Escrever sobre esta região, chamada Bico do Papagaio é escrever sobre conflitos e sobre os mais variados sujeitos que a luta pela terra configurou. Nesta tese parte-se da premissa que o conflito social nesta região é resultado das políticas de ocupação capitalista, e da concentração dos recursos nas mãos de determinadas classes sociais. A região é dessa forma, fundamento histórico da luta de classes antagônicas pelo território ou pela terra. Classes sociais que possuem lógicas de apropriação do território opostas. Esta luta de classes em maioria das vezes é travada entre as várias frações do campesinato e o grandes proprietários de terra, que podem ser fazendeiros e latifundiários ou empresas de várias modalidades. Dentro do contexto da luta pelo território estão os povos indígenas e quilombolas. Cada um desses sujeitos constroem suas estratégias de permanência ou de conquista da terra e/ou território. Os camponeses e indígenas por serem as principais vítimas da expropriação e do desempossamento na região, no momento da resistência entram em confronto com a classe dos grandes proprietários sofrendo as mais variadas violências. A Comissão Pastoral da Terra há mais de trinta anos acompanha o campesinato e os povos indígenas nesses processos. Há trinta anos começou a publicar os registros de conflitos no campo. Esses registros mostram até certo ponto o avanço e o retrocesso da luta pela terra entre as classes e sociedades antagônicas. Nosso objetivo foi compreender como se deu esses processos durante esses trinta anos nesta região através dos registros de conflitos no campo Os quais, dentro da perspectiva geográfica denominamos conflitos sociespaciais e conflitos socioterritoriais, afim de contribui na construção de uma geografia das lutas camponesas. / Write about this region, called Parrot\'s Beak is writing about conflict and about the most varied subjects that the struggle for land set. In this thesis, it starts from the premise that the social conflict in this region is the result of capitalist occupation policies, and the concentration of resources in the hands of certain social classes. The region is thus historical foundation of the struggle of antagonistic classes by territory or by land. Social classes that have logics of appropriation of the opposing territory. This class struggle in most cases is fought between the various fractions of the peasantry and the property owners, who may be farmers and landowners or companies of various forms. Within the context of the struggle for territory is indigenous and maroon peoples. Each of these individuals build their permanence strategies or conquest of the land and / or territory. Peasants and indigenous people because they are the main victims of expropriation and take ownership in the region at the time of resistance clash with the class of large landowners suffering the most varied violence. The Pastoral Land Commission for over thirty years came with the peasantry and indigenous peoples in these processes. Thirty years ago, he began publishing the records of conflicts in the field. These records show to some extent the advance and retreat of the struggle for land between classes and antagonistic societies. Our goal was to understand how these processes occurred during those thirty years in this region through the conflicts of records in the field, which, within the geographical perspective call social space conflicts and socio-territorial conflicts in order to contribute in building a geography of peasant struggles.

This thesis is motivated by my felt connection with the unnecessarily hungry peasants of the Majority World. The odyssey that results is portrayed as one of epistemic learning in which the meaning of participation is central. The first part (Chapters 1-4) introduces the philosophical understandings gained at the end of the research in order to assist the reader’s orientation at the beginning of the thesis. This explanation depends upon understanding the paradigmatic implications of Classical and Quantum Physics along with an autooethnographic approach. Using these concepts, I portray my experiences in agricultural development with peasants in the Solomon Islands and Mozambique as naïve systemic practice. This practice arises in response to the continual failure of contemporary development which I refer to as expat-centric development. I systemically reframe the categories of “expert” and “blueprint project” which become “expert and project with peasant.” The development that results I find to be easy and successful, yet it is ignored and undermined. This leads me to a watershed experience, which becomes Part 2 (Chapter 5) of the thesis.Within Part 3 I see the role of society’s institutions to replicate the mechanistic paradigm. Thus, in order to avoid the institutional entrapment that results from this, I see the need post-thesis, to participate in evolving new social structures that can replicate the paradigm of systemic participation. This will largely depend upon the willingness of society to engage with a cosmology of connectedness. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis is motivated by my felt connection with the unnecessarily hungry peasants of the Majority World. The odyssey that results is portrayed as one of epistemic learning in which the meaning of participation is central. The first part (Chapters 1-4) introduces the philosophical understandings gained at the end of the research in order to assist the reader’s orientation at the beginning of the thesis. This explanation depends upon understanding the paradigmatic implications of Classical and Quantum Physics along with an autooethnographic approach. Using these concepts, I portray my experiences in agricultural development with peasants in the Solomon Islands and Mozambique as naïve systemic practice. This practice arises in response to the continual failure of contemporary development which I refer to as expat-centric development. I systemically reframe the categories of “expert” and “blueprint project” which become “expert and project with peasant.” The development that results I find to be easy and successful, yet it is ignored and undermined. This leads me to a watershed experience, which becomes Part 2 (Chapter 5) of the thesis.Within Part 3 I see the role of society’s institutions to replicate the mechanistic paradigm. Thus, in order to avoid the institutional entrapment that results from this, I see the need post-thesis, to participate in evolving new social structures that can replicate the paradigm of systemic participation. This will largely depend upon the willingness of society to engage with a cosmology of connectedness. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The institution of farm service was mainly a West-European phenomenon. It was linked to the high age at marriage and it was an important system for the distribution of labour in agriculture. In Sweden, the use of farm servants in peasant agriculture intensified in the 18th century and remained important up till the advent of industrialization. The growth of a class of property-less, rural labourers did not undermine the system of farm service, as is sometimes claimed. Patriarchalism was an ideology intimately connected with farm service. During the 18th century, however, patriarchalism was not the common frame of reference among the upper classes when discussing state policy towards serv­ants. Patriarchalism did not become an important ideology until the beginning of the 19th century. It was inspired by the liberal critique of the old, mercantilist attitude towards labour. At the grass-root level, farm servants showed a culturally defined hostility towards wage labour. They tried to exchange wages in money for different kinds of rights and liberties, which might have served the purpose of disguising the employer-employee relationship to the peasant masters. An egalitarian ideology, typical of especially northern Sweden's peasantry, might have strengthened this hostility to being wage earners instead of having independent ways of making a living. / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1979. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 522-527).

This dissertation explores the experiences of Egyptian peasants from the Delta province of Minufiyya who were tried for murder by newly created "native" or "national" courts between 1884 and 1914. Through the study of 2,000 pages of criminal files, I deconstruct how the colonial state used the modern techniques of judicial orality, writing, and performance, both to justify a series of reforms that turned the entire legal process into a parody of justice, and to develop a grand narrative that essentialized peasants as revengeful, greedy, and passionate and ultimately linked their alleged immorality to their illiteracy. Furthermore, my work sheds light on how peasants reacted to this process of moralization of the law by promoting the "honor of the brigand" through violence and poetry. Finally, by focusing on the many petitions contained in the judicial files, my dissertation provides new insight into the development of a "vernacular" culture of the law that betrays the peasants' awareness of the highly political nature of the legal process. By presenting and analyzing an untapped wealth of Egyptian archives produced by the native courts, this research not only sheds invaluable light on the workings and hence the very nature of British colonial justice in Egypt, but also represents a significant advance in the knowledge of the origins of Egypt's current legal system. On a more theoretical level, this study also constitutes an important contribution to the reflection on the subaltern subject initiated by Rosalind O'Hanlon and Talal Asad, by showing how the peasants' agency paradoxically lies in their "disempowerment."

This dissertation explores the experiences of Egyptian peasants from the Delta province of Minufiyya who were tried for murder by newly created "native" or "national" courts between 1884 and 1914. Through the study of 2,000 pages of criminal files, I deconstruct how the colonial state used the modern techniques of judicial orality, writing, and performance, both to justify a series of reforms that turned the entire legal process into a parody of justice, and to develop a grand narrative that essentialized peasants as revengeful, greedy, and passionate and ultimately linked their alleged immorality to their illiteracy. Furthermore, my work sheds light on how peasants reacted to this process of moralization of the law by promoting the "honor of the brigand" through violence and poetry. Finally, by focusing on the many petitions contained in the judicial files, my dissertation provides new insight into the development of a "vernacular" culture of the law that betrays the peasants' awareness of the highly political nature of the legal process. By presenting and analyzing an untapped wealth of Egyptian archives produced by the native courts, this research not only sheds invaluable light on the workings and hence the very nature of British colonial justice in Egypt, but also represents a significant advance in the knowledge of the origins of Egypt's current legal system. On a more theoretical level, this study also constitutes an important contribution to the reflection on the subaltern subject initiated by Rosalind O'Hanlon and Talal Asad, by showing how the peasants' agency paradoxically lies in their "disempowerment."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1979. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 522-527). Also issued in print.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-01T16:00:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lidianny Vidal Fonteles.pdf: 8845508 bytes, checksum: a064315c3f30b08ced6e2f06cadf3223 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-08T11:56:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lidianny Vidal Fonteles.pdf: 8845508 bytes, checksum: a064315c3f30b08ced6e2f06cadf3223 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T11:56:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lidianny Vidal Fonteles.pdf: 8845508 bytes, checksum: a064315c3f30b08ced6e2f06cadf3223 (MD5) / CAPES / A partir de um contexto histórico configurado com o artigo 68 da Constituição Federal de 1988, as comunidades quilombolas inauguraram um processo que vai da invisibilidade ao reconhecimento. No Ceará, o fenômeno político de apropriação do rótulo constitucional insere-se em um momento de resgate identitário e acionamento da negritude enquanto instrumento de legitimação da pauta de luta e reconfiguração das relações de poder intra e extra grupais. As comunidades quilombolas Lagoa do Ramo e Goiabeiras, campo desta pesquisa, estão localizadas no município de Aquiraz, Ceará possuem origem histórica comum, mas com percursos históricos próprios. Memória, território, família e trabalho conformam a identidade social das comunidades. Com o inicio da luta pela regularização fundiária, as comunidades transversalizam elementos das identidades social e política para conformar sua pauta de luta combinando reconhecimento e redistribuição. Vale salientar que as identidades se transversalizam tanto nas interações intersubjetivas da vida cotidiana quanto no espaço público e é nesse âmbito, na relação das comunidades em busca de seus direitos que se enquadra o objetivo principal desta pesquisa. Para levantamento de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas, observação participante, revisão bibliográfica, consulta de material local (atas e livros da associação) e análise outros estudos realizados no local. From a historical context configured with Article 68 of the Constitution of 1988, the quilombola communities are starting a process from invisibility to recognition. In Ceará, the political phenomenon of constitutional label ownership is inserted in a time of identity recovery and triggering of blackness as a means of legitimizing the staff control and reconfiguration of power relations within and outside group. Quilombo communities Lagoa do Ramo and Goiabeiras, this research field, are located in the municipality of Aquiraz/Ceará, have common historical origin, but with their own histories. Memory, territory, family and work make the social identity of communities. With the beginning of the struggle for land regularization, communities mainstreaming elements of social and political identities to conform its agenda to combat combining recognition and redistribution. It is worth noting that identities se mainstreaming both in intersubjective interactions of everyday life and in public space and in this context, the relationship of communities for their rights forming the main objective of this research. For data collection were used interviews, participant observation, literature review, consultation of local materials (proceedings and books of the association) analysis and other studies conducted on site.

BATISTA, Maria Aline da Silva. Questão agrária e campesinato: a feira agroecológica como uma estratégia de consolidação camponesa. 2014. 108 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em geografia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T19:04:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_masbatista.pdf: 2619621 bytes, checksum: 5e296f227d01e79212cef28a0cb9dd39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-06-16T19:11:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_masbatista.pdf: 2619621 bytes, checksum: 5e296f227d01e79212cef28a0cb9dd39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T19:11:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_masbatista.pdf: 2619621 bytes, checksum: 5e296f227d01e79212cef28a0cb9dd39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The agrarian question is a problem that is not limited to the land issue, but unfolds into various dilemmas faced by peasants. The research aims at discussing the role of a path of peasant resistance in the northern region of Ceará: the Agroecological Fair (FA). It was sought to understand how the peasantry has used Agroecology to face the pressures of capital. It was delimited as the universe of the study the group of marketers agroecological and solidary from fair of Itapipoca and fair of Trairi totaling ten families. The FA are alternative marketing channels that enable the peasants greater autonomy in relation to the results of their work at the same time that democratizes access to food without pesticides. Based on the theorists who think the peasantry beyond the economic outlook and Agroecology as a way for rural development, we sought to identify the strategies undertaken by farmers and the results arising. The methodology included literature review and field research. The plantation and agroecological fair were visited. Interviews semistructured taped were realized with peasants-marketer, agricultural technicians and consumers. It was found that agroecological techniques are contributing to the recovery of soils and are more efficient than conventional practices during periods of drought. It was observed that marketing through agroecological fair entails a significant increase in the income of peasants and induces diversification of production, which reflects a improved diet and promotes food security for families. The FA studied allows consumers access to safer products and fair prices. Social relations developed at the fairs transcends the economic dimension, generating friendships based on trust and solidarity. / A questão agrária é um problema que não se esgota na questão fundiária, mas se desdobra em vários dilemas vividos pelos camponeses. Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir o papel da resistência camponesa na região norte do Ceará através das Feiras Agroecológicas (FA). Buscou-se compreender como o campesinato tem utilizado a Agroecologia para enfrentar as pressões do capital. Delimitou-se como universo de estudo o grupo de feirantes agroecológicos e solidários de Itapipoca e de Trairi, totalizando dez famílias. As FA são canais alternativos de comercialização que possibilitam ao camponês maior autonomia em relação aos resultados do seu trabalho ao mesmo tempo em que democratiza o acesso a alimentos sem agrotóxico. Tendo por base os teóricos que pensam o campesinato para além da perspectiva econômica e a Agroecologia como caminho para o desenvolvimento rural, procurou-se identificar as estratégias empreendidas pelos camponeses e os resultados decorrentes. A metodologia utilizada contou com revisão bibliográfica e trabalhos de campo, durante os quais, foram realizadas visitas às unidades de produção e às feiras agroecológicas. Foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas com os camponeses-feirantes, técnicos agrícolas envolvidos e consumidores. Verificou-se que as técnicas agroecológicas estão contribuindo para a recuperação dos solos e são mais eficientes que as práticas convencionais nos períodos de estiagem. Constatou-se que a comercialização nas feiras agroecológicas enseja um aumento significativo na renda dos camponeses e induz a diversificação da produção, o que reflete na melhoria da alimentação e promove a segurança alimentar para as famílias. As FA estudadas possibilitam aos consumidores o acesso a produtos mais seguros e a preços justos. As relações sociais desenvolvidas nas feiras transcendem a dimensão econômica, geram laços de amizade, baseados na confiança e na solidariedade.