The diploma thesis describes performance in the area of air transport, based on performance of national economies of two selected neighbouring countries, Czech Republic and Germany, through comparison of their gross domestic product in the selected time period. The operating performance is focused mainly on transportation performance of air transport. First part of the thesis is dealing with interconnection of economy with air transportation. Crucial part of the work contains analysis of development of GDP and analysis of development of transportation performance of both countries. Part of the thesis is also acquisition of passenger-kilometre data derived from fuel consumption and produced emissions of CO2.

Within the commercial aviation industry, with its ever increasing global carbon footprint rising with consumer demand, the need for more sustainable forms of aviation has become more necessary than ever. With growing demands for emission reductions and better energy management practices across all industries in initiatives such as the Paris Agreement, there has never been a more pressing time to explore the existing and potential pathways towards more sustainable forms of aviation. While there are many new and innovative technologies aiming to reduce commercial aviation’s impact on the environment, there are other important aspects to consider, inherent to the commercial aviation industry. Key to the successful adoption and wide-spread usage of sustainable aviation technology is the consideration of passengers, their perspectives and perceptions of the industry in its current state, and their knowledge and opinions of these various new technologies. In order to contribute to this consideration of passengers and their importance, this thesis aims to investigate their perspectives on the industry and its sustainable transition, explore their perceptions of the environmental impact of air travel, as well as uncover how much passengers are willing to pay to support the incorporation of sustainable aviation fuels to reduce carbon emissions in the industry. To do this, a two-pronged approach was used, which combined a quantitative passenger survey along with qualitative interviews to collect data from a diverse group of respondents in Sweden. Applying Rogers’ theory on Diffusion of Innovation, this study investigates passenger perceptions, attitudes, levels of knowledge and trust, and willingness to pay to reduce their carbon emissions. The study also seeks to gain insights into and make sense of the different factors and barriers affecting the adoption rates of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) amongst passengers, and identify the characteristics of innovative passengers and early adopters. The results of this study showed that the current use of SAF, such as biofuels, amongst the population is still relatively early on in its adoption phase. However, the future looks bright for the future of sustainable aviation - at least from a passenger perspective. The actual amount passengers were willing to pay for reducing CO2 emissions was significant, and tools such as the Fly Green Fund can be of great help in providing a platform for passengers to minimize their carbon footprint when flying. / Inom den kommersiella flygindustrin med dess ständigt ökande globala koldioxidavtryck, som stiger med konsumenternas efterfrågan, har behovet av mer hållbara former av flygtransport blivit mer nödvändigt än någonsin tidigare. Med växande krav på utsläppsminskningar och bättre energihanteringsmetoder inom alla branscher, i initiativ såsom Parisavtalet, har det aldrig varit viktigare att utforska de befintliga och potentiella vägarna mot mer hållbara former av flygtransport. Samtidigt som det finns många nya och innovativa tekniker vars syfte är att minska kommersiell flygindustris påverkan på miljön finns det även andra aspekter, fundamentala för den kommersiella flygindustrin, att ta hänsyn till. En utbredd användning av hållbar flygteknik kräver hänsyn till passagerare, deras perspektiv och uppfattningar om branschen i dess nuvarande tillstånd, samt deras kunskap och åsikter om dessa olika nya teknologier. För att bidra till dessa övriga aspekter ämnar denna uppsats undersöka flygpassagerares perspektiv på branschen och dess hållbarhetstransformation, utforska deras uppfattningar om flygresors miljöpåverkan, samt även undersöka hur mycket passagerare är villiga att betala för att stödja införandet av hållbara flygbränslen för att minska koldioxidutsläppen i industrin. För att genomföra detta användes ett tvådelat tillvägagångssätt som kombinerade en kvantitativ passagerarundersökning baserat på en enkät, med kvalitativa intervjuer för att samla in data från en heterogen grupp av respondenter i Sverige. Passagerarenkäten distribuerades till både passagerare på väg till en flygplats, samt till studenter och anställda på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. Genom att med hjälp av Roger’s theory on Diffusion of Innovation analysera passagerarnas uppfattningar, attityder, kunskapsnivåer och förtroende, samt betalningsvilja, försöker denna studie skapa insikt och förståelse kring de olika faktorer och barriärer som påverkar graden av adoption av hållbara flygbränslen (Sustainable Aviation Fuels, SAF) bland passagerare, samt identifiera karaktäristika hos innovativa passagerare (innovators) och tidiga användare (early adopters). Denna studies resultat visade att den nuvarande användningen av SAF bland befolkningen fortfarande är i en relativt tidig fas av adopitonsprocessen. Framtiden ser dock ljus up för hållbarhet inom flygbranschen, åtminstone ur ett passagerar-perspektiv. Det faktiska beloppet som passagerare var villiga att betala för att minska CO2 utsläppen var betydande, och verktyg som Fly Green Fund kan vara till stor hjälp för passagerare genom att förse dem med en platform för att minimera sina koldioxidavtryck när de flyger.

A lotação do veículo é um dos fatores determinantes para a qualidade do transporte público (TP), pois, além do conforto do passageiro, afeta também a confiabilidade da linha, alterando a velocidade média do veículo. Entretanto, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, uma das maiores operações de ônibus do mundo, é difícil se encontrar implantado algum equipamento de contagem automática de passageiros (APC), provavelmente devido aos custos das tecnologias atuais. Esta pesquisa apresenta os resultados de um método de APC utilizando o sensoriamento por Wi-Fi de telefones móveis dos passageiros embarcados num veículo do TP por ônibus. Para este fim, um protótipo de baixo custo foi desenvolvido e instalado na linha 6500-10 entre o Terminal Santo Amaro e o Terminal Bandeira, durante 7 dias da semana em horários de pico e entre pico. Os dados coletados foram analisados através de ferramentas estatísticas e métodos de análise geográficas. Durante o experimento observou-se que o APC foi capaz de detectar a mudança da ocupação do veículo em 85% dos casos, com uma confiança de até 20% e um erro de até 22 passageiros por medida. Através de dados de posição geográfica foi possível gerar matrizes de carregamento, que permitem inferir a origem e o destino dos passageiros em cada viagem, assim como - para todo o período do experimento - indicar os trechos com maior lotação. Por outro lado, o método não apresentou bons resultados saindo dos terminais e quando a ocupação mudou repentinamente, requerendo estudos posteriores para refinar o algoritmo apresentado. Da mesma maneira, ainda não há como generalizar o método para toda operação, pois, o espaço amostral estudado foi pequeno, deixando como sugestão para pesquisas futuras o aprimoramento deste sistema. / The crowdedness of a vehicle is one of the main quality factor of the public transportation (TP) quality, since, besides the comfort, also affect the reliability of the line, changing its average speed. However, the city of São Paulo, Brazil, one of the biggest bus operations of the world, it is difficult to find any automatic passenger counter (APC) equipment deployed, probably due the costs of current technologies. This research shows the results of an APC technology by the sensing of the Wi-Fi signal of smartphones that are boarded in a vehicle on TP by bus. Therefore, a prototype was developed and deployed on the line 6500-10 between the Terminal Santo Amaro and the Terminal Bandeira, during 7 working days of the week on peak and off-peak hours. was analyzed with statistical and geographical tools. During the experiment, it was observed that the Wi-Fi APC was capable of estimate the occupancy of the vehicle 85% of the cases, with a significance level up to 20% and an error up to 22 passengers per estimation. Through the geographical analysis it was generated load matrices, that allow to infer the origin and destination of the passenger in each trip, indicating the sections along the route where were more boarding and alighting. On the other hand, the method did not perform well when coming out of the final stops and when the crowdedness changed suddenly, requiring further analysis to understand how to deal better under these circumstances. Likewise, due to the limited sample utilized in this research, we cannot generalize the results presented, pressing the need for new researches on different operation scenarios.

La conduite à grande vitesse d’une voiture dans des conditions dangereuses, tel un environnement très poussiéreux, est une des situations auxquelles sont confrontés les conducteurs. Dans ce cas, les essuie-glaces doivent fonctionner correctement et nettoyer efficacement le pare-brise sale pour à la fois assurer la sécurité des passagers et le bon fonctionnement des différents organes du véhicule. La mise en route des essuie-glaces entraîne l’activation des buses d’injection du liquide nettoyant qui s’atomise et qui se dépose sur les essuie-glaces et le pare-brise. Une fine couche du liquide se développe sur les surfaces des balais d’essuie-glace. Lorsque l’injection s’arrête et que les essuie-glaces continuent leur mouvement, la fine couche de liquide interagit avec le champ d’écoulement d’air extérieur. Il en résulte une génération de gouttelettes qui sont emportées par l’air en s’éloignant des balais d’essuie-glace. Une partie de ces gouttelettes impacte le pare-brise avec pour conséquence un nettoyage insuffisant et une mauvaise visibilité pour le conducteur. Dans cet exemple, les essuie-glaces peuvent à la fois enlever la poussière du pare-brise mais aussi être à l’origine de la formation des gouttelettes et de leur impact sur le pare-brise. Le phénomène d’interaction air-liquide sur les essuie-glaces produisant une génération de gouttelettes, leur transport et leur impact sur le pare-brise est connu sous le vocable ‘Overspray’ dans le domaine de l’automobile. Il est important de tenir compte du phénomène d’Overspray pour la conception et laréalisation des essuie-glaces. Bien que ce phénomène ait été mis en évidence depuis longtemps, les mécanismes qui le régissent demeurent encore peu connus. C’est pour cette raison que les essuie-glaces ne parviennent pas à satisfaire tous les critères de qualité liée à leur fonction. Cette thèse vise à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de l’Overspray en mettant l’accent sur les interactions air-liquide pour la génération des gouttelettes, et plus particulièrement sur les conditions critiques où le film commence à s’atomiser. Cette étude a été réalisée essentiellement par voie expérimentale à partir de laquelle un modèle a été proposé. / Driving the car in hazard conditions, like an environment with a lot of dust, is a case which is encountered often by the drivers. The wiper blades have to work successfully and clean the dirty windshield for both the safety of the passengers and the functionality of the car. Activating the car nozzle jets, washer is ejected from the nozzles towards the wiper blades and the windshield. A thin layer of liquid is developed on the surfaces of the wiper blades. When the nozzle jets stop and the wiper blades continue to move, the thin layer of liquid interacts with the strong external air flow field. The result of the interaction is the generation of droplets which are transported by the air flow far from the wiper blades. However, a part of those droplets impact on the windshield resulting in an insufficient cleaning of the screen and the deterioration of the driver’s sight. The wiper blades may remove the dust from the screen but they will cause the droplet impact on it. The phenomenon of the air-liquid interaction on the wiper blades involving the droplet generation, transport and impact on the screen is known as Overspray in the automotive domain. The Overspray is an important parameter for the design and development of the wiper blades. Although Overspray has been observed quite early, little is known for the mechanisms involved in. Thus, the wiper blades still suffer to clean the windshield adequately in such conditions. The current thesis aims to give a deep insight in the Overspray focusing more on the air-liquid interactions for the droplet generation, especially, the investigation of the critical conditions for the onset of the film atomization from the blade surfaces. For that reason mainly experimental and theoretical work has been conducted.

La conception d’un plan de transport d’un service ferroviaire est un processus qui se réalise entre deux ans et six mois avant la mise en service de celui-ci. Les principales phases de la conception sont la définition des dessertes, le calcul de la grille horaire et enfin l’organisation des roulements de rames et des conducteurs. La manière dont le plan de transport est conçu peut avoir de nombreuses conséquences sur la qualité de service : fréquence en gare insuffisante qui peut entrainer une perte de clients, robustesse de la grille horaire face à de petits incidents... En zone dense, tous ces éléments sont à prendre en compte, dès la conception de la grille horaire.Aujourd’hui, SNCF Transilien conçoit ses plans de transport en prenant d’abord en compte l’optimisation des ressources de production (sillons, rames et agents de conduite). Toutefois, l’augmentation des ressources mises en œuvre n’améliore plus l’adéquation du plan de transport à la demande des voyageurs. Ce mode de conception ne permet donc plus de faire face à l’augmentation de la demande de mobilité. C’est pourquoi il faut repenser la conception du plan de transport en intégrant immédiatement la dimension voyageuse.Nos travaux se concentrent sur les problématiques de conception de dessertes et de grille horaire, en prenant en compte le point de vue des voyageurs. Nous présentons un modèle multiobjectif de conception de dessertes, puis nous présentons un modèle de conception de grille horaire intégrant le choix d’itinéraire des voyageurs. Ensuite, nous présentons une méthode cherchant à intégrer ces deux modèles. Enfin, nous présentons une évaluation de nos résultats grâce à des indicateurs de fiabilité / The design of a railway transportation plan is a process achieved between two years and six months before it is put into service. The main phases in the design of a transportation plan are the line planning, the timetabling, the rolling stock and the crew scheduling.The design of the transportation plan can have many consequences on the quality of service: an inadequate frequency in station can cause a loss of passengers, sufficient number of seated places, robustness of the timetable in the face of small incidents... In dense area, as in the Ile-de-France region, all these elements must be taken into account as the transportation plan is designed.Today, SNCF Transilien designs its transportation plans by first taking into account the optimization of production resources (train paths, rolling stock units and drivers). However, today, the increase in resources implemented no longer improves the adequacy of the transportation plan to passengers’ demand. This design method no longer makes it possible to cope with the increase in the demand for mobility (+3% each year since 2000). This is why we must rethink the design of the transport plan by immediately integrating the passenger dimension. Our work focuses on issues of line planning and timetabling in a passenger-oriented approach. First, we present a multi-objective model for line planning. Then, we present a model of timetabling incorporating passenger route choice. Then, we initiate a method to integrate these two models. Finally, we present an evaluation of our results thanks to reliability indicators from the literature and a macroscopic simulation of the timetables

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Claudia Abboud.pdf: 1209848 bytes, checksum: f46715dc1f3b53ebabbf8d11c20d8d31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-09 / The work aims to investigate some problems related with the financing of the gratuitousnesses in the public service of passengers urban collective transport on tires. It starts from extracted subjects of the reality of the transport system of most of the Brazilian towns, as the public subsidies to the private concessionaires, the practice of crossed subsidies, the existence of people that are benefit by the gratuitousnesses, even not being in situation of abandonment, as well as the present conflict in the government decisions in the moment of defining the section of the society that should assume the cost of the social solidarity. It compiles the theory related with the matter, beginning with the approach of the constitutional principles of the economical and social order, having in view that the service of urban collective transport, in spite of being public , is rendered in general by private companies. In the sequence, it exposes the national and foreign doctrine pertinent to the notion of public service and the institutes of concession and permission, that constitute the base of the ideas presented at the end. It approaches the notion of public service in the Brazilian law and its change seeking to admit the private partner s larger autonomy, although such innovative ideas are not entirely applicable to the public service of current collective transport. Starting from reports supplied by the public organs responsible by the administration of the subway systems and urban bus in the city of São Paulo, as well as by the National Association of Public Transportations (ANTP), and complemented by specialists explanations that work in those institutions, it introduces technical data that allow to visualize the current situation of the system and the social and economical user s profile. At the end, it analyzes the Constitutional Text, with the aid of traditional and modern interpretative methods, and it concludes that, in face of the Brazilian reality, the ideal is the adoption of criteria that limit the gratuitousnesses concession to the needy people. It further deduces that the public power should be attentive to the principles of equality and to the economical-financial balance of the contract, as well as to the other principles of the public service. It ends concluding that the public service demands that the Administration harmonizes the need of modernization of the activities with the materialization of the material equality - by protection of the needy user s rights, however without neglecting the respect to the common user s right / O trabalho objetiva investigar alguns problemas relacionados com o financiamento das gratuidades no serviço publico de transporte coletivo urbano de passageiros sobre pneus. Parte de questões extraídas da realidade do sistema de transporte da maioria das cidades brasileiras, como os subsídios públicos aos concessionários privados, a prática de subsídios cruzados , a existência de pessoas que se beneficiam de gratuidades, mesmo não se encontrando em situação de desamparo, bem como o conflito presente nas decisões governamentais no momento de definir o setor da sociedade que deve arcar com o custo da solidariedade social. Compila a teoria relacionada com a matéria, iniciando pela abordagem dos princípios constitucionais da ordem econômica e social, tendo em vista que o serviço de transporte coletivo urbano, a despeito de ser público , é em geral prestado por empresas privadas. Na seqüência, expõe a doutrina nacional e estrangeira pertinente à noção de serviço público e aos institutos da concessão e permissão, que constituem a base das idéias apresentadas ao final. Aborda a noção de serviço público no direito brasileiro e sua mudança visando admitir maior autonomia do parceiro privado, embora tais idéias inovadoras não sejam inteiramente aplicáveis ao serviço público de transporte coletivo atual. A partir de relatórios fornecidos pelos órgãos públicos responsáveis pelo gerenciamento dos sistemas de metrô e ônibus urbanos da cidade de São Paulo, bem como pela Associação Nacional de Transportes Públicos (ANTP), e complementados por esclarecimentos de especialistas que atuam nessas instituições, apresenta dados técnicos que permitem visualizar a situação atual do sistema e o perfil socioeconômico do usuário. Ao final, analisa o Texto Constitucional, com o auxílio de métodos interpretativos tradicionais e modernos, e conclui que, em face da realidade brasileira, o ideal é que sejam adotados critérios que limitem a concessão de gratuidades às pessoas necessitadas. Infere ainda que o Poder Público deverá estar atento aos princípios da igualdade e ao equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato, bem como aos demais princípios do serviço público. Finaliza concluindo que o serviço público exige que a Administração harmonize a necessidade de modernização das atividades com a concretização da igualdade material - mediante resguardo dos direitos do usuário carente, porém sem descuidar do respeito ao direito do usuário comum

nÃo hà / A socioeconomia cearense sofreu intensas modificaÃÃes ao longo da dÃcada passada, havendo uma reduÃÃo da desigualdade social graÃas a mudanÃas no perfil de intervenÃÃo do Estado. Como o Sistema de Transporte Intermunicipal de Passageiros do Cearà (STIP-CE) foi planejado para a realidade do inÃcio dos anos 2000, presume-se que a oferta atual nÃo atenda Ãs necessidades dos usuÃrios no que diz respeito a sua mobilidade e acessibilidade. AlÃm disso, sendo um fenÃmeno eminentemente geogrÃfico, à necessÃrio o uso de ferramentas de estatÃstica espacial para analisÃ-lo. PorÃm, hà problemas na aplicaÃÃo dessas ferramentas na seara de transporte, derivados da inexistÃncia de mÃtodo adequado sobre o tema. Logo, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa de dissertaÃÃo de mestrado à analisar as alteraÃÃes no padrÃo espacial da geraÃÃo das viagens intermunicipais de passageiros a partir das mudanÃas socioeconÃmicas ocorridas nos municÃpios do Cearà na dÃcada de 2000, aplicando-se o ferramental de anÃlise espacial exploratÃria para verificaÃÃo das hipÃteses de que (i) o aumento da renda dos indivÃduos impacta no aumento de viagens por transporte particular e, por conseguinte, na reduÃÃo da demanda por viagens por transporte pÃblico; e (ii) a reduÃÃo nas diferenÃas de atividade econÃmicas dos municÃpios, que expressa a reduÃÃo do poder polarizador, impacta na reduÃÃo de viagens por transporte pÃblico. Para isso foi proposto um mÃtodo para utilizaÃÃo dessas ferramentas, bem como para estruturaÃÃo de uma base de dados georreferenciada. Os resultados de sua aplicaÃÃo trazem mais evidÃncias de que a hipÃtese de que nÃo hà relaÃÃo entre evoluÃÃo socioeconÃmica e demanda por transportes pode ser rejeitada, na medida em que se observaram correlaÃÃes entre esses fenÃmenos, sobretudo no entorno da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza tanto para viagens regionais como para as radiais. Hà algumas localidades, porÃm, que devem ser analisadas de acordo com suas particularidades socioeconÃmicas e nÃvel de serviÃo ofertado (Sobral/Ibiapaba e oeste do Litoral Oeste para viagens regionais e Cariri, para as radiais). Como recomendaÃÃes, observa-se (i) que o mÃtodo proposto pode ser complementado, (ii) que deve haver maior acurÃcia no levantamento de dados de demanda do STIP-CE por parte do Poder PÃblico cearense e (iii) que se deve dar continuidade do mÃtodo a fim de quantificar as relaÃÃes entre fenÃmenos e testar hipÃteses de sua existÃncia, mediante modelo de anÃlise confirmatÃrio local. / The Socioeconomics of Cearà suffered enormous changes over the past decade, with a reduction of social inequality due to changes in state intervention policies. As the Intermunicipal System of Transport of Passengers of Cearà (STIP-CE) was planned according to the reality of the early 2000s, it is assumed that the current offer does not meet the requisites of mobility and accessibility for passengers. Also, as Transport is a eminently geographical phenomenon, it is necessary to use the spatial statistics tools to analyze it. However, problems in the implementation of these tools were found in the compilation of data, derived from the lack of consolidated method on the subject. Thus, the general objective of this master thesis research is to analyze the changes in the spatial pattern of the passengers demand for intercity public transportation from socioeconomic changes in the municipalities of Cearà in the 2000s, applying the exploratory spatial analysis tools to verify the hypotheses that (i) the increase in the income of individuals influences the increase of trip by private transportation and therefore reduces the demand for trip by public transport; and (ii) reducing the differences in economic activity of municipalities, which expresses the reduction in polarizing power, impacts on reducing trip by public transportation. To this end a method to use these tools has been proposed, as well as a georeferenced database was compiled. The results of its application shows further evidence that the hypothesis that there is no relationship between socioeconomic development and demand for transport can be rejected, as observed by correlation between these phenomena, especially around the metropolitan area of Fortaleza for both regional and radial trips. There are some places, however, that should be analyzed according to their socioeconomic characteristics and level of service offered (like Sobral/Ibiapaba and west of the Litoral Oeste for regional trip and Cariri, for radial). As recommendations, it is noted (i) that the proposed method can be supplemented, (ii) there should be greater accuracy in the collection of STIP-CE demand data from the Cearà Government and (iii) the method hereby proposed should be given continuity in order to quantify the relationships between phenomena and test hypotheses of its existence by local confirmatory models.

O transporte rodoviário interestadual de passageiros no Brasil é uma atividade econômica dotada de função social porque é responsável por propiciar deslocamentos diários para dezenas de milhões de pessoas anualmente. Trata-se de uma expressão da divisão territorial do trabalho, pois elucida as interações entre diversos centros na rede urbana e entre variadas regiões, o que realça seu papel na integração territorial. No contexto da reestruturação produtiva ocorrida a partir da década de 1970 áreas nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste são integradas ao Centro-Sul do país configurando um mercado nacional unificado. O avanço da fronteira agrícola rumo ao Norte e ao Oeste cria novos usos do território em extensões até então pouco articuladas com o restante do país, como o norte matogrossense, o estado de Rondônia, o oeste baiano, o norte goiano, entre outras cada qual com suas particularidades, estas regiões se inserem com ritmos variados dentro do processo de expansão da agropecuária modernizada vinculada à produção de matérias-primas para o mercado externo. Tal processo modernizador demandou fluxos de migrantes advindos do Sul do Brasil, sobre os quais este trabalho se debruça, com destaque para as ligações rodoviárias interestaduais e inter-regionais com origem em centros da rede urbana do interior da região Sul, como Carazinho/RS e Cascavel/PR e se destinam aos novos polos regionais no Centro-Oeste, como Alta Floresta/MT e Sinop/MT bem como fora desta região: Barreiras/BA e Ji-Paraná/RO. O conjunto de ligações abarcado por esta pesquisa contempla trajetos com mais de 1.900 quilômetros de extensão formados por rotas inter-regionais que estão distantes da faixa costeira e tem como principais centros cidades como Brasília/DF, Campo Grande/MS, Cuiabá/MT e Goiânia/GO. Trata-se de uma circulação interiorizada pujante responsável pela manutenção de empresas de transporte interestadual de passageiros desde os primórdios das migrações rumo à fronteira agrícola, já que todas as companhias operantes atualmente são oriundas de centros locais e regionais sulistas. Para tanto a pesquisa delimitou eixos de circulação, com a finalidade de caracterizar a dinâmica dos fluxos para subsidiar a argumentação que sustenta a manutenção destas longas rotas pelo território nacional. / The Interstate passenger road transport in Brazil is an economic activity endowed with social function because it is responsible for providing daily shifts to tens of millions of people annually. This is an expression of the territorial division of labor, since it elucidates the interactions between several centers in the urban network and between different regions, which emphasizes its role in territorial integration. In the context of the productive restructuring occurred since the 1970s areas in the Centro- Oeste, Norte e Nordeste regions are integrated to the Centro-Sul of country configuring a unified national market. The advance of the agricultural frontier towards the North and the West creates new uses of the territory in extensions that are not very articulated with the rest of the country, such as the north of Mato Grosso, the state of Rondônia, the west of Bahia, the north of Goiás - each one with its peculiarities, these regions are inserted with varied rates within the process of expansion of modernized agriculture and cattle raising linked to the production of raw materials for the external market. This modernization process demanded flows of migrants from the Sul of Brazil, on which this work focuses, with emphasis on interstate and inter-regional road connections originating in urban centers in the interior of the South region, such as Carazinho/RS and Cascavel/PR and are destined to the new regional centers in the Midwest, such as Alta Floresta/MT and Sinop/MT and outside this region: Barreiras/BA and Ji-Paraná/RO. The set of links covered for this research contemplates routes with more than 1,900 kilometers of extension formed by interregional routes that are distant of the coastal strip and has as main centers cities as Brasília/DF, Campo Grande/MS, Cuiabá/MT e Goiânia/GO. This is an internalized circulation that is responsible for the maintenance of interstate passenger transport companies since the beginning of migrations towards the agricultural frontier, since all operating companies are currently from southern local and regional centers. To this end, the research has delimited axes of circulation, with the purpose of characterizing the dynamics of flows to subsidize the argumentation that sustains the maintenance of these long routes throughout the national territory.

The vehicles of public transport serve big and small places and town for the work quality of public transport that belong to people job and their rest. On purpose to secure safety and good organized traffic, satisfying the requirements of passengers, so the stops of public transport are constructing in respective places.The pavement constructions of public transport (bus and trolleybus) stops are sway under the special loads. So theirs planning and construction demands on keeping particular requirements and regulations.This research work gives the analysis of the effect of geometric parameters of public transport stops on their pavement stability, the analysis of agent loads to pavement constructions of stops in Vilnius city, the strength measurements are accomplished of pavement constructions.In the end of thesis are represented the conclusions and recommendations.

Ekonominiai ciklai įtakoja transporto šakos efektyvumą, todėl magistro darbe ir analizuojama ekonominių ciklų įtaka transporto sektoriui. Efektyvumo supratimas ir vertinimas yra viena iš pagrindinių problemų, nagrinėjant šią temą, kadangi nėra vieningos apibendrinančios transporto sektoriaus vertinimo metodikos (mokslininkai siūlo vertinti šakos arba įmonių efektyvumą įvairiais aspektais). Magistro darbe transporto rūšių ekonominis efektyvumas 2000 – 2012 metais vertinamas, remiantis suformuotų finansinių rodiklių sistema, pagal kurią svertinio aritmetinio vidurkio pagrindu išvesti agreguoti rodikliai. Transporto rūšies veiklos efektyvumas ir jo palyginimas visame sektoriuje per 2000 – 2012 metus atliktas remiantis dviem efektyvumo skaičiavimo metodais: skaičiuojant efektyvumą agreguotų rodiklių pagrindu kiekvienos transporto rūšies atskirai ir kiekvienos transporto rūšies visame sektoriuje. Ekonominių ciklų įtakos transporto sektoriaus efektyvumui įvertinimas, atliktas pagal transporto sektoriaus ekonominių veiklos rūšių efektyvumo agreguotų rodiklių ir makroekonominių rodiklių koreliacinę analizę. Magistro darbe įvertintas ekonominių ciklų poveikis transporto įmonių finansiniams rezultatams, atlikta perspektyvinė analizė pagal regresines analizes, sukuriant krovinių gabenimo, keleivių pervežimų, pardavimo pajamų, savikainos, veiklos sąnaudų prognozavimo modelius, remiantis makroekonominiais rodikliais. Perspektyvinė analizė atlikta remiantis Finansų Ministerijos ir Lietuvos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Economic cycles influence efficiency of transport sector therefore the main problem in work of the master, is the analysis of influence of economic cycles on transport sector. The concept and assessment of efficiency is one of the main problems in this subject as there is no uniform technique for estimation of transport sector (scientists suggest to estimate branches and efficiency of the enterprises through different prisms). In work of the master, economic efficiency of separate means of transport in 2000 - 2012 are estimated, leaning on the installed system of financial performance on the basis of which by means of the weighed arithmetic average of an indicator, the aggregated indicators are received. Scientific researches, for comparison of means of transport in all sector for 2000 - 2012 are executed, leaning on two methods of calculation of efficiency: the aggregated indicators of efficiency of each type of transport sector separately are removed and the aggregated indicators of efficiency of each look in all sector are removed. Estimation of influence of economic cycles on efficiency of transport sector, is executed by means of the correlation analysis of the aggregated indicators of efficiency of economic kinds of activity of transport sector and macroeconomic indicators. The analysis of influence of economic cycles on financial results of transport enterprises, is executed by means of the regression analysis, creating models of forecasting of transportation of goods... [to full text] / Экономические циклы влияют на эффективность транспортного сектора, поэтому основная проблема в работе магистра, это анализ влияния экономических циклов на транспортный сектор. Понятие и оценка эффективности является одной из основных проблем в этой теме, так как нет единой методики для оценивания транспортного сектора (учёные предлагают оценивать отрасли и эффективность предприятий через разные призмы). В работе магистра, экономическая эффективность отдельных видов транспорта в 2000 – 2012 годах оцениваются, опираясь на установленную систему финансовых показателей, на основе которых с помощью взвешенного среднего арифметического показателя, получены агрегированные показатели. Научные исследования, для сравнения видов транспорта во всём секторе за 2000 – 2012 года выполнены, опираясь на два метода расчёта эффективности: выведены агрегированные показатели эффективности каждого вида транспортного сектора в отдельности и выведены агрегированные показатели эффективности каждого вида во всём секторе. Оценивание влияния экономических циклов на эффективность транспортного сектора, выполнено при помощи корреляционного анализа агрегированных показателей эффективности экономических видов деятельности транспортного сектора и макроэкономических показателей. Анализ влияния экономических циклов на финансовые результаты транспортных предприятий, выполнен при помощи регрессионного анализа, создавая модели прогнозирования перевозки грузов и пассажиров, доходов от продаж, себестоимости... [полный текст, см. далее]