Trauma is a leading cause of death worldwide with 5.8 million deaths occurring yearly. Almost 40% of trauma deaths are due to bleeding and occur in the first few hours after injury. Of the remaining severely injured patients up to 25% develop a dysregulated immune response leading to multiple organ failure (MOF). Despite improvements in trauma care, the morbidity and mortality of this condition remains very high. Massive traumatic injury can overwhelm endogenous homeostatic mechanisms even with prompt treatment. The underlying mechanisms driving MOF are also not fully elucidated. As a result, successful therapies for trauma-related MOF are lacking. Trauma causes tissue damage that releases a large number of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondrial DAMPs released in trauma, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), could help to explain part of the immune response in trauma given the structural similarities between mitochondria and bacteria. MtDNA, like bacterial DNA, contains an abundance of highly stimulatory unmethylated CpG DNA motifs that signal through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 to produce inflammation. MtDNA has been shown to be highly damaging when injected into healthy animals causing acute organ injury to develop. Elevated circulating levels of mtDNA have been reported in trauma patients but an association with clinically meaningful outcomes has not been established in a large cohort. The first aim of this PhD thesis was to determine whether mtDNA released after trauma haemorrhage is sufficient for the development of MOF. Secondly, I then aimed to determine the extent of mtDNA release with varying degrees of tissue injury and haemorrhagic shock in a clinically relevant rodent model. My final aim was to determine whether neutralising mtDNA at a clinically relevant time point in vivo would reduce the severity of organ injury in this model.

Durante décadas, a visão prevalente em ecologia de microrganismos era de que os fatores ambientais locais seriam os únicos agentes estruturantes das comunidades e dos padrões de coexistência das espécies. Entretando, estudos recentes têm fornecido evidência de que processos ligados a dispersão possam ser tão importantes quanto o ambiente local na estruturação das comunidades, reacendendo o debate em torno da hipótese clássica sobre a ubiquidade dos microrganismos. Neste estudo, nós examinamos os padrões de coexistência do fitoplâncton e os possíveis determinantes da variação espacial na composição das comunidades em 9 lagoas do sul do Brasil. Nós testamos se as espécies fitoplanctônicas apresentam um padrão não aleatório de coexistência através de um modelo nulo e se distância espacial ou a distância ambiental possuem relação com a similaridade na composição das comunidades. Nós também investigamos se as variáveis ambientais locais são bons preditores da abundância das espécies. Na análise de coexistência, nós não observamos um padrão significativo de estruturação dentro das lagoas, mas encontramos um padrão não-aleatório e segregado das espécies ao longo das lagoas, indicando que as espécies coexistem menos do que o esperado ao acaso nesta escala. A similaridade na composição das comunidades mostrou correlação significativa com a distância ambiental, mas não foi correlacionada com a distância geográfica entre os sítios. Além disso, a variação na abundância das espécies apresentou correlação significativa com as variáveis ambientais locais (transparência da água, condutividade, nitrato e ortofosfato). Em conclusão, nossos resultados apoiam a visão de que a variação espacial do fitoplâncton é melhor explicada pelo ambiente local. Nós não testamos a influência de variáveis históricas e filogenéticas sobre esses padrões, que podem ser temas de estudos futuros, a fim de elucidar ainda mais essas questões. / For decades, the main hypothesis in microbial ecology was that local environment would be the only mechanism structuring communities and patterns of species coexistence. However, recent studies have provided evidence that processes related to dispersion can be as important as the local environment for shaping biological communities, stimulating new debates on the classical hypothesis about the ubiquity of microorganisms. In this study, we examined the phytoplankton coexistence patterns and possible determinants of spatial variation in community composition in 9 lakes of southern Brazil. First, we use a null model analysis for tested whether the phytoplankton species show a nonrandom pattern of coexistence. We also tested whether spatial distance or environmental distance act as potential factors controlling community composition. Finally, we investigated whether local environmental variables are good predictors of species abundance. We did not observe a significant pattern of coexistence species in the within-lakes analysis, but we found a nonrandom pattern of coexistence and segregation of species across-lakes analysis, indicating that the species coexist less than expected by chance on this scale. Phytoplankton community composition showed a strong positive correlation with the environmental distance but was not correlated with the geographical distance between sites. Moreover, the variation in the abundance of species showed significant correlation with local environmental variables (water transparency, conductivity, nitrate and orthophosphate). In conclusion, our results support the view that the spatial variation of phytoplankton is best explained by the local environmental conditions. We suggest that the influences of historical and phylogenetic variables on these patterns, here not measured, be analyzed in future studies, to further elucidate these questions.

Natural tropical deciduous forest (TDF) is considered with a medium to small height (< 15 m). Particularly, in Mexico TDF shows a remnant of 36.2% of primary forest driving changes in the structure and species composition. This vegetation in Mexico is mainly transformed into grassland for cattle raising, and agriculture, primarily for self-consumption. More information about the ecology and the social pressures on this vegetation can be seen in Chapter I. The general methods, including sampling allocation and collection, characteristics of the study site, as well the procedure of the research proposal is presented in Chapter II. The main aim of this thesis is to improve the accuracy of predictions of net carbon emissions and the spatial distribution of AGB in the Tropical Deciduous Forest of Mexico. To address this aim, it is important to take into consideration the forest structure, spatial patterns and processes in a natural forest in a multi-scale analysis; also, it is necessary to characterize the spatial socio-economic drivers that influence current AGB losses. With the understanding of such elements, it is possible to reconstruct the potential carbon stocks and estimate the allocation of net carbon emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation. This study shows that it is possible to count net carbon emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation at a landscape scale. To come to such estimates, it was necessary to reduce the different sources of uncertainty. Chapter III explores different elements that drive the AGB allocation in a mature forest. The AGB in the mature forest was considered as the potential AGB that the forest could get assuming that it has reached its steady state. Different field sampling strategies and allometric equations were evaluated to account for uncertainty in the AGB estimations. The results showed that small sampling design (300-400 m2) and large-sized plots (4 ha) produce the same tree distribution for trees: ≥30 cm in DBH as well as in AGB. These results contradict what has been reported for others (Chave et al., 2004 and 2005) when they refer to the general definition of tropical forest. However, those other studies referred to forests with a much higher precipitation and which can be classified as tropical rain (perennial) forest (Chave et al., 2004). In the tropical deciduous forest, the kind considered in this study, AGB tends to be allocated in small-sized trees. Diverse biophysical characteristics that may drive AGB allocation were considered over different spatial scales. Water stress was the main driver for AGB density at different spatial scales. Nutrients showed little significance to explain AGB as other studies have suggested in secondary forests and/or chronosequences. With this understanding, Chapter IV shows the use of different multi-variable models. Parsimonious models were the result of the variables selection and sensitivity test. Most of the methodologies showed a better performance to explain AGB allocation than a null-model. However, when they were contrasted with independent observations over different spatial resolutions, it was possible to conclude that only GLM was capable of reproducing the spatial patterns, and its estimations were close to observations. Nevertheless, some observations with very large AGB densities were underestimated by the model. This underestimation was related to the presence of few very large-sized trees. These two chapters depict the possibility of accounting for the potential AGB, and the uncertainty, namely whether the landscape could reach it with the absence of human disturbance. Once the potential AGB map was built and validated, it was transformed to carbon stock, using a local carbon concentration estimate. This potential carbon stock map was contrasted to the different available maps of current carbon stocks. Consequently, it was possible to estimate net carbon emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation (Chapter V), suggesting that the general models tend to agree in the total carbon loss. However, there are some spatial discrepancies in the magnitudes of change. Main differences between maps can be reduced by diverse socio-ecological constraints that dominate the landscape. This is important because it may be possible to make future adjustments that would reduce variability, enabling more accurate AGB estimations. However, to individually account for deforestation and forest degradation, more detailed sources of local information are necessary, such as socio-economic variables. Therefore models with a bottom-up perspective would lead to a better understanding and representation of the landscape. Finally, the growing rural population will have larger demands for wood and food, so while remote or protected areas may have the potential for storing high AGB, forest close to settlements and access routes are likely to continue being disturbed, unless affordable alternatives are available for the sustainable use of the forest. In conclusion, the estimation of spatial heterogeneity of AGB in the landscape is of great importance when measuring carbon stocks and ecological dynamics. Various elements influence the AGB allocation in the mature forest. Among all of them, water availability played the most decisive part of various spatial scales. My models support the hypothesis that water availability plays the major role in explaining AGB in Mexico on a local, sub-regional and landscape scale. Model selection produced contrasting AGB estimates and patterns. Moreover, the results of this study tell us that there is not a clear consensus among various current AGB maps. However, they also show that with a multi-model comparison it is possible to identify carbon emissions drivers and calculate total carbon emissions due to forest disturbances. Socio-economic variables played the major role in explaining AGB losses. Therefore, future studies should look into a bottom-up approach for a better understanding and representation of current AGB.

The friction of tyres on roads has been of practical importance for many years with nearly 80% of terrestrial traffic making use of rubber tyres. Tyres provide the grip required for vehicle acceleration, braking and cornering. In order for a tyre to grip on a snow covered surface friction mechanisms such as “ploughing”, (where sharp tread block edges dig into and break bonds between the snow grains) and fluid film lubrication must be considered. These are not present when a tyre interacts with tarmac. In addition metamorphism of the snow over time can result in variations of the structure and mechanical properties, this can occur rapidly especially when dealing with temperatures close to snows melting point. When full car-scale outdoor testing is carried out the snow conditions cannot be controlled and vary daily. This means the snow properties must be measured every day so that any observed variations in friction can be attributed to the tyres rather than the snow. At present the simple measurements being carried out on the snow tracks have not proved sufficient to pick up on the variations in the snow. This leads to inconsistent results: one tyre behaves differently on two different days, even though the snow was measured to be the same. This has resulted in the need for further study of the way snow variations influence the grip of winter tyres. The primary aim of this study is to identify which snow properties contribute to the friction of tyres on snow and be able to estimate the friction from measurements of snow properties. This work is the first comprehensive study to combine: multiple snow properties, microstructure characterisation, measurement of friction behaviour and different snow (both artificial and natural). In order to study the way snow affects the grip of winter tyres, methods of manufacturing artificial snow with consistent mechanical properties and microstructure are used. A method of blending ice chips (a solid state fracturing process) and compressing the resulting snow to form a test track was developed during a previous PhD carried out in our group. An alternate snow microstructure was created by using an established process of creating snow by vapour deposition. The process was simplified and downscaled, the resulting snow consisted of large dendritic grains, very different to the blended ice chips. Both snows were pressed in identical manners to create snow testing tracks. In addition, natural snow collected from the field was tested to compare with the artificial snow. In order to investigate how the variations in the snow affected the friction of tyres extensive testing was carried out in a cold room using a linear tribometer, using procedures established in previous studies. Two analytical rubber samples were used to investigate the friction, a rounded edge sample and a siped sample. Testing was carried out at -10°C at speeds of 0.01m/s, 0.1m/s and 1m/s. A significant part of this PhD involved the development of new methods and equipment which have not been used to study snow in this way before. In order to characterise mechanical properties, shear testing, compression testing and cohesion testing were carried out. To investigate snow microstructure, surface profilometry, microscopy and X-ray microtomography were used. Correlating the changes observed in snow characteristics with the changes recorded in the coefficient of friction has allowed the development of an empirical equation. This can be used to predict the coefficient of friction of a given snow based on three relatively simple snow measurements: a compression test to calculate the effective modulus, a roughness measurement to calculate the peak count density and a snow penetration test. For the first time this study allows us to use the empirical equation to estimate the relative contributions of the ploughing and surface friction mechanisms to the total friction. This allows the comparison of full car-scale test data as it is now possible to account for variations in the snow test tracks.

This thesis aims to explore distributional patterns of tree species in the neotropical lowland rain forest biome based on diversity analyses, dated phylogenies and species distribution models, using the family Sapotaceae as a case study. Sapotaceae is an abundant and diverse group in the neotropical lowland rain forest and its distributional patterns are representative of other tree clades in this biome. These characteristics make this family a good model to test ecological and biogeographic hypothesis in neotropical rain forests. An analysis of beta-diversity measured by the number of shared species was used as a test of biotic homogeneity of Morrone's (2001) widely used system of neotropical biogeographic units. Biotic homogeneity was generally low, and Morrone's (2001) biogeographic regionalisation was found not to coincide with the distributional patterns of Sapotaceae species. Divergence times of Sapotaceae species were estimated using a dated phylogeny based on DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to explore the effects of Andean uplift, closure of the Isthmus of Panama and Pleistocene climatic changes on the evolutionary history of lowland rain forests in northern South America. The Andean uplift was found to have affected patterns of distribution by creating new habitats and altering hydrologic systems in northern South America, and in some cases by isolating lineages to the east and west of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. The closure of the Panama Isthmus and Pleistocene climatic changes do not seem to have strongly affected patterns of distribution or diversification in Sapotaceae. In general, the lack of congruent dates for many repeated biogeographic splits in the phylogeny (e.g., Amazon-Choco) suggests that idiosyncratic dispersal events have had a substantial effects on Sapotaceae's biogeography. Finally, species distribution models generated for Sapotaceae in the Neotropics were used to identify areas of high predicted species richness in Colombia. The highest diversity of Sapotaceae species was predicted for the inter-Andean valleys and northern Amazon. These results were compared to the current system of Protected Areas in this country, demonstrating that areas of high conservation value based on predicted species richness have a low coverage of Protected Areas. Such gaps highlight the potential need for new systems for the delimitation of basic units for conservation at national levels in Colombia.

Uppsatsen undersöker vilka förändringar som har skett i stadsplaneringen i en utvald svensk stad under 1970- och 1980-talen till dagens datum år 2017 ur ett genusperspektiv. Staden som är vald är Varberg, Halland. Studien har gjorts genom att undersöka kartor och intervjupersoner som arbetat med stadsplanering i Varberg under 1970- och 1980-talen, samt personer som arbetar med det idag. Studien är en kvalitativ studie med inriktning på ostrukturerade intervjuer. Följande var mina frågeställningar:• På vilket sätt har stadsbilden förändrats genom årtiondena i Varberg?• Hur har de manliga och kvinnliga rörelsemönster sett ut i Varberg?• Vad är de största skillnaderna på dagens översiktsplanering och den från 1978?Studien visar att rörelsemönster är ständigt skiftande och att Varberg som stad har blivit större än vad som estimerades på 1970-talet. Under 1970-talet var Varberg en industristad, idag kan den snarare benämnas som en turiststad, där turismen har ett starkt fäste och är en stor del av näringslivet. Fler kvinnor har välkomnats in i planeringsrummet och staden har ett annat fokus på utveckling idag. Framförallt för mål mer konkretiserad, skola och utbildning har större plats i översiktsplanering. Det manliga och kvinnliga rörelsemönstret har skilt sig åt, då industrin funnits i nord och skolor, vård och affärer i söder. Staden har utvecklats för att bibehålla en stadskärna och inte utlokalisera detaljhandel och därmed öppna upp för att oavsett vem du är ska ha nära till centrum.

Diferentes escalas espaciais, nas quais diferentes fatores variam, podem ser importantes em estudos da biodiversidade. Estrutura e dinâmica de comunidades marinhas epifaunais variam com a latitude, mas como essa variação muda ao longo do tempo é pouco estudada. Investigamos como a estrutura de assembleias de cnidários bentônicos em portos varia temporalmente em uma latitude tropical e uma subtropical e devido a fatores locais. No Brasil, estudamos recrutamento ao longo de quatro trimestres em duas áreas portuárias (Pecém a 3&deg;32&prime;S e Ilhabela a 23&deg;46&prime;S), e ao longo de dois anos em Ilhabela. Verificamos que (1) a riqueza de espécies segue o gradiente latitudinal, com assembleias de cnidários bentônicos mais ricas no Pecém, o local mais tropical; (2) a composição das assembleias varia muito ao longo do tempo, mas é mais constante na latitude tropical e parece ser uma consequência de maior variação sazonal da temperatura na latitude subtropical; (3) as abundâncias dos membros das assembleias de Ilhabela não são sazonalmente definidas; (4) cada local possui diferentes táxons que são mais importantes na estrutura da assembleia; (5) as assembleias em Ilhabela estão estruturadas conforme o microhabitat, interações bióticas e tempo de submersão. Este estudo destaca a importância da perspectiva temporal no entendimento da dinâmica de comunidades, contribui com o entendimento da importância da escala na determinação de padrões em comunidades marinhas e de como impactos humanos no ambiente dificultam a interpretação e previsão de padrões em comunidades / A variety of spatial scales, in which different factors vary, can be important in studies of biodiversity. Structure and dynamics of marine epifaunal communities are known to vary latitudinally, but how that variation changes over time is relatively unstudied. Here we investigate how the structure of fouling assemblages of cnidarians in harbors varies temporally at a tropical and a subtropical latitude and due to local factors. In Brazil, we studied recruitment during four 3 month periods in two harbors (tropical Pecém at 3&deg;32&prime;S and subtropical Ilhabela at 23&deg;46&prime;S) and over two years at Ilhabela. We found that (1) species richness follows a latitudinal gradient with more speciose benthic cnidarian assemblages at tropical Pecém; (2) composition of the assemblages varies widely over time, while being more constant at the tropical latitude and seems to be a consequence of greater seasonal variation in temperature at the subtropical latitude; (3) abundance of members of the assemblages at Ilhabela are not seasonally defined; (4) each site has different taxa that are more important in assemblage structure; (5) assemblages at Ilhabela are structured by microhabitat, biotic interactions and time of submersion. This study highlights the importance of a temporal perspective in understanding community dynamics, contributes to the understanding of the importance of scale in determining patterns of marine communities and how human impacts difficult interpretation and prediction of community patterns

Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@ufma.br) on 2017-08-11T14:58:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Pires.pdf: 4058602 bytes, checksum: 8405d2df0e834d76d15b26aaf9f64d85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T14:58:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Pires.pdf: 4058602 bytes, checksum: 8405d2df0e834d76d15b26aaf9f64d85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / Studies developed in Brazil have shown that the lipid profile of adolescents is undergoing changes. Probably due to changes that the dietary patterns of this population have been suffering over the years. However, there are few studies on the relationship between dietary patterns and dyslipidemia in adolescents, especially in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: To analyze the association between dietary patterns and dyslipidemia in adolescents. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study with 363 adolescents of both sexes, ages 17 to 18, from public schools of São Luís, Maranhão. Food consumption was evaluated by means of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the dietary patterns were identified by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Adolescents who had an alteration in at least one of the following conditions were considered dyslipidemia carriers: total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), Index of Castelli I and II and No HDL-c. For selection of the variables that were controlled in the analysis of the effect of dietary patterns on the dyslipidemias, we used the Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) and the final sample was weighted to the inverse of the probability of selection for these variables through doubly robust method. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified in this study: “Western” (stuffed cookie, cake, soft drinks, processed juices, coffee/ tea with sugar, red meat/ viscera, fast food, sugar/ sweets), “Healthy” (vegetables, fruits, natural juices, nonfat milk/ derivatives, coffee/ tea without sugar, legumes, light butter/ margarine and salad dressings), and “Traditional” (breads/ cookies without filling, butter/ margarine, whole milk/ milk products, beans, rice, cereals and eggs). Most of the adolescents showed dyslipidemia (59.23%), and the inadequacy of HDL-c levels was the primary dyslipidemia found (44.9%). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of dyslipidemia among the three identified dietary patterns (p>0.05). Conclusion: The study population had a high prevalence of dyslipidemia. However, the adolescents’ dietary pattern did not explain dyslipidemia. / Estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil têm demonstrado que o perfil lipídico de adolescentes está sofrendo alterações. Provavelmente, em decorrência de modificações nos padrões alimentares dessa população. No entanto, há poucos estudos sobre a relação entre os padrões alimentares e as dislipidemias em adolescentes, especialmente no nordeste brasileiro. Objetivo: Analisar associação entre padrões alimentares e dislipidemia em adolescentes. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal com 363 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, entre 17 e 18 anos de idade, de escolas públicas de São Luís, Maranhão. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA) e o padrão alimentar foi identificado por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Considerou-se portador de dislipidemia o adolescente que apresentasse alteração em pelo menos uma das seguintes condições: colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c), triglicerídeos (TG), Índice de Castelli I e II e Não HDL-c. Para seleção das variáveis que foram controladas na análise do efeito dos padrões alimentares sobre as dislipidemias foi elaborado o Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) e a amostra final do estudo foi ponderada pelo inverso da probabilidade de seleção para essas variáveis, através de método duplamente robusto. Resultados: Três padrões alimentares foram identificados: “Ocidental” (biscoito recheado, bolo, refrigerantes, sucos industrializados, café/chá com açúcar, carne vermelha/ vísceras, “fast food”, açúcar/doces), “Saudável” (hortaliças, frutas, sucos naturais, leite/derivados desnatados, café/chá sem açúcar, leguminosas, manteiga/margarina light e temperos para salada) e “Tradicional” (pães/biscoito sem recheio, manteiga/margarina comum, leite/derivados integrais, feijão, arroz, cereais e ovos). A maior parte dos adolescentes apresentou dislipidemia (59,2%), sendo a inadequação dos níveis de HDL-c a principal dislipidemia encontrada (44,9%). Não houve diferença significativa na ocorrência de dislipidemia entre os três padrões alimentares identificados (p>0,05). Conclusão: A população em estudo apresentou elevada prevalência de dislipidemia. No entanto, a dislipidemia não foi explicada pelo padrão alimentar dos adolescentes.

O presente trabalho foi particularmente motivado pela necessidade de se compreender a variabilidade do sinal intrasazonal relacionado a eventos extremos da Oscilação de Madden-Julian (OMJ) fator consensual na mudança do clima em diversas regiões do globo terrestre, em virtude de seus padrões de teleconexão atmosférica. Tal necessidade exige habilidades diferenciadas, como as apresentadas para o modelo OLAM v3.3 no decorrer do presente estudo. Foram utilizados dados observacionais da Reanálises II do NCEP (campo de vento em 200 e 850 mb) assim como variáveis obtidas por satélites (Radiação de Onda Longa Emergente ROL) para avaliar a estrutura atmosférica na escala de tempo intrasazonal. O campo diário de TSM foi assimilado pelo modelo numérico como principal forçante atmosférica para a geração do sinal intrasazonal; além disso, aninhamentos de grade foram acionados para melhor resolver os processos de menor escala essenciais para formar os processos na grande escala, os quais são intrínsecos ao sinal intrasazonal. Métodos estatísticos com um nível de significância em 5% foram aplicados para validar os resultados obtidos com a modelagem numérica em detrimento as observações. As observações mostraram que o ano de 2002 apresentou uma maior variabilidade intrasazonal na região do INDO-PACÍFICO associada a eventos da OMJ em relação aos outros anos em análise, tanto para o verão quanto para o inverno no HS. De outra forma, para a modelagem numérica, os anos de 2001/2002 apresentaram maior variabilidade na escala de tempo intrasazonal na região de controle INDI com forte influência remota na região da América do Sul/ZCAS para o verão de 2002. O estudo de caso observacional de 22 de dezembro de 2002, mostrou que o principal mecanismo para a interação remota entre a região de controle INDI e a ZCAS2 foi gerado por uma combinação entre o PSA-curto e o guia preferencial de ondas 2. A modelagem numérica sugere que a variabilidade intrasazonal representada pelo modelo OLAM v3.3 independe da distribuição temporal dos campos de TSM. No entanto, evidências mostraram que o sinal modelado será tanto melhor quanto maior a variabilidade da energia intrasazonal no campo de TSM assimilado pelo modelo numérico. Em detrimento à convenção de Grell, a parametrização de cúmulos profundo do tipo Kuo apresentou maior variabilidade temporal na região de controle INDI para a DIV200mb em todo período analisado, favorecendo uma maior atividade convectiva para aquela região, inclusive na escala de tempo intrasazonal. Sucessivos aninhamentos de grade sugerem que a energia intrasazonal tende a aumentar significativamente à medida que se aumenta o número de grades aninhadas. Para o estudo de caso de 01 de julho de 2001, via modelagem numérica, foram necessários 30 dias para a OMJ inverter seu padrão na região de controle INDI, e somente após essa inversão foi encontrado atividade convectiva na escala de tempo intrasazonal sobre a região da ZCAS. Dessa forma, o OLAM v3.3 superestima o tempo de meio ciclo dessa oscilação e consequentemente o tempo de resposta sobre a AS, em particular na região da ZCAS2. Outro aspecto relevante se refere à diferença na quantidade de energia intrasazonal que o OLAM v3.3 simula na região INDI quando há aninhamento de grade na região da ZCAS. Este fato, juntamente com a inversão de sinal descrita acima, sugere uma interação do tipo gangorra convectiva entre a região INDI e a região ZCAS. O espectro de energia da TSO para a divergência ao nível de 200 mb, mostrou que o OLAM v3.3 subestima a energia do sinal intrasazonal na região do oceano Índico em quase a metade do valor real observado. Todavia, as observações mostraram que a energia espectral intrasazonal da divergência em 200 mb na região de controle ZCAS2, para a escala de 43 dias, foi da ordem de 0,42 x 10-10 s-2, resultando em uma diferença positiva de 0,08 x 10-10 s-2 em relação ao valor numérico obtido. Por fim, a metodologia do traçado de raios mostrou que os números de onda 2, 3 e 4 são bem representados pelo OLAM v3.3 na região tropical, corroborando com a habilidade do modelo em reproduzir os padrões de teleconexão atmosférica gerados no evento da OMJ de 01 de julho de 2001. / This work was particularly motivated by the need to understand the variability of the intraseasonal signal, in relation to extreme events of the Madden-Julian Oscillation consensual factor in the weather changes at different regions of the globe, due its atmospheric teleconnection patterns. For this need, it\'s totally necessary special skills, such as those presented in this job for the OLAM model v3.3. In this job, observational datasets were used from the Reanalysis II/NCEP (wind fields at 200 and 850 mb), as also variables obtained by satellites (OLR) to assess the atmospheric profile in the intraseasonal time scale. The SST daily field was assimilated by the numerical OLAM model v3.3 to forcing the sign in the intraseasonal time scale. However, mesh refinement level also was activated for better resolve the smaller scale processes essentials to form key processes in large scale and relevant to intraseasonal signs generation. Statistical methods with 5% significance level, were applied to validate the results obtained with the numerical modeling in detriment to the observational results. The observations has shown that the year 2002 presented a higher intraseasonal variability in the INDO-PACIFIC region associated with MJO events, in detriment of the other years under review, both for summer as for Austral winter. Otherwise, for the numerical modeling, the years 2001/2002 presented higher variability in the intraseasonal time scale over the Indian ocean region showing strongest remote influences over the South America/SACZ to the Austral summer of 2002. The observational case study of December 22, 2002, showed that the main mechanism for the remote interaction between control region over Indian ocean and the SACZ2 control region, was generated by combination among a short-PSA and a preferential wave guide 2. The numerical modeling suggests that the intraseasonal variability represented by the OLAM model v3.3 is independent of the temporal distribution of the SST fields. However, evidences has shown that the sign will be better represented how much greater the intraseasonal energy variability in the SST fields assimilated by the numerical model. In detriment to Grell\'s convention, the Kuo\'s deep cumulus parameterization has showed greater temporal variability in the Indian ocean region for the divergence at 200 mb throughout analyzed period, favoring convective activity in the intraseasonal time scale for that region. Successive nesting grids suggests that the intraseasonal energy tends to increase significantly, when increases the number of nested grids. For the case study of July 1, 2001, via numerical modeling, were necessary 30 days to reverse the MJO\'s signal pattern in the Indian ocean region, and only after this reversal, was found convective activity in the intraseasonal time scale over the SACZ region. Thus, the results obtained with the OLAM model v3.3 suggests overestimation of the half cycle of oscillation and, consequently, the time response over the South America region, in particular over the SACZ2 region. Another important aspect refers to the difference at the intraseasonal energy amount simulated by the OLAM model v3.3 for the Indian ocean region, when is applied nesting grids over the SACZ region. This fact, together with the sign inversion described above, suggests an interaction of the type \"convective seesaw\" between the Indian ocean region and the SACZ region. The wavelets power spectrum for the divergence at 200 mb has shown that OLAM model v3.3 underestimates the intraseasonal signal energy over the Indian ocean region in about half the actual value observed. However, observations has shown that the spectral intraseasonal energy of the divergence at 200 mb in the ZCAS2 region, for 43 day\'s scale, was approximately 0.42 x 10-10 s-2, resulting in a positive difference of 0.08 x 10-10 s-2 in relation to the numerical value obtained. Finally, the methodology of the ray tracing showed that wave numbers 2, 3 and 4 were well represented by the OLAM model v3.3 for the tropical region, confirming the model ability to reproduce the atmospheric teleconnection patterns, as shown for MJO\'s event July 1, 2001.

abstract: Background: Higher intake of carbohydrates in the evening and later eating times has been associated with higher total energy intake (TEI)1-3 and higher risk of being overweight or obese.1,4 Though existing evidence indicates a link between added sugars intake and increased body mass index (BMI), the effect of daily patterns of added sugars intake on TEI and BMI is unknown. Research on added sugars has relied on self-report dietary assessments with limited days of dietary data, resulting in unreliable estimates. The purpose of this thesis was to describe patterns of added sugars consumption, and to investigate the relationship between dietary sugars, eating patterns, TEI, and BMI using 15-days of dietary data from a feeding study. Methods: 40 participants age 18 to 70 years completed a 15-d highly controlled feeding study which imitated their normal diet, while recording meal times. Meals and snacks were coded based on participant identified, time-of-day, and meal content specific criteria. All consumed foods and beverages were carefully weighed and entered into the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) for analysis. Pearson correlation, independent t-test, one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc tests, and multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the association between patterns of added sugars and energy intake, as well as eating frequency (EF), with TEI and BMI. Results: 15-d median added sugars intake was 9.7% of total calories. The highest contribution to added sugars intake (% of g/d) came from snacks (44%) in women and from afternoon (39%) consumption in men. The highest contribution to TEI came from dinner (30%) and afternoon (34%) consumption in women, and from lunch (31%) or dinner (30%) and afternoon (35%) consumption in men. Total eating occasion (EO) frequency had a negative association with TEI (r = -0.31) and no association with % energy from added sugars. In multivariate regression models, besides sex, % energy from beverages only (Adjusted R2 = 0.41) and % added sugars from dinner (Adjusted R2 = 0.39) were significant predictors of TEI, while none of the variables were associated with BMI. Conclusion: Changing one’s pattern of eating, (EF and % energy from beverages only and % added sugars from dinner), may reduce TEI, potentially reducing BMI. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019