Potholes are caused by erosion and as such always emerging on our roadnetwork. Potholes may not only cause great damages to vehicles, but can alsocause road accidents, which in the worst case are fatal. Today, the detection ofpotholes is usually based on citizen reports or ocular inspection by vehicle,where a loose description of the potholes properties and location can be given.Recent research has explored the possibility of aerial inspection of paved roadswith the new, cost effective, Structure-from-Motion (SfM) technique, whichcan produce 3D point clouds from photogrammetric data. SfM point cloudshave then been used in conjunction with processing algorithms toautomatically detect and extract potholes from paved surfaces. However, theresults have not been optimal for practical use. The purpose of this study is,therefore, to explore the possibility of using UAV LiDAR for potholedetection in paved roads as a better alternative to the currently popularStructure-from-Motion (SfM) technique. A LiDAR point cloud is derived by alaser scanner and may have several advantages over SfM, for instance, theinsensitivity to poor light conditions and modelling errors. This study is setout to answer how point clouds derived from UAV SfM and UAV LiDARcompare to each other regarding detecting potholes of different sizes, wheredetected potholes will be compared to ground truth data. An elevation check,consisting of 126 height control points along the paved road, will also be usedto evaluate the height accuracy in the clouds. Data collection is done with theUAV system mdLiDAR3000DL aaS containing a RIEGL miniVUX-1DLlaser scanner for LiDAR data and Sony RX1R II 42.4 megapixel camera forSfM data. The data for both methods are collected during the same flight. Theproposed method automatically detects and extracts potholes from a pavedsurface based on the vertical distance to local reference planes which representthe undamaged road surface. The point clouds are filtered in CloudComparebefore imported to TerraScan for detection and extraction of potholes. Theextraction results are then controlled by a set of terrestrial measurements bytotal station. The results show that potholes with a smaller width of at least16.5 cm and a depth of at least 2.7 cm can be detected and extracted frompoint clouds derived by UAV LiDAR at a flight altitude of 30 m. Theextracted potholes had a standard deviation of 1.40 cm in width and 6.7 mmin depth. Shadows on the road caused height anomalies in the point cloudproduced by Structure-from-Motion (SfM), which made pothole detectionimpossible with the proposed methodology. / Potthål skapas genom erosion i vägar och uppstår varje år i vägnätet. Skadornapåverkar inte bara fordonens skick, utan kan även vara orsaken till olyckorsom i vissa fall är dödliga. I dagsläget detekteras potthål genom ockulärt frånfordon av kommunala arbetare eller så rapporteras de in av medborgare via etjänst där en lös beskrivning kan ges angående potthålens egenskaper ochposition.På senare tid har studier utforskat möjligheterna för flygburen inspektion avasfalterade vägar med den nya, kostnadseffektiva, Structure-from-Motion(SfM) tekniken som kan producera 3D-punktmoln från fotogrammetrisk data.Punktmolnen som är framtagna genom denna metod har vidare använtstillsammans med bearbetningsalgoritmer för att detektion och extraktion avpotthål i asfalterade vägar. Dock har resultaten inte varit optimala för attmetoden ska fungera i praktiken. Syftet med den här studien är därför attutforska möjligheten för att använda UAV LiDAR som en bättre metod fördenna process. Punktmoln framtagna genom LiDAR-teknik, mer känt somlaserskanning, kan ha ett flertal potentiella fördelar över SfM som okänslighetmot modelleringsfel och dåliga ljusförhållanden.Denna studie ger svar på hur punktmoln framtagna genom UAV LiDAR ochUAV SfM förhåller sig till varandra när det gäller detektion av potthål i olikastorlekar från asfalterade vägar, där potthålens dimensioner kommer attjämföras mot markbundna kontrollmätningar. Vidare görs en höjdkontrollmot 126 höjdstöd i båda punktmolnen för att jämföra kvaliteten förhöjdmätningar på den asfalterade vägen genom respektive metod.Insamlingen av data gjordes samtidigt under samma flygning för bådametoderna. Drönaren som användes var Microdrones mdLiDAR3000DL aaSmed en RIEGL miniVUX-1DL laserskanner och en Sony RX1R II 42,4megapixelkamera monterad. Mjukvarorna som har använts för bearbetning ärCloudCompare för filtrering av brus med mera och TerraScan för självadetektions -och extraktionsprocessen.Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att extrahera potthål från LiDAR-baseradepunktmoln med en mindre bredd på minst 16,5 cm och ett djup på 2,7 cm.Standardavvikelsen för potthålens bredd är 1,4 cm och 6,7 mm i djup.Grupper av avvikande punkter skapades på vägen i det SfM-baseradepunktmolnen som en följd av ett modelleringsfel i skuggområden på vägen,vilket vidare gjorde detektion -och extraktionsprocessen omöjlig med denframtagna metoden.

Syfte: Problemet med hårdgjorda ytor, som exempelvis asfalt och tak, är att de inte absorberar dagvattnet tillräckligt. Vidare leder detta till att gräsytor och andra absorberande ytor runt omkring måste ta hand om det dagvatten som inte de hårdgjorda ytorna kan tillvarata. Översvämningar i urbana miljöer har blivit allt vanligare på grund av kraftiga regn och stor andel hårdgjorda ytor. Detta leder till att ledningsnätet för dagvatten blir överbelastat. Därmed behövs väl fungerande utjämningsmagasin nära källan för att efterlikna naturens naturliga avrinningsförlopp. Målet var att utreda vilken eller vilka utjämningsmagasin som främst bör tillämpas i starkt hårdgjorda små radhustomter, med avseende på effektivitet, kostnad och underhåll, då jordmånen har begränsade infiltrationsegenskaper. Metod: De metoder som har använts för att svara mot målet är dokumentanalys, kvalitativ intervju och fallstudie. Dokumentanalysen fungerade som underlag för fallstudien och intervjuerna fungerade som bidragande empiri för fallstudien. Resultat: Det utjämningsmagasin som är att föredra är rörmagasin när anläggningsytan är begränsad och jordmånen har begränsade infiltrationsegenskaper. Konsekvenser: I problembeskrivningen beskrivs problemet med att det blir allt fler översvämningar i urbana miljöer på grund av de hårdgjorda ytorna och de kraftiga regnen. Vidare beskrivs det att ledningssystemet därför riskerar att bli överbelastat. Detta problem bekräftades även i intervjuerna. Arbetet löste inte vilket utjämningsmagasin som är att föredra för alla typer av fall, utan för fall där tomtytan är begränsad och där jordmånen har begränsade infiltrationsegenskaper. Lösningen på problemet är därför att rörmagasin är det utjämningsmagasin som är att föredra vid lokalt omhändertagande av dagvatten vid dessa förhållanden. Vid tillämpning av detta resultat i verkligheten rekommenderas det att använda kostnaderna per meter och utjämningsvolym per meter som finns i arbetet för att komma fram till hur lång sträcka som rörmagasinet behöver anläggas på för att uppnå önskad utjämningsvolym. Poängsättningen som har gjorts för underhållet kan däremot återanvändas till andra fall. Begränsningar: Resultatet är tillämpbart i liknande typfall som för fallstudien, alltså vid radhus där ytan för utjämningsmagasinet är begränsat och där jordmånen har begränsade infiltrationsegenskaper. I arbetet har ett diagram tagits fram där anläggningskostnaden per meter framgår för respektive utjämningsmagasin och ett diagram med utjämnad volym dagvatten per meter. Dessa diagram kan därför tillämpas på andra fall med små ytor men med lite andra mått på tomten. Därav är resultatet även tillämpbart på andra fall. / Purpose: The problem with hard surfaces, as for example asphalt and roofing, is that they do not absorb enough rainwater. Furthermore, this leads to that grass surfaces and other absorbent surfaces around having to take care of all stormwater that the hardened surfaces cannot infiltrate. Flooding in urban environments has become increasingly common due to heavy rain and a high proportion of hard surfaces. This leads to an overload of the pipe line for rainwater. Therefore well-functioning balancing trays close to source needed to mimic natural drainage of nature. The goal was to investigate witch countervailing magazine mainly should be applied in heavily paved small terraced plots, where the soil has limited infiltration properties, in terms of efficiency, cost and maintenance. Method: The methods used to meet the objective is analysis of documents, qualitative interviews and a case study. The document analysis serves as a basis for the case study and interviews serve as empirical input for the case study. Findings: The countervailing magazine that is preferred is the pipe magazine when the plant surface is limited and the soil has limited infiltration properties. Implications: The problem statement treats the issue with an increasing number of floodings in urban environments due to the paved surfaces and the heavy rains. Furthermore, it is disclosed that the management system therefore risks becoming overloaded. This problem was also confirmed in the interviews. The work did not identify which countervailing magazine that is preferred for all kinds of cases, but only in the cases where land space is limited and where the soil has limited infiltration properties. The solution is therefore that pipe magazine is the magazine preferred for local disposal of stormwater in those circumstances. It is recommended when applying this result real life, to use the cost per meter and countervailing volume per meter available in efforts to work out how long stretch pipe magazine needs to be built on to achieve the desired equalization volume. Rating systems made for maintenance can however be used for other cases. Limitations: The result is applicable in similar scenarios as for the case study, which is at a row house site where the surface for the magazine is limited and where the soil has limited infiltration properties. A graph has been developed for the work where the construction cost per meter is described for each countervailing magazine and also has a graph with stormwater volume per meter been developed. These diagrams can therefore be applied to other cases with small areas but with other measures of the plot. Therefore the result also is applicable to other cases.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T15:57:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO LUIZ RODRIGUES NOGUEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1979..pdf: 28269926 bytes, checksum: 9c17b869db5eb91eb14ad6085660d4e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T15:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO LUIZ RODRIGUES NOGUEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1979..pdf: 28269926 bytes, checksum: 9c17b869db5eb91eb14ad6085660d4e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1979-09 / Esta dissertação apresenta uma investigação de campo e de laboratório, sobre as propriedades de engenharia e condições de umidades de subleitos das rodovias pavimentadas do Estado da Paraíba, localizadas em diferentes áreas climáticas, topográficas e de diferentes formação dos solos. Foram feitos estudos do material de subleito em cerca de 17 seções distribuidas nas diversas rodovias. As estimativas de tráfego para o tempo de serviço e de projeto, foram avaliadas e comparadas com base nos métodos de Murillo Lopes e da Gran Bretanha. Os parâmetros de resistência dos solos de subleitos, obtidos nos ensaios CBR com e sem imersão, foram relaciona dos com a resistência determinada pelo CBR "in situ". realizou-seum estudo sobre a distribuição de umidade dos subleitos em relação aos valores de sucção obtidos no laboratório. Os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa, indicaram que o dimensionamento de pavimentos baseado nos resultados dos ensaios de CBR com amostras saturadas, não são adequados para regiões de climas secos. O ensaio CBR para o teor de umidade de equilíbrio, provavelmente fornecerá uma indicação da capacidade de suporte do solo mais coerente com aquela que e de se esperar em serviço. Propõe-se que a umidade de equilíbrio possa ser tomada como aquela correspondente a umidade ótima para o Peso Específico Aparente Máximo. Os ensaios de laboratório para obter as relações de sucção-umidade, não forneceram dados precisos para avaliar a umidade de equilíbrio, devido aos níveis do lençol freático serem muito profundos e não influenciarem nos valores de umidadede equilíbrio. Esta umidade, possivelmente, é determinada por transferência da água na fase de vapor e transferência da mesma dos acostamentos para o centro da rodovia. / A field and Laboratory investigation in described concerning the engineering properties and subgrade conditions of paved roads located in Paraiba State in Different topographic and climatic areas and soil formations. Subgrade materials from seventeen sections of different roads were studied. Traffic volumes for service and project times were determined and evaluated using the Murillo Lopes and the English methods. Subgrade soil resistance parameters obtained in CBR tests with and without immersion were compared with CBR value determined "in situ". A study was also carried out rela ting the distribution of moisture contents in the subgrade to the suction values obtained in Laboratory. The results obtained in this research indicated that pavement design, based on CBR result with saturated specif mens, is not adequate for dry climate regions. A CBR test for equilibrium moisture content, could possibly be an indication of the bearing capacity of the soil which can be expected in service. It is suggested that the equilibrium be taken as that which corresponds to the optimum moisture content for maximum dry unit weight. The laboratory results used to obtains the suction moisture relationships, did not provide data precise enough to evaluate the equilibrium moisture, due to the fact that the wa ter table levels were very deep and did not influence the equilibrium moisture values which were probably determined by trans ference of the water in the vapor state as well as by the transference from the shoulders to the center of the road.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a multifunctional house on the street Křídlovická in the city of Brno. The new building is five-storey with four above-ground and one underground floors. The main entrance is oriented to the southeastern side and adjacent to the northwest side, and a separate entrance to the underground garage in the southwest corner of the designed object. Behind the main entrance is a staircase connecting all floors, after a special entrance for the underground garage is the staircase down into the garage. From the southwest side there are entrances to restaurants and shops, these have staffing and supply entrances and social facilities from the north-east side of the building. A downhill ramp is also located behind the northeast side of the building, from the southwest side are solved areas - restaurant garden, sidewalks and parking areas. In other above-ground floors, open space office spaces with separate meeting rooms, office director, secretary offices, and social facilities on the northeastern side of the floor are designed. Within these floors is proposed continuous greening of the atrium. The supporting system is a monolithic reinforced concrete combined with masonry staircases and a northeast wall. In the basement, the support system is a skeleton in combination with the walls of a lost formwork. Roof flat single-skinned with various inclinations 1-5°

The content of this thesis is a construction technology project of a new office and production building for company Ray Service a.s. in Staré Město near Uherské Hradiště. The thesis contains technical reports, construction technology study, design of transport ways, technological regulations of demolition and earthworks and regulations for construction of foundation structures. Furthermore is made design of the main machine assembly, inspection and test plan and the design of the construction site, including a technical report. Finally is made a project for the construction of area roads including time plan, LEED certification, noise study and comparison of the main lifting mechanisms.