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<p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka vilka former av kränkande handlingar som finns bland eleverna i årskurs åtta på en friskola i Örebro. Metoden har varit observationsstudier på skolan samt intervjuer med elever och skolpersonal. I studien ingick omkring 80 elever där könsfördelningen varit 70 % flickor och 30 % pojkar. De kränkningar som observerats har varit av fysisk, verbal, emotionell och sexuell form. Särskilt de verbala kränkningarna har varit framträdande. Det har även påträffats könsskillnader i fråga om vilken typ av kränkningsform som har använts. Flickorna var mer framträdande i de sammanhang där negativa kommentarer och emotionella kränkningar fanns. Pojkarna var oftare inblandade i incidenter med fysiska kränkningar. En slutsats är att kränkningar förekommer på den undersökta skolan men att de flesta inte tycker att de tär något större problem. Eleverna trivs i sin skola och litar på att lärarna tar tag i situationen om mobbning skulle uppstå.</p> / <p>The purpose with this study was to investigate school bullying among students at a highschool in Örebro. The study used observational research and interviews to examine different aspects of bullying. The participants were about 80 students in the eight grade, 70 of them were girls. The result has been validated by triangulation. Of the observations offensive acts in forms of physical, verbal, emotional and sexual has been noted. Especially the verbal dimension was reported frequently. There were gender differences, with girls experiencing negative comments and some emotional bullying. The boys experienced more physical bullying. The conclusion is that bullying and offensive acts exist at the investigated school but the general student does not seem to be troubled by this. The students are happy with their situation and they trust their teachers will handle the problems with bullying.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka vilka former av kränkande handlingar som finns bland eleverna i årskurs åtta på en friskola i Örebro. Metoden har varit observationsstudier på skolan samt intervjuer med elever och skolpersonal. I studien ingick omkring 80 elever där könsfördelningen varit 70 % flickor och 30 % pojkar. De kränkningar som observerats har varit av fysisk, verbal, emotionell och sexuell form. Särskilt de verbala kränkningarna har varit framträdande. Det har även påträffats könsskillnader i fråga om vilken typ av kränkningsform som har använts. Flickorna var mer framträdande i de sammanhang där negativa kommentarer och emotionella kränkningar fanns. Pojkarna var oftare inblandade i incidenter med fysiska kränkningar. En slutsats är att kränkningar förekommer på den undersökta skolan men att de flesta inte tycker att de tär något större problem. Eleverna trivs i sin skola och litar på att lärarna tar tag i situationen om mobbning skulle uppstå. / The purpose with this study was to investigate school bullying among students at a highschool in Örebro. The study used observational research and interviews to examine different aspects of bullying. The participants were about 80 students in the eight grade, 70 of them were girls. The result has been validated by triangulation. Of the observations offensive acts in forms of physical, verbal, emotional and sexual has been noted. Especially the verbal dimension was reported frequently. There were gender differences, with girls experiencing negative comments and some emotional bullying. The boys experienced more physical bullying. The conclusion is that bullying and offensive acts exist at the investigated school but the general student does not seem to be troubled by this. The students are happy with their situation and they trust their teachers will handle the problems with bullying.

This study investigated: i) whether Indonesian students transfer their Indonesian (L1) schema, rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions when engaged in seminars in English (L2) in Indonesian academic contexts; ii) whether Australian students transfer their Australian English (L1) schema, rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions when engaged in seminar presentations in Indonesian (L2) in Australian academic contexts; iii) the extent to which and in what ways the respective schema, rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions differ; iv) the functions of discourse markers in these seminars; and v) the use of signposts in presentations.The analysis of the schema, the rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions is limited to: i) the overall schema of a seminar; ii) the major components of a presentation; iii) the exchange structure of the question and answer sessions; iv) the rhetorical structure of presentation introductions; iv) the rhetorical structure of questions; and v) the rhetorical structure of answers.The data were obtained from tape and video recordings of four groups of student seminars as presented below.1. Indonesian students' seminars conducted in Indonesian in Indonesian academic settings.2. Indonesian students' seminars conducted in English in Indonesian academic settings.3. Australian students' seminars conducted in English in Australian academic settings.4. Australian students' seminars conducted in Indonesian in Australian academic settings.The Indonesian students' seminars in Indonesian and in English were held at the IKIP (Higher Institution for Teacher Training) Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The Australian students' seminars in English were held at Curtin University of Technology, Australia. The Australian students' seminars in Indonesian were held at Curtin University of Technology and Murdoch University, Australia. The ++ / seminars were part of students' course assignments. The topics of the seminars were social and educational issues. The age of the students ranged from 20 to 30 years old.A total of 67 seminars comprised the data. The findings have shown that:(i) Indonesian students transfer their Ll schema, rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions when engaging in seminars conducted in English in Indonesian academic settings.(ii) Australian students transfer their Ll schema, rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions when engaging in seminars conducted in Indonesian in Australian academic settings.(iii) Indonesian students' schema, rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions in seminars conducted in Indonesian differ from the Australian students' schema, rhetorical structures, and cultural conventions in seminars conducted in English.(iv) The equivalent discourse markers across the four groups have the same functions.(v) Indonesian students used more signposts in their presentations in English than the rest of the groups.The report of the study is presented in nine sections as shown below.Section A presents the introduction, review of the related literature, and methodology. Section B presents findings of the Indonesian data in Indonesian.Section C presents findings of the Australian data in English.Section D compares the findings of the Indonesian data in Indonesian and the Australian data in English.Section E presents the findings of the Indonesian data in English.Section F compares the findings between: i) the Indonesian data in Indonesian and the Indonesian data in English; and ii) the Indonesian data in English and the Australian data in English.Section G presents the findings of the Australian data in Indonesian.Section H compares the findings between: i) the Australian data in English and the Australian data in Indonesian; and ii) the Australian data in ++ / Indonesian and the Indonesian data in Indonesian.Section I presents conclusions, implications, and recommendations for further study.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999. / Bibliography: leaves [97]-101.

Chat communication has been investigated within the frames of 5thD (Fifth Dimension). The study is based in field-material from two chat sessions, between children in Ronneby-Barcelona and Ronneby-Denver. During the chats there was plenty of interaction between children and, assistants, which is illustrated with the help of patterns of communication. The analysis of the data shows that chat is more than an interaction between two persons, it even connects two social settings. The thesis also deals with the question of how to create meaningful chat, since this did not occur in an entirely satisfactory way during the above-mentioned chats.

Det matematikdidaktiska forskningsfältet visar att användning av olika representationsformer är att föredra för elevers kunskapsutveckling. I vårt tidigare självständiga arbete framkom olika strukturer av representationsformer, vilket vi i denna studie väljer att benämna som representationsmönster, och mönstret Konkret-Bild-Abstrakt var den struktur som det fanns störst forskningsstöd för. Forskning synliggör även att samtal i matematikundervisning är viktigt för elevens kunskapsutveckling och att det utforskande samtalet är det samtalsmönster som läraren bör eftersträva. Dock erbjuder inte forskningen några enkla svar på hur läraren ska nå de utforskande samtalen. I denna empiriska studie vill vi därför undersöka om lärares användning av olika representationsmönster kan påverka vilket typ av samtal som uppstår i matematikklassrummet. Studiens resultat visar att det går att identifiera olika kombinationer mellan representations- och samtalsmönster. Resultatet visar även att när läraren 3 använder flera representationsformer samtidigt blir samtalen i klassrummet av mer utforskande karaktär, tillskillnad från när läraren endast använder sig av en eller två representationsformer. I studien har även lärarens användning av den specifika representationsformen Konkret modell visat sig medföra ökat elevengagemang och delaktighet, vilket i sin tur främjat de Utforskande samtalen. / The field of mathematics education research shows that the use of various forms of representation is preferable for students' knowledge development. In our previous independent project, different structures of representations emerged, which we choose to refer to in this study as representational patterns. The Concrete-Image-Abstract pattern was identified as the most successful structure. Research also highlights that conversations in mathematics instruction are crucial for students' knowledge development and that exploratory conversations are the type of dialogue teachers should aim for. However, research does not provide straightforward answers on how teachers can achieve these exploratory conversations. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate whether teachers' use of different representational patterns can influence the type of conversations that arise in the mathematics classroom. The study's results show that it is possible to identify various combinations of representational and conversational patterns. The results also indicate that when teachers use multiple forms of representations simultaneously, classroom conversations tend to be more exploratory in nature, compared to when teachers use only one or two forms of representation. Additionally, the study found that the teacher's use of the specific representation form concrete model, leads to increased student engagement and participation, which in turn promotes exploratory conversations.

Text in Afrikaans / In the light of two literature studies, the nature, origin and consequences of early perceptions of marriage, the form of identities and frames of reference, as well as the resultant origin of an internalized marriage have been explored. An empirical survey was undertaken, with the aid of a specially formulated questionnaire, to investigate the influence of early perceptions of marriage, and thus marriage expectations, on a person's own marriage. The research outcomes show that children do internalize aspects of their parents' marriage and transfer these to their own marriage. There seems to be an important similarity between pattern of communication and conflict management in the original family of questioned subjects and their marriage. Although some subjects have denied the influence of their original family on their marriage, there seems to be a transfer of patterns nevertheless. / Educational studies / M.Ed.(Voorligting)

Text in Afrikaans / In the light of two literature studies, the nature, origin and consequences of early perceptions of marriage, the form of identities and frames of reference, as well as the resultant origin of an internalized marriage have been explored. An empirical survey was undertaken, with the aid of a specially formulated questionnaire, to investigate the influence of early perceptions of marriage, and thus marriage expectations, on a person's own marriage. The research outcomes show that children do internalize aspects of their parents' marriage and transfer these to their own marriage. There seems to be an important similarity between pattern of communication and conflict management in the original family of questioned subjects and their marriage. Although some subjects have denied the influence of their original family on their marriage, there seems to be a transfer of patterns nevertheless. / Educational studies / M.Ed.(Voorligting)