A reciclagem de pavimentos com adição de cimento Portland é uma técnica que permite reutilizar estruturas degradadas de pavimentos flexíveis na conformação de uma nova camada estabilizada. Seu dimensionamento, no Brasil, tem sido abordado de forma empírica. Entretanto, os métodos racionais desenvolvidos para pavimentos semirrígidos estão baseados principalmente na previsão da vida de fadiga das camadas cimentadas, associada ao nível de deformação atuante na sua fibra inferior. Com o intuito de contribuir no desenvolvimento de um método de dimensionamento de pavimentos com camadas recicladas com adição de cimento, a pesquisa relatada nesta dissertação teve como objetivo principal o estudo laboratorial do comportamento a fadiga de misturas constituídas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% e 70%), brita graduada e cimento Portland (teores de 2% e 4%). O programa experimental foi baseado no protocolo para caraterização de materiais cimentados da Austroads (2008; 2012), para ensaios estáticos e de fadiga, além de recomendações para caracterização flexural da JCI (1984), procurando-se avaliar a sua aplicabilidade. Os ensaios de fadiga foram realizados em vigotas com dimensões 10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm, curadas por pelo menos 28 dias. O modo dos ensaios foi o de tensão controlada como função da resistência à tração na flexão, previamente determinada. O sistema de carregamento é conhecido como fadiga a 4 pontos. Foram obtidos modelos de fadiga em função da tensão de tração atuante, da deformação inicial e da energia dissipada inicial. Os resultados dos ensaios estáticos indicam a predominante influência do teor cimento na resistência a tração na flexão das misturas (valores entre 0,21 MPa e 1,53 MPa), enquanto a porcentagem de fresado tem efeito significativo na deformação de ruptura, tornando as misturas mais dúcteis, e no Módulo de Elasticidade Flexural (que variou entre 1483 MPa e 12800 MPa). No caso dos ensaios de fadiga, os Módulos de Resiliência Flexural iniciais (valores entre 2913 MPa e 7725 MPa) mostraram-se mais dependentes do teor de cimento e independentes do nível de tensão. Nos modelos de fadiga obtidos, os valores dos exponentes de dano por deformação variaram entre 7 e 15, sendo próximos aos relatados pela Austroads para materiais cimentados. Esses modelos foram empregados na modelagem de estruturas de pavimento com camadas de base reciclada, de espessura de 18 cm a 40 cm, visando quantificar o efeito do teor de cimento e da porcentagem de fresado na vida de fadiga, bem como das espessuras da camada reciclada e da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente. Observou-se que espessuras de camada reciclada inferiores a 30 cm terão curta vida de fadiga. Por outro lado, também ficou evidenciado que a vida de fadiga dessa camada depende significativamente da espessura da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente, recomendando-se espessuras de no mínimo 10 cm. Finalmente, destaca-se que o volume de dados gerado durante os ensaios de fadiga, e seu processamento por meio de algoritmos desenvolvidos na pesquisa, permitiram abordar conceitos de energia dissipada, como aproximação à definição de critérios de micro e macrofissuração, o que mostrou a utilidade deste tipo de abordagem para futuras pesquisas. / Full-depth reclamation with Portland cement (FDR-C), is a technique allowing the reuse of flexible pavements damaged structures, in order to build a new stabilized layer. In Brazil, pavement design with FDR-C has been determined by empirical approaches. However, mechanistic approach developed for semi-rigid pavements mainly use fatigue relationships based on deformations occurring at the bottom of the cemented layer. In order to develop a pavement design method with FDR-C materials, this research work aimed to study, in laboratory, the fatigue behavior of FDR-C mixtures, for three cement grades (2 %, 4 % e 6 %) and three RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) percentages (20 %, 50 % e 70 %).The experimental program was based on the protocol for the characterization of cemented materials of the Austroads (2008; 2012), for static and dynamic tests, and on the recommendations for flexural characterization of concrete reinforced with steel fibers, of the JCI (1984), evaluating the availability of these procedures. Fatigue tests were executed using beams (10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm), static compacted and with a minimum curing time of 28 days. Stress controlled mode was used, based on flexural strength, previously determined. Loading system was a four-point bending test. Were developed fatigue strain, stress and dissipated energy relationships. Static tests results show that cement is the principal influence on the flexural strength of the mixtures (0.21 MPa up to 1.53 MPa), while the RAP have a major effect in the increasing of the tensile strains making it more ductile (flexural elastic modulus were 1483 MPa up to 12800 MPa). In the case of fatigue tests, flexural modulus were more dependent on the degree of cementation (2913 MPa up to 7725 MPa), and not on the applied stress level. About the fatigue models of FDR-C mixtures, strain damage exponents (7 up to 15) were similar to those reported by Austroads. Laboratory models based on strain were used in modeling of pavement structures, with a FDR-C base layer. Results showed benefits of thickness in FDR-C mixtures and asphalt layers (18 cm up to 40 cm), in order to evaluate the effect of the cement and RAP content on fatigue life, and FDR-C new asphalt thickness as well. This model highlights that FDR-C with a thickness inferior than 30 cm will have a shorter fatigue life. On the other side, was showed that the fatigue life of this layer mainly depends on new hot mix asphalt thickness layer (thickness recommended up to 10 cm). Finally, the volume of data generated during the fatigue tests and his processing through algorithms developed in research allowed using dissipated energy criteria as an approximation of the definition of micro and macro-cracking limits which indicate the utility of this methodology for future research. / El reciclaje de pavimentos con adición de cemento Portland es una técnica que permite la reutilización de estructuras degradadas de pavimentos flexibles para la conformación de una nueva capa estabilizada. Su diseño, en Brasil, ha sido abordado de forma empírica. Sin embargo, métodos racionales desarrollados para pavimentos semirrígidos están basados en la vida de fatiga de las capas cementadas, asociada al estado de deformaciones actuante en su base. Con el objetivo de contribuir al desarrollo de un método de dimensionamiento de pavimentos con capas recicladas con adición de cemento, la investigación relatada en esta disertación tuvo como objetivo principal el estudio laboratorial del comportamiento de fatiga de mezclas constituidas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% y 70%), base granular y cemento Portland (2%, 4 % y 6 %). El programa experimental fue basado en protocolos de caracterización de materiales cementados de la Austroads (2008, 2012), para ensayos estáticos y de fatiga, además de recomendaciones para caracterización flexural de concreto reforzado con fibras de acero de la JCI (1984), procurando evaluar su aplicabilidad. Los ensayos de fatiga fueron realizados en vigotas con dimensiones de 10 cm x 10 x cm x 40 cm, moldadas estáticamente y curadas por lo menos 28 días. El modo de carga fue de esfuerzo controlado en función de la resistencia de tracción en la flexión, previamente determinada. El sistema de carga es conocido como fatiga 4 puntos. Los resultados de los ensayos estáticos mostraron una influencia predominante del contenido de cemento respecto a la resistencia flexural de las mezclas (valores entre 0,21 MPa y 1,53 MPa), mientras que el material fresado tiene un efecto significativo en la deformación de tracción al tonar más dúctiles las mezclas, afectando módulo de elasticidad flexural (valores entre 1483 MPa y 12800 MPa). En el caso de los ensayos de fatiga, los Módulos de Resiliencia Flexural iniciales (valores entre2913 MPa y 7725 MPa) mostraron ser más dependientes del grado de cementación e independientes del nivel de esfuerzo aplicado. Los valores de los exponentes de daño por deformación en los modelos de fatiga, que variaron entre 7 y 15, fueron próximos a los relatados por la Austroads. Estos modelos fueron usados en la modelación de estructuras de pavimento con capas de base reciclada, de espesor entre 18 cm y 40 cm, buscando cuantificar el efecto del contenido de cemento y de fresado en la vida de fatiga. Se observó que espesores de la capa reciclada inferiores a 30 cm tendrán corta vida de fatiga. Por otro lado, fue evidenciado que la vida de fatiga de esta capa depende significativamente del espesor del nuevo revestimiento asfáltico, recomendándose espesores superiores a 10 cm. Finamente, se destaca que el volumen de datos generados durante los ensayos de fatiga y su procesamiento por medio de algoritmos desarrollados en la investigación permitieron abordar conceptos de energía disipada, como aproximación a la definición de criterios de micro y macro fractura que mostraron la utilidad de este tipo de metodologías para estudios futuros.

A reciclagem de pavimentos com adição de cimento Portland é uma técnica que permite reutilizar estruturas degradadas de pavimentos flexíveis na conformação de uma nova camada estabilizada. Seu dimensionamento, no Brasil, tem sido abordado de forma empírica. Entretanto, os métodos racionais desenvolvidos para pavimentos semirrígidos estão baseados principalmente na previsão da vida de fadiga das camadas cimentadas, associada ao nível de deformação atuante na sua fibra inferior. Com o intuito de contribuir no desenvolvimento de um método de dimensionamento de pavimentos com camadas recicladas com adição de cimento, a pesquisa relatada nesta dissertação teve como objetivo principal o estudo laboratorial do comportamento a fadiga de misturas constituídas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% e 70%), brita graduada e cimento Portland (teores de 2% e 4%). O programa experimental foi baseado no protocolo para caraterização de materiais cimentados da Austroads (2008; 2012), para ensaios estáticos e de fadiga, além de recomendações para caracterização flexural da JCI (1984), procurando-se avaliar a sua aplicabilidade. Os ensaios de fadiga foram realizados em vigotas com dimensões 10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm, curadas por pelo menos 28 dias. O modo dos ensaios foi o de tensão controlada como função da resistência à tração na flexão, previamente determinada. O sistema de carregamento é conhecido como fadiga a 4 pontos. Foram obtidos modelos de fadiga em função da tensão de tração atuante, da deformação inicial e da energia dissipada inicial. Os resultados dos ensaios estáticos indicam a predominante influência do teor cimento na resistência a tração na flexão das misturas (valores entre 0,21 MPa e 1,53 MPa), enquanto a porcentagem de fresado tem efeito significativo na deformação de ruptura, tornando as misturas mais dúcteis, e no Módulo de Elasticidade Flexural (que variou entre 1483 MPa e 12800 MPa). No caso dos ensaios de fadiga, os Módulos de Resiliência Flexural iniciais (valores entre 2913 MPa e 7725 MPa) mostraram-se mais dependentes do teor de cimento e independentes do nível de tensão. Nos modelos de fadiga obtidos, os valores dos exponentes de dano por deformação variaram entre 7 e 15, sendo próximos aos relatados pela Austroads para materiais cimentados. Esses modelos foram empregados na modelagem de estruturas de pavimento com camadas de base reciclada, de espessura de 18 cm a 40 cm, visando quantificar o efeito do teor de cimento e da porcentagem de fresado na vida de fadiga, bem como das espessuras da camada reciclada e da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente. Observou-se que espessuras de camada reciclada inferiores a 30 cm terão curta vida de fadiga. Por outro lado, também ficou evidenciado que a vida de fadiga dessa camada depende significativamente da espessura da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente, recomendando-se espessuras de no mínimo 10 cm. Finalmente, destaca-se que o volume de dados gerado durante os ensaios de fadiga, e seu processamento por meio de algoritmos desenvolvidos na pesquisa, permitiram abordar conceitos de energia dissipada, como aproximação à definição de critérios de micro e macrofissuração, o que mostrou a utilidade deste tipo de abordagem para futuras pesquisas. / Full-depth reclamation with Portland cement (FDR-C), is a technique allowing the reuse of flexible pavements damaged structures, in order to build a new stabilized layer. In Brazil, pavement design with FDR-C has been determined by empirical approaches. However, mechanistic approach developed for semi-rigid pavements mainly use fatigue relationships based on deformations occurring at the bottom of the cemented layer. In order to develop a pavement design method with FDR-C materials, this research work aimed to study, in laboratory, the fatigue behavior of FDR-C mixtures, for three cement grades (2 %, 4 % e 6 %) and three RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) percentages (20 %, 50 % e 70 %).The experimental program was based on the protocol for the characterization of cemented materials of the Austroads (2008; 2012), for static and dynamic tests, and on the recommendations for flexural characterization of concrete reinforced with steel fibers, of the JCI (1984), evaluating the availability of these procedures. Fatigue tests were executed using beams (10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm), static compacted and with a minimum curing time of 28 days. Stress controlled mode was used, based on flexural strength, previously determined. Loading system was a four-point bending test. Were developed fatigue strain, stress and dissipated energy relationships. Static tests results show that cement is the principal influence on the flexural strength of the mixtures (0.21 MPa up to 1.53 MPa), while the RAP have a major effect in the increasing of the tensile strains making it more ductile (flexural elastic modulus were 1483 MPa up to 12800 MPa). In the case of fatigue tests, flexural modulus were more dependent on the degree of cementation (2913 MPa up to 7725 MPa), and not on the applied stress level. About the fatigue models of FDR-C mixtures, strain damage exponents (7 up to 15) were similar to those reported by Austroads. Laboratory models based on strain were used in modeling of pavement structures, with a FDR-C base layer. Results showed benefits of thickness in FDR-C mixtures and asphalt layers (18 cm up to 40 cm), in order to evaluate the effect of the cement and RAP content on fatigue life, and FDR-C new asphalt thickness as well. This model highlights that FDR-C with a thickness inferior than 30 cm will have a shorter fatigue life. On the other side, was showed that the fatigue life of this layer mainly depends on new hot mix asphalt thickness layer (thickness recommended up to 10 cm). Finally, the volume of data generated during the fatigue tests and his processing through algorithms developed in research allowed using dissipated energy criteria as an approximation of the definition of micro and macro-cracking limits which indicate the utility of this methodology for future research. / El reciclaje de pavimentos con adición de cemento Portland es una técnica que permite la reutilización de estructuras degradadas de pavimentos flexibles para la conformación de una nueva capa estabilizada. Su diseño, en Brasil, ha sido abordado de forma empírica. Sin embargo, métodos racionales desarrollados para pavimentos semirrígidos están basados en la vida de fatiga de las capas cementadas, asociada al estado de deformaciones actuante en su base. Con el objetivo de contribuir al desarrollo de un método de dimensionamiento de pavimentos con capas recicladas con adición de cemento, la investigación relatada en esta disertación tuvo como objetivo principal el estudio laboratorial del comportamiento de fatiga de mezclas constituidas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% y 70%), base granular y cemento Portland (2%, 4 % y 6 %). El programa experimental fue basado en protocolos de caracterización de materiales cementados de la Austroads (2008, 2012), para ensayos estáticos y de fatiga, además de recomendaciones para caracterización flexural de concreto reforzado con fibras de acero de la JCI (1984), procurando evaluar su aplicabilidad. Los ensayos de fatiga fueron realizados en vigotas con dimensiones de 10 cm x 10 x cm x 40 cm, moldadas estáticamente y curadas por lo menos 28 días. El modo de carga fue de esfuerzo controlado en función de la resistencia de tracción en la flexión, previamente determinada. El sistema de carga es conocido como fatiga 4 puntos. Los resultados de los ensayos estáticos mostraron una influencia predominante del contenido de cemento respecto a la resistencia flexural de las mezclas (valores entre 0,21 MPa y 1,53 MPa), mientras que el material fresado tiene un efecto significativo en la deformación de tracción al tonar más dúctiles las mezclas, afectando módulo de elasticidad flexural (valores entre 1483 MPa y 12800 MPa). En el caso de los ensayos de fatiga, los Módulos de Resiliencia Flexural iniciales (valores entre2913 MPa y 7725 MPa) mostraron ser más dependientes del grado de cementación e independientes del nivel de esfuerzo aplicado. Los valores de los exponentes de daño por deformación en los modelos de fatiga, que variaron entre 7 y 15, fueron próximos a los relatados por la Austroads. Estos modelos fueron usados en la modelación de estructuras de pavimento con capas de base reciclada, de espesor entre 18 cm y 40 cm, buscando cuantificar el efecto del contenido de cemento y de fresado en la vida de fatiga. Se observó que espesores de la capa reciclada inferiores a 30 cm tendrán corta vida de fatiga. Por otro lado, fue evidenciado que la vida de fatiga de esta capa depende significativamente del espesor del nuevo revestimiento asfáltico, recomendándose espesores superiores a 10 cm. Finamente, se destaca que el volumen de datos generados durante los ensayos de fatiga y su procesamiento por medio de algoritmos desarrollados en la investigación permitieron abordar conceptos de energía disipada, como aproximación a la definición de criterios de micro y macro fractura que mostraron la utilidad de este tipo de metodologías para estudios futuros.

Key factors that influence the design of paved and unpaved roads are the strength and stiffness of the pavement layers. Among other factors, the strength of pavements depends on the thickness and quality of the aggregates used in the pavement base layer. In India and many other countries, there is a high demand for good quality aggregates and the availability of aggregate resources is limited. There is a need for the development of sustainable construction methods which can handle aggregate requirements with least available resources and provide good performance. Hence it is imperative to strive for alternatives to achieve improved quality of pavements using supplementary potential materials and methods. The strength of pavement increases with increase in the thickness of the base which has a direct implication on construction cost whereas decreasing the thickness of the base makes it weak which results in low load bearing capacity especially for unpaved roads. The use of different types of geosynthetics like geocell and geogrid are a potential and reliable solution for the lack of availability of aggregates and studies are conducted in this direction. To better understand the performance of any geosynthetically reinforced base layers, it is essential to characterize the pavement material by studying the behavior of these materials under static as well as repeated loading. For unpaved roads, the base layer, made of granular aggregates plays a crucial role in the reduction of permanent deformation of the pavements. The resilient modulus (Mr) of these materials is a key parameter for predicting the structural response of pavements and for characterizing materials in pavement design and evaluation. Usually, during the design of flexible pavements, pavement materials are treated as homogeneous and isotropic. The use of rollers in the field during pavement construction leads to a higher compaction of material in the vertical direction which introduces stress-induced anisotropy in the base material. The effect of stress-induced anisotropy on the properties of the granular material is studied and discussed in the first part of the research by conducting repeated load triaxial tests. Isotropic consolidated and anisotropically consolidated samples were prepared to investigate the behavior of base materials under stress induced anisotropic conditions. An additional axial load was applied on the isotropically consolidated sample to create anisotropically consolidated sample. The axial loading was provided such that the stress ratio (σ1/σ3), during anisotropic consolidation was kept constant for all the tests at different confining pressures. The effect of repeated loading on the permanent deformation and the resilient modulus for both isotropically and anisotropically consolidated samples, at different confining pressure and loading conditions, are discussed. The behavior of both anisotropically and isotropically consolidated samples has been explained using the record of the excess pore pressures generated during the experiments. The experimental studies show that the permanent strains measured in the vertical direction of the anisotropically consolidated samples are less compared to the results obtained for isotropically consolidated samples. The resilient moduli of the anisotropically consolidated samples were also observed to be higher than that of the isotropically consolidated sample. The study conducted on the pore pressure of both the samples explains better performance of the anisotropically consolidated samples. The studies showed that the isotropically consolidated samples showed higher pore pressures compared to the anisotropically consolidated specimens. Another factor which influences the resilient modulus of the pavement materials is the geosynthetic reinforcement. Geocell and geogrid reinforced triaxial samples were prepared to study the effect of reinforcement in the resilient modulus of the base materials. From the literature, it can be seen that most of the research in the triaxial testing equipment were carried out in the non-destructive range of confining pressure and deviatoric stress. Several studies have been conducted by the researchers to visualize the pavement response in the elastic range. However, the studies in the plastic creep range and incremental collapse range were highly limited. In the current study, testing is carried out on the triaxial samples for two different stress ranges. In the first sections, loading was applied in the elastic and elastic shakedown range as per AASTHO T-307. For various loading sequences, a comparative analysis has been done for the resilient modulus of the geogrid and geocell. In the next section, the loading was applied on the sample in the plastic shakedown range and incremental collapse range. The results of the permanent strains and resilient modulus of the sections are compared with the corresponding results of the unreinforced section. In the plastic shakedown and incremental collapse range also the permanent strains of reinforced samples were less than those observed in the unreinforced section. The performance of geosynthetically reinforced pavement layers can be better understood by studying the samples prepared under realistic field conditions. In the case of triaxial experiments the sample size is very less compared to the field conditions and the effect of other pavement layers on the performance of the base layers cannot be studied on triaxial samples. Samples were prepared in the laboratory by modeling the pavement sections in a cuboidal tank, in which different pavement layers are laid one over the other, and a static loading or repeated loading is applied to overcome the bottleneck of small sample size in the triaxial setup. The experiments were conducted on the unreinforced section; geocell reinforced section and geogrid reinforced section placed above strong and weak subgrade. The results of the study are examined regarding the resilient deformation, permanent deformation, pressure distribution and strain measurements for different thicknesses of base layers under repeated loading. The initial parts of the study present the results of experiments and analysis of the results to understand the behavior of geocell reinforced granular base during repeated loading. In this study, an attempt is made to understand the various factors which influence the behavior of geocell reinforced granular base under repeated loading by conducting plate load tests. The loads applied on the pavements are much higher than the standard axle loading used for the design of pavements. High pressure was applied on all the test sections to simulate these higher loading conditions in the field. The optimum width and height of the geocell to be provided, to get maximum reduction in permanent deformation is studied in detail. The effect of resilient deformation of reinforced and unreinforced base layers is quantified by calculating the resilient modulus of these layers. The studies showed that the geocell reinforcement was effective in reducing the permanent and resilient deformations of base layer when compared to the unreinforced samples. The resilient modulus calculated was higher for the reinforced sample with half of the thickness of the unreinforced sample. The effect of reinforcement in the stress distribution within the base layer is also studied by measuring the pressures at different depths of the base layer. The results showed that the pressure getting transferred to the subgrade level was much lower in the case of geocell reinforced base layer. The ultimate aim of any pavement design method is to reduce the distress in the subgrade level and thus leading to increased life of pavements. Pressures at the subgrade level for reinforced and unreinforced sections are studied in detail, the main parameter under study being the stress distribution angle, to investigate the distress in the subgrade level. It was observed that the geocell reinforced sample showed higher stress distribution angle when compared to its unreinforced counterpart. Another important factor that has to be studied is the strains at the subgrade level since it is the governing factor of causing rutting in the pavements. From the experiments conducted in the study, it was shown that the reinforcement is very effective in reducing the strains at the top of subgrades. The implications of the current study are brought out in terms of improved pavement performance as the carbon emission reductions. It is important to analyze the performance of reinforced section under realistic field conditions. To do that experiment were conducted on reinforced and unreinforced base layers placed on top of weak subgrade material. The study showed that the reinforcements are effective in reducing the deformations under weak subgrade conditions also but not as effective as it was under strong subgrade case. The experimental results were then validated with the two-dimensional mechanistic-empirical model for geocell reinforced unpaved roads for predicting the performance of pavements under a significant number of cycles. The modified permanent deformation model which incorporates the triaxial test results and strains measured directly from the base sections were used to model and validate. Plate load experiments were also conducted on base layers reinforced with geogrid to understand the behavior of these reinforced samples under repeated loading. Several factors like the width of the geogrid to be provided and the depth of placing the geogrid in the base layer were studied in detail to achieve maximum reduction in deformations. Permanent and resilient deformation studies were carried out for both reinforced and unreinforced sections of varying thicknesses, and a comparison was made to understand the effect of reinforcement. The geogrid reinforcement could effectively reduce the permanent and resilient deformations when compared to the unreinforced sections. A study was also carried out on the resilient modulus, which explained the better performance of the geogrid reinforced samples by showing higher resilient modulus for reinforced samples than the unreinforced specimens. The performance of the geogrid reinforced base layers was further verified by studying the pressure distribution at the subgrade level and by calculating the stress distribution angle corresponding to the reinforced and unreinforced samples. The strains at the subgrade level were also studied and compared with the unreinforced sample which showed a better performance of geogrid reinforced samples. The results from the strain gauges fixed in the geogrid were further used to model and validate the permanent deformation model. Experiments were conducted on geogrid-reinforced base layer placed above weak subgrade conditions. The results showed that the reinforcement was effective in reducing the deformations under weak subgrade conditions also. Apart from conducting the laboratory studies, experimental results were numerically modeled to accurately back-calculate the resilient moduli of the layers used in the study. 3D numerical modeling of the unreinforced and honeycomb shaped geocell reinforced layers were carried out using finite element package of ANSYS. The subgrade layer, geocell material, and infill material were modeled with different material models to match the real case scenario. The modeling was done for both static and repeated load conditions. The material properties were changed in a systematic fashion until the vertical deformations of the loading plate matched with the corresponding values measured during the experiment. The experimental study indicates that the geocell reinforcement distributes the load in the lateral direction to a relatively shallow depth when compared to the unreinforced section. Numerical modeling further strengthened the results of the experimental studies since the modeling results were in sync with the experimental data.

A reciclagem de pavimentos com adição de cimento Portland é uma técnica que permite reutilizar estruturas degradadas de pavimentos flexíveis na conformação de uma nova camada estabilizada. Seu dimensionamento, no Brasil, tem sido abordado de forma empírica. Entretanto, os métodos racionais desenvolvidos para pavimentos semirrígidos estão baseados principalmente na previsão da vida de fadiga das camadas cimentadas, associada ao nível de deformação atuante na sua fibra inferior. Com o intuito de contribuir no desenvolvimento de um método de dimensionamento de pavimentos com camadas recicladas com adição de cimento, a pesquisa relatada nesta dissertação teve como objetivo principal o estudo laboratorial do comportamento a fadiga de misturas constituídas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% e 70%), brita graduada e cimento Portland (teores de 2% e 4%). O programa experimental foi baseado no protocolo para caraterização de materiais cimentados da Austroads (2008; 2012), para ensaios estáticos e de fadiga, além de recomendações para caracterização flexural da JCI (1984), procurando-se avaliar a sua aplicabilidade. Os ensaios de fadiga foram realizados em vigotas com dimensões 10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm, curadas por pelo menos 28 dias. O modo dos ensaios foi o de tensão controlada como função da resistência à tração na flexão, previamente determinada. O sistema de carregamento é conhecido como fadiga a 4 pontos. Foram obtidos modelos de fadiga em função da tensão de tração atuante, da deformação inicial e da energia dissipada inicial. Os resultados dos ensaios estáticos indicam a predominante influência do teor cimento na resistência a tração na flexão das misturas (valores entre 0,21 MPa e 1,53 MPa), enquanto a porcentagem de fresado tem efeito significativo na deformação de ruptura, tornando as misturas mais dúcteis, e no Módulo de Elasticidade Flexural (que variou entre 1483 MPa e 12800 MPa). No caso dos ensaios de fadiga, os Módulos de Resiliência Flexural iniciais (valores entre 2913 MPa e 7725 MPa) mostraram-se mais dependentes do teor de cimento e independentes do nível de tensão. Nos modelos de fadiga obtidos, os valores dos exponentes de dano por deformação variaram entre 7 e 15, sendo próximos aos relatados pela Austroads para materiais cimentados. Esses modelos foram empregados na modelagem de estruturas de pavimento com camadas de base reciclada, de espessura de 18 cm a 40 cm, visando quantificar o efeito do teor de cimento e da porcentagem de fresado na vida de fadiga, bem como das espessuras da camada reciclada e da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente. Observou-se que espessuras de camada reciclada inferiores a 30 cm terão curta vida de fadiga. Por outro lado, também ficou evidenciado que a vida de fadiga dessa camada depende significativamente da espessura da nova camada asfáltica sobrejacente, recomendando-se espessuras de no mínimo 10 cm. Finalmente, destaca-se que o volume de dados gerado durante os ensaios de fadiga, e seu processamento por meio de algoritmos desenvolvidos na pesquisa, permitiram abordar conceitos de energia dissipada, como aproximação à definição de critérios de micro e macrofissuração, o que mostrou a utilidade deste tipo de abordagem para futuras pesquisas. / Full-depth reclamation with Portland cement (FDR-C), is a technique allowing the reuse of flexible pavements damaged structures, in order to build a new stabilized layer. In Brazil, pavement design with FDR-C has been determined by empirical approaches. However, mechanistic approach developed for semi-rigid pavements mainly use fatigue relationships based on deformations occurring at the bottom of the cemented layer. In order to develop a pavement design method with FDR-C materials, this research work aimed to study, in laboratory, the fatigue behavior of FDR-C mixtures, for three cement grades (2 %, 4 % e 6 %) and three RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) percentages (20 %, 50 % e 70 %).The experimental program was based on the protocol for the characterization of cemented materials of the Austroads (2008; 2012), for static and dynamic tests, and on the recommendations for flexural characterization of concrete reinforced with steel fibers, of the JCI (1984), evaluating the availability of these procedures. Fatigue tests were executed using beams (10 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm), static compacted and with a minimum curing time of 28 days. Stress controlled mode was used, based on flexural strength, previously determined. Loading system was a four-point bending test. Were developed fatigue strain, stress and dissipated energy relationships. Static tests results show that cement is the principal influence on the flexural strength of the mixtures (0.21 MPa up to 1.53 MPa), while the RAP have a major effect in the increasing of the tensile strains making it more ductile (flexural elastic modulus were 1483 MPa up to 12800 MPa). In the case of fatigue tests, flexural modulus were more dependent on the degree of cementation (2913 MPa up to 7725 MPa), and not on the applied stress level. About the fatigue models of FDR-C mixtures, strain damage exponents (7 up to 15) were similar to those reported by Austroads. Laboratory models based on strain were used in modeling of pavement structures, with a FDR-C base layer. Results showed benefits of thickness in FDR-C mixtures and asphalt layers (18 cm up to 40 cm), in order to evaluate the effect of the cement and RAP content on fatigue life, and FDR-C new asphalt thickness as well. This model highlights that FDR-C with a thickness inferior than 30 cm will have a shorter fatigue life. On the other side, was showed that the fatigue life of this layer mainly depends on new hot mix asphalt thickness layer (thickness recommended up to 10 cm). Finally, the volume of data generated during the fatigue tests and his processing through algorithms developed in research allowed using dissipated energy criteria as an approximation of the definition of micro and macro-cracking limits which indicate the utility of this methodology for future research. / El reciclaje de pavimentos con adición de cemento Portland es una técnica que permite la reutilización de estructuras degradadas de pavimentos flexibles para la conformación de una nueva capa estabilizada. Su diseño, en Brasil, ha sido abordado de forma empírica. Sin embargo, métodos racionales desarrollados para pavimentos semirrígidos están basados en la vida de fatiga de las capas cementadas, asociada al estado de deformaciones actuante en su base. Con el objetivo de contribuir al desarrollo de un método de dimensionamiento de pavimentos con capas recicladas con adición de cemento, la investigación relatada en esta disertación tuvo como objetivo principal el estudio laboratorial del comportamiento de fatiga de mezclas constituidas por fresado asfáltico (20%, 50% y 70%), base granular y cemento Portland (2%, 4 % y 6 %). El programa experimental fue basado en protocolos de caracterización de materiales cementados de la Austroads (2008, 2012), para ensayos estáticos y de fatiga, además de recomendaciones para caracterización flexural de concreto reforzado con fibras de acero de la JCI (1984), procurando evaluar su aplicabilidad. Los ensayos de fatiga fueron realizados en vigotas con dimensiones de 10 cm x 10 x cm x 40 cm, moldadas estáticamente y curadas por lo menos 28 días. El modo de carga fue de esfuerzo controlado en función de la resistencia de tracción en la flexión, previamente determinada. El sistema de carga es conocido como fatiga 4 puntos. Los resultados de los ensayos estáticos mostraron una influencia predominante del contenido de cemento respecto a la resistencia flexural de las mezclas (valores entre 0,21 MPa y 1,53 MPa), mientras que el material fresado tiene un efecto significativo en la deformación de tracción al tonar más dúctiles las mezclas, afectando módulo de elasticidad flexural (valores entre 1483 MPa y 12800 MPa). En el caso de los ensayos de fatiga, los Módulos de Resiliencia Flexural iniciales (valores entre2913 MPa y 7725 MPa) mostraron ser más dependientes del grado de cementación e independientes del nivel de esfuerzo aplicado. Los valores de los exponentes de daño por deformación en los modelos de fatiga, que variaron entre 7 y 15, fueron próximos a los relatados por la Austroads. Estos modelos fueron usados en la modelación de estructuras de pavimento con capas de base reciclada, de espesor entre 18 cm y 40 cm, buscando cuantificar el efecto del contenido de cemento y de fresado en la vida de fatiga. Se observó que espesores de la capa reciclada inferiores a 30 cm tendrán corta vida de fatiga. Por otro lado, fue evidenciado que la vida de fatiga de esta capa depende significativamente del espesor del nuevo revestimiento asfáltico, recomendándose espesores superiores a 10 cm. Finamente, se destaca que el volumen de datos generados durante los ensayos de fatiga y su procesamiento por medio de algoritmos desarrollados en la investigación permitieron abordar conceptos de energía disipada, como aproximación a la definición de criterios de micro y macro fractura que mostraron la utilidad de este tipo de metodologías para estudios futuros.

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front, of this document / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

No description available.

The research described herein is composed of four major areas of practice. It examines the overall performance of runways and provides tools designed to improve current runway operations and management with particular emphasis on contaminated surfaces. Presented in this thesis is an overview of how to design airport pavements in order to achieve optimal friction by specifically focusing on material selection and construction techniques for rigid and flexible pavements. Rubber buildup and the impact rubber accumulation has on decreasing runway friction, particularly in a range of climatic conditions, is discussed. Four commonly used rubber removal techniques are presented and evaluated. Through this research, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) decision making protocol was developed for incorporation into airport pavement management systems (APMS). Runway surface condition reporting practices used at the Region of Waterloo International Airport are evaluated and recommendations for improving current practices are identified. Runway surface condition reporting can be improved by removing subjectivity, reporting conditions to pilots in real time, standardizing terminology and measurement techniques, and including runway pictures or sketches to identify contaminant locations where possible. Reports should be incorporated and stored in the APMS. Aircraft braking systems and their effects on landing distances under contaminated conditions are discussed. This thesis presents a proposed solution for monitoring and measuring contaminated runway surfaces and identifying the risks associated with aircraft landing through using the Braking Availability Tester (BAT). Also proposed in this thesis is a testing framework for validating the Braking Availability Tester. The proposed BAT measures interaction between aircraft antiskid braking systems and runway contaminants to determine landing distances more accurately. Finally, this thesis includes a discussion explaining how pavement design, contaminant removal, results from friction tests, and results from the BAT can be incorporated into airport pavement management systems. APMS data can be analyzed to economically optimize and prioritize scheduling of pavement maintenance, preservation and rehabilitation treatments to maintain a high level of service, thereby contributing to runway safety and optimization.

The research described herein is composed of four major areas of practice. It examines the overall performance of runways and provides tools designed to improve current runway operations and management with particular emphasis on contaminated surfaces. Presented in this thesis is an overview of how to design airport pavements in order to achieve optimal friction by specifically focusing on material selection and construction techniques for rigid and flexible pavements. Rubber buildup and the impact rubber accumulation has on decreasing runway friction, particularly in a range of climatic conditions, is discussed. Four commonly used rubber removal techniques are presented and evaluated. Through this research, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) decision making protocol was developed for incorporation into airport pavement management systems (APMS). Runway surface condition reporting practices used at the Region of Waterloo International Airport are evaluated and recommendations for improving current practices are identified. Runway surface condition reporting can be improved by removing subjectivity, reporting conditions to pilots in real time, standardizing terminology and measurement techniques, and including runway pictures or sketches to identify contaminant locations where possible. Reports should be incorporated and stored in the APMS. Aircraft braking systems and their effects on landing distances under contaminated conditions are discussed. This thesis presents a proposed solution for monitoring and measuring contaminated runway surfaces and identifying the risks associated with aircraft landing through using the Braking Availability Tester (BAT). Also proposed in this thesis is a testing framework for validating the Braking Availability Tester. The proposed BAT measures interaction between aircraft antiskid braking systems and runway contaminants to determine landing distances more accurately. Finally, this thesis includes a discussion explaining how pavement design, contaminant removal, results from friction tests, and results from the BAT can be incorporated into airport pavement management systems. APMS data can be analyzed to economically optimize and prioritize scheduling of pavement maintenance, preservation and rehabilitation treatments to maintain a high level of service, thereby contributing to runway safety and optimization.

Une étude expérimentale a été effectuée sur diverses formules de trois familles d’enrobés bitumineux avec des taux de recyclage variables et la présence ou non de régénérant. La composition des mélanges et le procédé de fabrication ont été élaborés afin d’effectuer une étude comparative. L’enrobage produit des variations des paramètres physico-chimiques des liants telles que la consistance, la température de transition vitreuse, les fractions cristallisables, les taux d’aromatiques et d’asphaltènes ; ces variations sont limitées en présence de régénérant. Lorsque le taux d’AE augmente, la compactibilité et l’orniérage des mélanges diminuent et leur rigidité viscoélastique augmente, mais le régénérant limite ces variations. Globalement, les AE produisent une augmentation de la résistance à la fatigue des formules et un aplatissement des droites de Wöhler. Le régénérant améliore le paramètre de fatigue ɛ6 ; les performances en fatigue augmentent avec la TBA et l’indice colloïdal du liant ainsi qu’avec la diminution de la viscosité de l’enrobé. L’impact favorable d’un taux élevé d’AE et du régénérant sur le trafic admissible a été déterminé suite au dimensionnement d’une structure souple tri-couche. À basse température, la détérioration par les AE de la ductilité en traction et de la température de rupture par retrait empêché se trouvent limitées par le régénérant ; un compromis est cependant à trouver avec la résistance à la fatigue. Les formules régénérées mises en œuvre sur la couche de roulement d’une route départementale ont subi une moindre évolution après six ans de service que les mélanges non régénérés. / An experimental programme has been performed on three types of bituminous mixes with variable recycling rates and the possible addition of rejuvenator. The mix composition and the production process have been defined in order to perform a comparative analysis. The coating process modifies the physico-chemical parameters of the binders, like consistency, glassy transition temperature, cristallizable moiety, aromatics and asphaltenes rates; the above variations are limited by using the rejuvenator. As the RAP content increases, the compactibility and the rutting of the mixes decrease and the viscoelastic stiffness increases, but the rejuvenation reduces these variations. Globally, RAP increases the fatigue resistance of the mixes and flattens the Wöhler curve. Rejuvenation enhances ɛ6 fatigue parameter; fatigue performances increase with R&B temperature and colloidal index of the binder and as the viscous component of the mixes decreases. The positive impact of a high rate of RAP and of the rejuvenation on the allowable traffic has been evaluated from the structural design of a threelayered pavement. At low temperature, the deterioration of the tension ductility and of the stress restrained failure temperature produced by the RAP, is limited by the rejuvenation; a compromise with the fatigue resistance has to be found. The rejuvenated mixes laid as surface layers on a provincial road have experienced a smaller evolution that non rejuvenated mixes.