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In this paper two different models for forecasting the number of monthly departing passengers from Sweden to any international destination are developed and compared. The Swedish transport agency produces forecasts on a yearly basis, where net export is the only explanatory variable controlled for in the latest report. More profound studies have shown a relevance of controlling for variables such as unemployment rate, oil price and exchange rates. Due to the high seasonality within passenger flows, these forecasts are based on monthly or quarterly data. This paper shows that a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model with exogenous input outperforms the benchmark model forecast in seven out of nine months. Thus, controlling for oil price, the SEK/EUR exchange rate and the occurrence of Easter reduces the mean absolute percentage error of the forecasts from 3,27 to 2,83 % on Swedish data.

I denna rapport undersöks om styrmän på ett passagerarfartyg upplever att sjukvårdsutbildningen är tillräcklig för uppgiften om sjukvårdsansvarig. Jag valde att undersöka hur de uppfattar sjukvårdsutbildningen och sjukvårdsorganisationen ombord.   Undersökningen utfördes med en kvalitativ metod där åtta styrmän blivit intervjuade för att få insikt i hur sjukvården fungerar på ett svenskt passagerarfartyg. Både andrestyrmän och överstyrmän deltog i undersökningen.   Undersökningen pekar på att sjukvårdsutbildningen anses som tillräcklig men att tidsintervallen mellan certifikatet är för långt för att arbeta som sjukvårdsansvarig på ett passagerarfartyg. Styrmännen skulle vilja att en extra sjukvårdspraktik infördes mellan förnyelse av certifikatet för att skapa en bättre rutin vid sjukvårdsfall. Resultatet pekar på att det bästa vore om en läkare eller sjuksköterska anställdes för att ansvara för sjukvården ombord. / In this thesis examines if officers on a passenger vessel experience that the Medical Care education is enough to be responsible for the medical care. I decided to investigate their opinion on the Medical Care education and the organization onboard.   The study was a qualitative method where eight officers were interviewed to get an insight in how the medical care works on a Swedish passenger vessel. Both second officers and chief officers participated in this study.   The study indicates that the education is enough but that the time interval between the renewals of the Medical Care certificate is too long for the officer responsible for the medical care on a passenger vessel. The officers would like to have one more medical care practice period between the renewals of the certificates to create a better routine with the medical care. The result shows that the best thing would be to hire a nurse or a doctor to be responsible for the medical care onboard.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-30T13:22:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseTNRS.pdf: 3393157 bytes, checksum: 682438684830bd99a65a205955a0aa2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:41:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseTNRS.pdf: 3393157 bytes, checksum: 682438684830bd99a65a205955a0aa2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:41:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseTNRS.pdf: 3393157 bytes, checksum: 682438684830bd99a65a205955a0aa2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T20:41:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseTNRS.pdf: 3393157 bytes, checksum: 682438684830bd99a65a205955a0aa2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Global phenomena such as population aging, increased rate of disability, and growing numbers of obese people have gained intense attention within the air transportation industry since it expects increases in travel and changes in the profile of users. However, studies have indicated gaps between the needs of passengers and the services and assistance provided by airlines and airports. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand the contradictions and discontinuities in the activity systems of passengers with disability, elderly and obese in the Brazilian air transportation originating restrictions to participation during the flight and during the boarding and deplaning process of air travel. In the present study, a qualitative approach was adopted based on Ergonomics and the Activity Theory. The research participants were passengers with physical, visual, and auditory disabilities and elderly and obese passengers. A combination of methods and techniques was used for data collection, including: 14 preliminary interviews in health care organizations and facilities that provide assistance and services for the participant groups and air transportation users, with a total of 25 participants; a questionnaire survey involving 399 respondents; and observations in commercial aviation. A total of 43 non-participant observations were carried out, and other eight participant observations took place during the journey, which included two self-confrontation interviews. The results indicated passenger participation restrictions during the journey affect attitudinal barriers and limited spatial accessibility that are related to airport infrastructure, airport signs, operational factors, equipment, aircrafts, and regulatory aspects. These restrictions are related to contradictions in the interaction of the components of activity system, which include: the passenger, the artifacts, the rules, the community (passengers and workers), the airport operators, and the airlines, and the object of the activity. It was found that, in order to face these difficulties, passengers employ personal and interpersonal strategies. Therefore, specifications were developed to change the contextual factors associated with the environment, equipment, and operations. To promote full participation during the air journey, some changes are needed; primarily transformation in significance and representations for action of people involved in the air transportation and their work activity, seeking to achieve integration between design and use. This study was carried out focusing on the activity, which contributed to the involvement of different social actors; thus the information provided is based on the learning gained from experience and interaction with the subjects and the context aiming to demonstrate the users’ needs and constraints and support new air transport developments. / Fenômenos populacionais mundiais, como o envelhecimento, o aumento do número de pessoas com deficiência e de pessoas obesas, estão ganhando relevância na indústria de transporte aéreo, uma vez que se espera o aumento das viagens e modificações no perfil de usuários deste modal. No entanto, pesquisas indicam lacunas entre as necessidades dos passageiros e os serviços e condições oferecidas pelas companhias aéreas e aeroportos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as contradições e descontinuidades nos sistemas de atividades dos passageiros com deficiência, idosos e obesos no transporte aéreo brasileiro que originam restrições a participação durante o voo e as fases de embarque e desembarque nas viagens aéreas. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa adotou um enfoque qualitativo, seguindo como fundamentação teórico-metodológica a Ergonomia da Atividade e a Teoria da Atividade. Os participantes do estudo foram passageiros com deficiência (física, visual e auditiva), passageiros idosos e passageiros obesos. Uma articulação de métodos e técnicas foi utilizada para a coleta de dados, que se constituiu a partir de 14 entrevistas preliminares com instituições que atuam junto aos grupos em estudo e usuários do transporte aéreo, contando com 25 participantes; pesquisa com questionário envolvendo 399 respondentes e; observações na aviação comercial, sendo 43 pelo pesquisador como observador-total e oito por meio do acompanhamento de viagens, as quais possibilitaram a realização de duas entrevistas de autoconfrontação. Os resultados evidenciaram restrições à participação dos passageiros nas viagens aéreas, as quais afetam a acessibilidade atitudinal e espacial posto que se relacionam à infraestrutura dos aeroportos e sinalização, fatores operacionais, equipamentos, aeronaves e aos aspectos regulatórios. Estas restrições originam-se nas contradições existentes na interação entre os componentes dos sistemas de atividade, que incluem o passageiro, os artefatos, as regras, a comunidade (atendentes e passageiros), os operadores aeroportuários, as companhias aéreas e o objeto da atividade. Para enfrentamento das dificuldades, constatou-se que os passageiros dispõem de estratégias, classificadas, principalmente, como pessoais e interpessoais. Deste modo, foram sistematizadas especificações para melhoria dos fatores contextuais, associados ao ambiente, equipamentos e operação. Para promover a plena participação nas viagens são necessárias mudanças, as quais devem iniciar-se na transformação dos significados e das representações para a ação dos envolvidos com o transporte e na atividade de trabalho destes, buscando integração entre concepção e uso. A fundamentação do estudo na perspectiva da atividade contribuiu para o envolvimento de diferentes atores sociais, de modo que as informações construídas estão baseadas na aprendizagem a partir da experiência e da interação com os sujeitos e o contexto para explicitar as necessidades e as restrições enfrentadas pelos usuários e fundamentar novos desenvolvimentos no transporte aéreo.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and evaluate the legal system of the public transport of passengers on railways in legal systems of the Czech Republic and Germany, including the influence of European and international law. A comparison of the both of the legislations will be made, alternatively some of de lege ferenda proposals for the Czech legislator will be draft. This thesis deals with the both of domestic and international transport. The thesis is divided into six chapters including the introduction as a chapter one and conclusion as a chapter six. In the second chapter some of the legal terms form the field of transport theory such as transport or carriage are defined. The third chapter describes the historical development of the legal regulations of transport starting at the times of the Roman Empire. The fourth chapter deals with the today`s legislation of the transport. It`s subheads describe the influence of the public law, the sources of transport law, the legal systems of transportation, the contract of carriage and the rights of the parties to the contract. Each subhead describes the Czech legal system following by the description of the German one. When it`s suitable, the comparison of both of the legislations is made. The fifth chapter deals with the international law...

Accurate estimation of Origin and Destination (O-D) of passengers has been an essential objective for public transit agencies because knowledge of passengers’ flow enables them to forecast ridership, and plan for bus schedules, and bus routes. However, obtaining O-D information using traditional ways, such as conducting surveys, cannot fulfill today’s requirements of intelligent transportation and route planning in smart cities. Estimating bus passengers’ O-D using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signals detected from their mobile devices is the primary objective of this project. For this purpose, we collected anonymized passengers’ data using SMATS TrafficBoxTM sensor provided by “SMATS Traffic Solutions” company. We then performed pre-processing steps including data cleaning, feature extraction, and data normalization, then, built various models using data mining techniques. The main challenge in this project was to distinguish between passengers’ and non-passengers’ signals since the sensor captures all signals in its surrounding environment including substantial noise from devices outside of the bus. To address this challenge, we applied Hierarchical and K-Means clustering algorithms to separate passengers from non-passengers’ signals automatically. By assigning GPS data to passengers’ signals, we could find commuters’ O-D. Moreover, we developed a second method based on an online analysis of sequential data, where specific thresholds were set to recognize passengers’ signals in real time. This method could create the O-D matrix online. Finally, in the validation phase, we compared the ground truth data with both estimated O-D matrices in both approaches and calculated their accuracy. Based on the final results, our proposed approaches can detect more than 20% of passengers (compared to 5% detection rate of traditional survey-based methods), and estimate the origin and destination of passengers with an accuracy of about 93%. With such promising results, these approaches are suitable alternatives for traditional and time-consuming ways of obtaining O-D data. This enables public transit companies to enhance their service offering by efficiently planning and scheduling the bus routes, improving ride comfort, and lowering operating costs of urban transportation.

Nos últimos anos do século XX, o Sistema Ferroviário Paulista estampou, constantemente, manchetes da mídia impressa e televisiva. O mote das reportagens era quase sempre o mesmo: estações abandonadas e depredadas, má utilização do material permanente, carros de passageiros, locomotivas e vagões apodrecendo nos pátios, desconsideração ao usuário com a erradicação dos trens de longo percurso. O que as reportagens quase nunca apresentavam, no entanto, é a gênese desse quadro de degradação, que teve suas bases fincadas, entre outros fatores, na escolha política pelo transporte rodoviário e na privatização da malha ferroviária. Objetivando trazer à tona tal realidade, a presente dissertação procurou analisar a espacialidade e a história da evolução do Sistema Ferroviário no Estado de São Paulo, enfocando, especialmente, o transporte de passageiros, seja em longopercurso, seja na Região Metropolitana da capital. Para tanto, analisou-se, inicialmente, a implantação e o desenvolvimento do Sistema Ferroviário em São Paulo, relacionando-o à produção cafeeira e ao processo de urbanizaçãoindustrialização da capital paulista. Num segundo momento, discutiu-se as políticas de implementação do Sistema Rodoviário e suas conseqüências para o transporte ferroviário no Estado, discorrendo-se também sobre as alterações administrativas das ferrovias. Por fim, pôde-se criticar a privatização da Rede Ferroviária Federal e as recentes transformações no transporte metro-ferroviário da capital. Acredita-se, desta forma, que o trabalho apresenta reflexões - apoiadas numa revisão da literatura a respeito do tema, e em dados e apontamentos de reportagens de revistas especializadas e da grande mídia - que possam servir para a construção de conjecturas acerca do futuro do transporte sobre trilhos no Estado de São Paulo. / In the last years of the century XX, the São Paulo Railway System printed, constantly, headlines of the media printed and television. The theme of the reports was almost always the same: abandoned stations and depredated, bad use of the permanent material, passengers\' cars, locomotives and wagons deteriorating at the patios, disregard to the user with the eradication of the trains of long course. The one that the reports hardly ever presented, however, it is the genesis of that degradation picture, that had their fixed bases, among other factors, in the political choice for the road transport and in the privatization of the rail mesh. Aiming at to bring to the surface such reality, to present dissertation tried to analyze the geography and the history of the evolution of the Railway System in the state of São Paulo, especially focusing the passengers\' transport, be in long-course, be in the Metropolitan Area of the capital. For so much, it was analyzed, initially, the implantation and the development of the Railway System in São Paulo, relating it to the coffee production and the process of urbanization-industrialization of the capital from São Paulo. In a second moment, it was discussed the politics of implementation of the Road System and their consequences for the rail transport in the state, being also talked about the administrative alterations of the railroads. Finally, it could be criticized the privatization of the Federal Railway Net and the recent transformations in the subway-rail transport of the capital. It is believed, this way, that the work presents reflections - leaning in a revision of the literature regarding the theme, and in data and notes of reports of specialized magazines and of the great media - that can be for the construction of you conjecture concerning the future of the transport on rails in the state of São Paulo.

Child road trauma poses a preventable public health burden to the community. This PhD research aimed to: 1) quantify the magnitude of child passenger injuries in New South Wales (NSW), Australia; 2) evaluate the effectiveness of different restraint use to prevent fatalities among child passengers; and 3) estimate the benefit in the general child population from different intervention targets relating to restraint use. It comprised two studies to validate methodology and four independent epidemiological studies. The first study to validate methodology assessed the data item availability and categorization across different road traffic injury surveillance data collections in NSW in relation to World Health Organization recommended data item lists and necessary data item lists for road traffic injury research. Exclusion of, or insufficient categorization of, crucial data items such as restraint use and injurious outcome existed for each data collection. The other study to validate methodology assessed the performance (in terms of incidence estimates, sensitivity, and specificity) of several methods for removing multiple counting when conducting analyses on hospital separation data for child passenger injuries under either primary-diagnosis or all-diagnoses based injury definition, using linkage methods as a comparison. The "readmission"-based criterion consistently best approximated the linkage-method-derived incidence rate. Two epidemiological studies used NSW hospital separation datasets and quantified the magnitude of child road trauma in NSW in terms of hospitalisation rates. One study examined the trend in hospitalised injury incidence rates during the period of July 1998 to June 2005 using a non-parametric estimation method, and reported a non-significant decline of hospitalised injuries to child passengers over time. The second study used Poisson regression to demonstrate that rural NSW children were two times more likely to suffer hospitalised injuries compared with their urban counterparts. The third epidemiological study used the Fatality Analysis Reporting Systems (FARS) from the United States (US) and estimated the association between different restraint uses and child passenger fatality using a matched cohort method. Improperly using restraints significantly elevated the risk of death for child passengers involved in a crash compared to any other restraint use. The advantage of child restraints over seat belts in terms of fatality reduction was not statistically significant, although previous studies have shown an advantage for serious injury reduction. The last study was performed to quantify the relative public health benefit in terms of reduction in child passenger deaths and injuries for different interventions relating to restraint use in the general population using a case-based population attributable risk fraction method. Results support the ongoing child restraint legislation change in Australia to require compulsory child restraint uses for children up to their 7th birthday, and an increasing proper use of age-appropriate restraints would provide the greatest reduction in fatalities and injuries among child passengers assuming equal population uptake for all interventions. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that child road trauma remains a public health burden to the Australian community; and highlights the importance of properly using age-appropriate restraints in preventing injuries to child passengers.

<p>The ‘Hierarchical structure for airport service quality expectations’ model originally comes from theory of service quality assessment and was created by Fodness and Murray in 2007 after a study at six U.S. airports. It reveals the most important factors that comprise service quality. This thesis tested the model in a Swedish context with an empirical study among passengers at two Swedish airports; Arlanda and Umeå. With the help of literature, the empirical study, and reasoning, the original model has been modified by the authors of this thesis. There are minor modifications but the three main factors remain as they were in the original model, namely function, interaction, and diversion.</p>

The ‘Hierarchical structure for airport service quality expectations’ model originally comes from theory of service quality assessment and was created by Fodness and Murray in 2007 after a study at six U.S. airports. It reveals the most important factors that comprise service quality. This thesis tested the model in a Swedish context with an empirical study among passengers at two Swedish airports; Arlanda and Umeå. With the help of literature, the empirical study, and reasoning, the original model has been modified by the authors of this thesis. There are minor modifications but the three main factors remain as they were in the original model, namely function, interaction, and diversion.