophages are the largest cells in the immune system and they regulate inflammatory signalling and inform cell fate decisions. Many signals, including those mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) converge on a few key intracellular signalling pathways, including the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFκB) network. The NFκB signalling pathway plays a vital role in the regulation of many different cellular responses, including the production of TNFα itself, which is required to sustain and propagate immune responses to, for example, infection or tissue damage. In this thesis we report on studies-both experimental and theoretical-of the NFκB signalling pathway in macrophages. Our collaborators stimulated these cells with various doses of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a molecule that forms the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria: in these experiments it serves as a proxy for bacterial infection. The macrophages, studied in vitro, respond as they are believed to do in tissues, by secreting certain signalling molecules called cytokines: the level of secretion proved to depend on the strength of the LPS stimulus. Further, heterogeneity of macrophage signalling was observed in response to a range of LPS doses. Within individual macrophages LPS stimulation results in oscillatory behaviour of NFκB localisation-NFκB shuttles in and out of the nucleus-with an amplitude (peak nuclear concentration) that also depends on the LPS dose. Heterogeneity was also observed in cells that were stimulated with the same dose intensity. This raises an important question about how immune cells coordinate inflammatory activity in the presence of this variability. In this thesis we aim to achieve an understanding of the system through the qualitative analysis of mathematical models of it. This work explores both the parametric sensitivity and bifurcation analyses for two mathematical models of NFκB in macrophages. Parametric sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the role of parameters on the model's output, especially on certain features of the signal-peak amplitudes, inter-peak intervals and areas beneath curves-that are commonly measured in single-cell experiments. Local bifurcation analysis is conducted in order to show all the possible behaviours produced when varying parameters.

L'hormone de croissance (GH) est une hormone paradoxale. Historiquement reconnue comme responsable de la croissance post-natale, elle est actuellement considérée comme une véritable cytokine, synthétisée en de nombreux sites extra-hypophysaires et impliquée, lorsque dérégulée, dans les processus de tumorigénèse. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse a permis de caractériser et localiser par RT-PCR in situ, les cellules capables de synthétiser la GH dans le système immunitaire du fœtus et du rat adulte, puis dans les différents systèmes de prolifération cellulaire du carcinome canalaire mammaire humain montrant ainsi que la GH, par son action autocrine / paracrine est non seulement impliquée dans le développement embryonnaire mais participe à la progression tumorale. Nos travaux in vitro montrent que l'internalisation et la translocation nucléaire de la GH complexée à son récepteur sont indépendantes de l'activation de JAK2 « Janus Kinase 2 », cependant indispensable à son exportation hors du noyau. L'étude du système de régulation négative du signal induit par la GH nous a permis de mettre en évidence une surexpression de la protéine CIS « Cytokine-Inducible SH2-containing protein », dans les zones de prolifération tumorale des différents carcinomes étudiés et dans 8 lignées tumorales mammaires. La surexpression de CIS, in vitro, inhibe la voie de signalisation JAK/STAT « Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription » et active la voie des MAPK « Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases ». Nous avons pour finir, corrélé l'activation prédominante de CIS à la synthèse de GH « autocrine » dans les cellules tumorales mammaires MCF-hGH. La localisation tant nucléaire que cytoplasmique de la GH et de toutes les molécules informatives laisse entrevoir des mécanismes de régulation encore inconnus. Les travaux futurs tenteront de répondre à la question maintenant cruciale : la GH, hormone de jouvence ou véritable oncogène ?

出版日2016/2/15を明示する必要あり。発行号・ページ数が決まっていればそれらも明示する必要あり。 Final publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368916X690999 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19925号 / 医博第4145号 / 新制||医||1017(附属図書館) / 33011 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 伊達 洋至, 教授 坂井 義治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

In open angle glaucoma, dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM) results in impaired aqueous humour outflow leading to an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that underlies optic nerve damage and irreversible blindness. Currently, no curative treatment is available for the disease. Indeed, most pharmacological and surgical interventions usually provide only temporary relief from elevated IOP while little progress has been made in targeting the root cause of this disease: correcting the dysfunctional TM. In this context, we hypothesized that regeneration/refunctionalization of the TM may represent an effective therapeutic option to halt disease progression or even reverse the pathologic process. We previously demonstrated in a rat model of glaucoma that the injection of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) cultured under hypoxic conditions or their conditioned media (MSC-CM) into laser-damaged TM area results in tissue regeneration. Injection of MSC or conditioned media in our glaucoma model led to activation and proliferation of ocular progenitor cells culminating in TM regeneration and a decrease in IOP. However, the mechanistic basis for this regenerative process remained elusive. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to elucidate the mechanistic basis of MSC secretome-mediated TM regeneration and the subsequent decrease in IOP. We now demonstrate that injection of hypoxic MSC-CM into laser-induced glaucomatous eyes resulted in massive immune cell recruitment. We also demonstrate that these hypoxic MSC-CM conditioned cells produced pro-regenerative factors in vitro and in vivo. Next, employing a proteomic approach, we identified and verified the pro-regenerative effect of several factors secreted by hypoxic MSC-CM recruited cells, which in turn induced the activation/proliferation of ocular progenitor cells leading to TM regeneration and decreased IOP. Upon individual injection of the purified factors into glaucomatous rat eyes, we observed a partial and delayed but significant decrease in IOP that correlated with an increase in the activation and proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells in the TM area. The co-injection of these factors resulted in a significant decrease in IOP compared with individual factor injection. Importantly, this drop in IOP was associated with restoration of retinal functionality, thus demonstrating the importance of these factors in the TM regeneration process and disease control. The findings presented in this thesis provide a novel acellular therapeutic approach for glaucoma treatment via in situ TM regeneration. Moreover, the knowledge gained here could have a lasting impact on how we induce tissue regeneration in other degenerative diseases and lead to novel therapeutic advances in regenerative medicine. / Dans le glaucome à angle ouvert, le dysfonctionnement du trabéculum (TM), un tissu nécessaire à la filtration de l'humeur aqueuse, entraîne une élévation de la pression intraoculaire (PIO). Ceci cause des lésions au niveau du nerf optique et une cécité irréversible. Présentement, aucun traitement curatif n'a été développé pour cette maladie. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que la régénération et re-fonctionnalisation du trabéculum peut représenter une option thérapeutique efficace pour arrêter ou inverser la progression de la maladie dans de nombreux cas de glaucome. Nous avons précédemment démontré les effets régénérateurs des cellules mésenchymateuses (MSCs) et de leurs milieux conditionnés par l'hypoxie (MSC-CM) dans la régénération du TM suite à un dommage par laser. Ce processus a conduit à l'activation et à la prolifération des cellules progénitrices oculaires résultant en une diminution de la PIO dans un modèle de glaucome induit par laser chez le rat. Cependant, la base mécanistique de ce processus de régénération reste encore inconnue. Ainsi, le but de cette thèse de recherche est d'élucider cette base mécanistique de la régénération du TM médiée par le sécrétome des MSC et la diminution subséquente de la PIO. À cette fin, l'injection de MSC-CM hypoxique dans les yeux glaucomateux induits par laser a entraîné un important recrutement de cellules immunitaires. Sous l’action du MSC-CM, ces cellules produisent des facteurs pro-régénératifs in vitro et in vivo. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé une approche protéomique et vérifié l'effet pro-régénératif des facteurs sécrétés par ces cellules exposées au MSC-CM hypoxique, sur l'activation et la prolifération des cellules progénitrices oculaires et la PIO. Lors de l'injection de ces facteurs chez le rat glaucomateux, nous avons observé une augmentation significative de l'activation et de la prolifération des cellules progénitrices neuronales présentes dans la zone du TM, résultant en une diminution de la PIO. De plus, l’injection combinée de ces facteurs résulte en une diminution synergique importante de la PIO. Cette baisse de la PIO était associée à une restauration de la fonction rétinienne, démontrant ainsi l'importance de ces facteurs dans le processus de régénération du TM et de contrôle de la maladie. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse pourraient amener à une nouvelle approche thérapeutique acellulaire pour le traitement du glaucome via la régénération du TM. De plus, les connaissances acquises au cours de cette thèse pourraient avoir un impact durable sur la manière d’aborder la régénération tissulaire dans d'autres maladies dégénératives et amener des avancées thérapeutiques nouvelles en médecine régénératrice

La cardiomyopathie ischémique et l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) sont deux des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays industrialisés. L’IC représente la condition finale résultant de plusieurs pathologies affectant le myocarde. Au Canada, plus de 400 000 personnes souffrent d’IC. Malgré la grande variété de traitements disponibles pour prendre en charge ces patients à haut risque de mortalité, l’évolution et le pronostic clinique de cette population demeurent sombres. Les thérapies de régénération par transplantation cellulaire représentent de nouvelles approches pour traiter les patients souffrant d’IC. L’impact de cette approche cellulaire et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l’application de ce nouveau mode de traitement demeurent obscurs. Les hypothèses proposées dans cette thèse sont les suivantes : 1) l’évolution à long terme des patients qui se présentent en IC grave est nettement défavorable malgré les techniques actuelles de revascularisation chirurgicale à cœur battant; 2) la thérapie cellulaire et, plus spécifiquement, l’injection intracoronaire précoce de milieu de culture cellulaire, permet d’améliorer la récupération fonctionnelle du ventricule gauche suite à un infarctus aigu du myocarde; et 3) la mobilisation de l’axe cœur-moelle osseuse constitue un mécanisme de réponse important lors de la survenue d’un événement ischémique chronique affectant le myocarde. / Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains a leading cause of mortality in the developed world. There are more than 400,000 diagnosed cases of this pathology in Canada. Despite the numerous treatment options available for patients presenting with left ventricular dysfunction, the evolution of this population is still dismal. Stem cell transplantation is a potential approach to repopulate the injured myocardium, to treat heart failure, and to restore cardiac function. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of this approach remain to be elucidated. The hypotheses of this thesis are the following: 1) the long-term evolution of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery is still poor, even when considering the use of new innovative surgical strategies such as off-pump coronary revascularization; 2) the intracoronary injection of concentrated biologically active factors secreted by stem cells can achieve early protection of the ischemic myocardium and preserve heart function; and 3) the bone marrow/heart interaction in a critical axis is involved in chronic myocardial repair following persistent ischemic injury.

La cardiomyopathie ischémique et l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) sont deux des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays industrialisés. L’IC représente la condition finale résultant de plusieurs pathologies affectant le myocarde. Au Canada, plus de 400 000 personnes souffrent d’IC. Malgré la grande variété de traitements disponibles pour prendre en charge ces patients à haut risque de mortalité, l’évolution et le pronostic clinique de cette population demeurent sombres. Les thérapies de régénération par transplantation cellulaire représentent de nouvelles approches pour traiter les patients souffrant d’IC. L’impact de cette approche cellulaire et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l’application de ce nouveau mode de traitement demeurent obscurs. Les hypothèses proposées dans cette thèse sont les suivantes : 1) l’évolution à long terme des patients qui se présentent en IC grave est nettement défavorable malgré les techniques actuelles de revascularisation chirurgicale à cœur battant; 2) la thérapie cellulaire et, plus spécifiquement, l’injection intracoronaire précoce de milieu de culture cellulaire, permet d’améliorer la récupération fonctionnelle du ventricule gauche suite à un infarctus aigu du myocarde; et 3) la mobilisation de l’axe cœur-moelle osseuse constitue un mécanisme de réponse important lors de la survenue d’un événement ischémique chronique affectant le myocarde. / Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains a leading cause of mortality in the developed world. There are more than 400,000 diagnosed cases of this pathology in Canada. Despite the numerous treatment options available for patients presenting with left ventricular dysfunction, the evolution of this population is still dismal. Stem cell transplantation is a potential approach to repopulate the injured myocardium, to treat heart failure, and to restore cardiac function. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of this approach remain to be elucidated. The hypotheses of this thesis are the following: 1) the long-term evolution of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery is still poor, even when considering the use of new innovative surgical strategies such as off-pump coronary revascularization; 2) the intracoronary injection of concentrated biologically active factors secreted by stem cells can achieve early protection of the ischemic myocardium and preserve heart function; and 3) the bone marrow/heart interaction in a critical axis is involved in chronic myocardial repair following persistent ischemic injury.