O Vírus Respiratório Sincicial humano (hRSV human Respiratory Syncytial Virus) está entre os principais causadores de doenças do trato respiratório. O hRSV pertence à família Paramyxoviridae. Os sintomas da infecção podem variar de simples estado gripal a doença respiratória grave, e eventualmente levar a óbito. Atualmente não há vacina licenciada ou droga eficaz contra esse vírus. Anteriormente foram obtidos, em nosso laboratório, vetores com genes otimizados. Com essas ferramentas a proteína M foi produzida e purificada tendo sido possível obter anticorpos policlonais específicos e eficientes na sua detecção. Com esses anticorpos confirmamos a interação da proteína M com as proteínas celulares tropomiosina e nucleofosmina. Também foi demonstrado por imunofluorescência e por western blotting que a proteína M quando expressa fora do contexto de infecção apresenta localização nuclear e citoplasmática. Foram feitos testes de imunização com a proteína M purificada ou com um vetor eucariótico que a expressa (DNA). A imunização com proteína M resultou apenas em resposta humoral, enquanto com a vacina de DNA obtivemos apenas resposta celular. Nenhum desses imunógenos, entretanto, foi capaz de conferir proteção contra hRSV. / The human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is among the main causes of respiratory tract diseases, hRSV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. The symptoms of the infection can range from simple flulike state to severe respiratory disease eventually leading to death. Currently there is no licensed vaccine or effective drug against this virus. Vectors with genes optimized for of the hRSV Matrix protein (M) expression in bacteria and in eukaryotic cells were previously obtained in our lab. With these tools the M protein was produced and purified. Specific and efficient polyclonal antibodies could then be obtained and used for its detection. Using these antibodies we confirmed M interaction with cellular proteins tropomyosin and nucleophosmin. It was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence and western blotting that protein M when expressed out of viral infection context, presents cytoplasmic and nuclear localization. Immunization tests were made with the purified M protein or with a eukaryotic vector that expresses it (DNA). Immunization with M protein resulted only in humoral response, while with the DNA vaccine only cellular response was obtained. None of these antigens, however, was able to confer protection against hRSV.

O vírus respiratório sincicial humano (HRSV) é principal agente causador de infecções do trato respiratório inferior em crianças e lactentes. Um diagnóstico rápido e preciso evitaria o uso desnecessário de antibióticos, nos casos em que a infecção é viral. A reação em cadeia da polimerase após transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) e o ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) são considerados ferramentas importantes na detecção do HRSV, pela alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Visando simplificar e minimizar os riscos de contaminação freqüentes, em duas etapas, foi padronizada uma reação em tubo único para detecção do HRSV em amostras clínicas. Aspirados de nasofaringe de 226 crianças de 0-5 anos de idade, com doença respiratória, atendidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP), foram testados por imunofluorescência indireta, RT semi Nested PCR e RT-PCR em tubo único. Cento e duas amostras (45,1%) foram positivas em pelo menos uma das técnicas e 75 (33,2%) em todas. Três (1,3%) amostras foram positivas por IFI e RT semi Nested PCR, 1 (0,4%) foi positiva por IFI e RT-PCR em tubo único, 5 (2,2%) amostras foram positivas somente por IFI, 2 (0,9%) somente por RT semi Nested PCR e 16 (7,1%) amostras foram positivas pela RT semi Nested PCR e RT-PCR em tubo único. A RT-PCR em tubo único mostrou ser uma técnica rápida, sensível e específica, e o uso combinado de dois métodos aumenta a detecção do HRSV. / Respiratory Syncytial Virus is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALTRs) in infants, elderly and immunodepressed patients. Rapid diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection is necessary to efficient treatment, avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics and determining patient isolation requirements. The reverse trancriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) methods have been referred as important tools for virus detection considering the high sensitivity and specificity, respectively of such methods. In order to maximize the simplicity and minimize the risk of sample cross-contamination by two steps RT-PCR, we developed a RT-PCR using a single-tube to detect HRSV in clinical samples. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (Nas) of 226 patients with acute respiratory illness, ranging 0-5 years old, were collected at the University of São Paulo Hospital (HU-USP) in São Paulo city. Samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, RT semi Nested PCR and single-tube RT-PCR. One hundred two (45,1%) of the 226 samples were positive at least by one of the three methods tested and 75 (33,2%) were positive by all methods. Three (1,3%) samples were positive only by IFI and RT semi Nested PCR, 1 (0,4%) sample were positive only by IFI and RT-PCR single-tube, 5 (2,2%) were positive only by IFI, 2 (0,9%) were positive only by RT semi Nested PCR and 16 (7,1) were positive only RT semi Nested PCR and RT-PCR single-tube. RT-PCR single-tube, showed to be fast, sensitive and specific for diagnosis of RSV and the combined use of both methods enhanced HRSV detection.

The emergence of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, especially those such as Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV) that are zoonotic, highlighted the severity of disease that could be caused by infection with viruses belonging to this family. In addition to causing disease outbreaks, several newly discovered paramyxoviruses were found to have unique genetic features, which provoked renewed interest in the study of previously unclassified or uncharacterised viruses in this family. J-virus (JPV) was isolated from wild mice, in Queensland, Australia, in 1972, and has been suggested to be a natural respiratory pathogen of mice. Beilong virus (BeiPV), another paramyxovirus, was first isolated from human mesangial cells in Beijing, China, in 2003, and was subsequently detected in rat mesangial cells. Following initial characterisation, the genomes of JPV and BeiPV were found to contain two genes, SH and TM, not common to other paramyxoviruses, as well as an extended attachment protein gene. BeiPV has the largest genome in the family Paramyxoviridae, which is, in fact, larger than that of any other virus within the order Mononegavirales. The genetic material of paramyxoviruses is not amenable to manipulation via classical genetics; a reverse genetics approach was therefore employed to study the evolution and classification of JPV and BeiPV. Minireplicon systems utilising green fluorescent protein as a reporter were established for JPV, BeiPV and NiV, and were used to better assess the taxonomic status of JPV and BeiPV, and to determine the relationship between these viruses and henipaviruses, which also have exceptionally large genomes. These studies indicate that JPV and BeiPV are closely related and should be classified in the same genus and their replication and transcription machinery is different from that of the henipaviruses. / To gain an understanding of the biology of JPV and BeiPV, viral surface proteins from JPV were expressed and evaluated. Chimeric JPV virions containing recombinant surface proteins were generated and electron microscopy was used to determine the localisation of the proteins encoded by those JPV genes which are uncommon in other paramyxoviruses. Analysis of the attachment protein gene of JPV indicated that the virus was able to assemble an exceptionally large protein (156 kDa) into the virion structure, providing evidence in support of the hypothesis that JPV and BeiPV may represent an ancient lineage of viruses within the family Paramyxoviridae. In order to determine tissue tropism of JPV during experimental infection and to aid future work with a full-length JPV infectious clone, a real-time PCR assay for JPV was developed and assessed on tissues collected from mice infected with JPV. A multiplex microsphere assay for JPV and BeiPV was developed and used to analyse the seroprevalence of these viruses in Australian and Malaysian rodents. Although there is currently no evidence for disease caused by JPV or BeiPV, this does not preclude the emergence of a zoonotic rodent paramyxovirus related to these viruses. If this were to occur, the tools for virus detection and serological monitoring are now established.

La virologie bénéficie de plus en plus du développement de la bioinformatique. Mon projet de thèse recouvre la gestion de séquences de protéines se rapportant aux virus à ARN simple brin, de polarité négative et positive. J'ai mis en place une base de données VaZyMolO, qui gère les informations structurales et fonctionnelles des protéines, en définissant et en classant des modules. Cette approche a permis l'identification d'un domaine méthyltransférase sur la protéine L des Mononegavirales, et la définition de la modularité des protéines N et P des Paramyxoviridae. La cartographie du génome du virus du Syndrome Respiratoire Aigue Sévère réalisée à l'aide de VaZyMolO, a contribué à la résolution structurale de la protéine nsp9 de ce virus. Enfin, je présente une étude incluant évolution et analyse structurale des polymérases des Flaviviridae. Dans cette dernière, je propose un modèle de la polymérase du virus GBV-C et un mécanisme d'initiation de la synthèse d'ARN.

Le virus de la Rougeole reste le plus meurtrier des virus contre lesquels il existe un vaccin, avec environ 350000 décès par an dans le monde. Ce virus appartient à la famille des Paramyxoviridae, qui sont des virus enveloppés de forme sphérique dont le génome est composé d'un seul brin d'ARN de polarité négative. L'élément central de la réplication et de la transcription du génome viral est le complexe, de forme hélicoïdale, entre l'ARN du virus et la nucléoprotéine. Cette association intime appelée nucléocapside a des propriétés étonnantes non encore élucidées. En effet, l'ARN des virus à ARN négatif a la particularité de n'être jamais nu, même lors des étapes de réplication/transcription nécessitant pourtant le passage de la polymérase virale. On suppose que l'interaction avec la phosphoprotéine, cofacteur de la polymérase, provoque un changement de la conformation de la nucléoprotéine pour rendre l'ARN viral accessible à la polymérase. Lorsque la nucléoprotéine est exprimée dans des cellules d'insectes, elle se fixe aux ARNs cellulaires et forme des nucléocapsides recombinantes. Les études précédentes sur d'autres virus à ARN négatif (Rage, Marbourg, Sendaï) ont montré que les nucléocapsides recombinantes sont semblables aux nucléocapsides virales. Au sein de la nucléocapside, le domaine C-terminal de la nucléoprotéine joue un rôle crucial en interagissant avec de nombreux partenaires viraux et cellulaires, notamment avec la phosphoprotéine dans les étapes de réplication/transcription du génome viral. Cependant, des observations en microscopie électronique à transmission avaient montré que les nucléocapsides recombinantes contenant la nucléoprotéine entière était trop flexibles pour envisager leur reconstruction tridimensionnelle par analyse d'image, ce qui avait conduit à les rigidifier par un traitement protéasique dont l'effet latéral est justement l'élimination du domaine C-terminal de la nucléoprotéine. Nous avons mis au point des conditions de préparation en coloration négative permettant de rigidifier la nucléocapside intacte, afin d'en calculer une reconstruction tridimensionnelle à basse résolution et de la comparer avec celle de la nucléocapside protéolysée. Nous avons ainsi montré que les nucléocapsides de la Rougeole changeaient radicalement de structure tridimensionnelle en réponse au traitement protéolytique, non seulement en terme de pas de l'hélice ou de nombre de sous-unités par tour, mais aussi au niveau de la conformation de la nucléoprotéine et de ses contacts avec les sous-unités adjacentes, ce qui n'avait encore jamais été observé aussi clairement.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 48-02, page: . Adviser: David Hewett-Emmett. Includes bibliographical references.

O vírus respiratório sincicial humano (HRSV) é principal agente causador de infecções do trato respiratório inferior em crianças e lactentes. Um diagnóstico rápido e preciso evitaria o uso desnecessário de antibióticos, nos casos em que a infecção é viral. A reação em cadeia da polimerase após transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) e o ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) são considerados ferramentas importantes na detecção do HRSV, pela alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Visando simplificar e minimizar os riscos de contaminação freqüentes, em duas etapas, foi padronizada uma reação em tubo único para detecção do HRSV em amostras clínicas. Aspirados de nasofaringe de 226 crianças de 0-5 anos de idade, com doença respiratória, atendidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP), foram testados por imunofluorescência indireta, RT semi Nested PCR e RT-PCR em tubo único. Cento e duas amostras (45,1%) foram positivas em pelo menos uma das técnicas e 75 (33,2%) em todas. Três (1,3%) amostras foram positivas por IFI e RT semi Nested PCR, 1 (0,4%) foi positiva por IFI e RT-PCR em tubo único, 5 (2,2%) amostras foram positivas somente por IFI, 2 (0,9%) somente por RT semi Nested PCR e 16 (7,1%) amostras foram positivas pela RT semi Nested PCR e RT-PCR em tubo único. A RT-PCR em tubo único mostrou ser uma técnica rápida, sensível e específica, e o uso combinado de dois métodos aumenta a detecção do HRSV. / Respiratory Syncytial Virus is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALTRs) in infants, elderly and immunodepressed patients. Rapid diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection is necessary to efficient treatment, avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics and determining patient isolation requirements. The reverse trancriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) methods have been referred as important tools for virus detection considering the high sensitivity and specificity, respectively of such methods. In order to maximize the simplicity and minimize the risk of sample cross-contamination by two steps RT-PCR, we developed a RT-PCR using a single-tube to detect HRSV in clinical samples. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (Nas) of 226 patients with acute respiratory illness, ranging 0-5 years old, were collected at the University of São Paulo Hospital (HU-USP) in São Paulo city. Samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, RT semi Nested PCR and single-tube RT-PCR. One hundred two (45,1%) of the 226 samples were positive at least by one of the three methods tested and 75 (33,2%) were positive by all methods. Three (1,3%) samples were positive only by IFI and RT semi Nested PCR, 1 (0,4%) sample were positive only by IFI and RT-PCR single-tube, 5 (2,2%) were positive only by IFI, 2 (0,9%) were positive only by RT semi Nested PCR and 16 (7,1) were positive only RT semi Nested PCR and RT-PCR single-tube. RT-PCR single-tube, showed to be fast, sensitive and specific for diagnosis of RSV and the combined use of both methods enhanced HRSV detection.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto clínico, funcional e bacteriológico das infecções respiratórias virais nos pacientes com fibrose cística durante um ano. A identificação viral foi feita por métodos de biologia molecular para os seguintes virus: Vírus sincicial respiratório, Influenza A e B, Parainfluenza 1, 2 e 3, Adenovírus, Rinovírus, Metapneumovírus humano, Coronavírus, Enterovírus e Bocavírus. Foram 408 amostras com identificação viral em 199 amostras (48,7%). O Rinovírus foi o mais prevalente sendo identificado em 140 amostras (34,31%), mas contrastando com outros estudos em fibrose cística e em outras doenças pulmonares crônicas, o Rinovírus não mostrou ter impacto clínico, funcional ou bacteriológico significativo nos pacientes com fibrose cística / The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical, functional and bacteriological impact of the viral respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients over one year. Viral identification was done through molecular biology methods for the following virus: Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza A and B, Parainfluenza viruses type 1 to 3, Adenovirus, Rhinovirus, Human metapneumovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus and Human bocavirus. 199 (48,7%) samplings among 408 were positive for at least one virus. Rhinovirus was the virus with a higher prevalence, which was identified in 140 samplings (34,31%), but without clinical, functional or bacteriological impact contrasting with other studies in patients with cystic fibrosis and other chronic lung diseases

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto clínico, funcional e bacteriológico das infecções respiratórias virais nos pacientes com fibrose cística durante um ano. A identificação viral foi feita por métodos de biologia molecular para os seguintes virus: Vírus sincicial respiratório, Influenza A e B, Parainfluenza 1, 2 e 3, Adenovírus, Rinovírus, Metapneumovírus humano, Coronavírus, Enterovírus e Bocavírus. Foram 408 amostras com identificação viral em 199 amostras (48,7%). O Rinovírus foi o mais prevalente sendo identificado em 140 amostras (34,31%), mas contrastando com outros estudos em fibrose cística e em outras doenças pulmonares crônicas, o Rinovírus não mostrou ter impacto clínico, funcional ou bacteriológico significativo nos pacientes com fibrose cística / The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical, functional and bacteriological impact of the viral respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients over one year. Viral identification was done through molecular biology methods for the following virus: Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza A and B, Parainfluenza viruses type 1 to 3, Adenovirus, Rhinovirus, Human metapneumovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus and Human bocavirus. 199 (48,7%) samplings among 408 were positive for at least one virus. Rhinovirus was the virus with a higher prevalence, which was identified in 140 samplings (34,31%), but without clinical, functional or bacteriological impact contrasting with other studies in patients with cystic fibrosis and other chronic lung diseases

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.