This dissertation explores the experiences of Egyptian peasants from the Delta province of Minufiyya who were tried for murder by newly created "native" or "national" courts between 1884 and 1914. Through the study of 2,000 pages of criminal files, I deconstruct how the colonial state used the modern techniques of judicial orality, writing, and performance, both to justify a series of reforms that turned the entire legal process into a parody of justice, and to develop a grand narrative that essentialized peasants as revengeful, greedy, and passionate and ultimately linked their alleged immorality to their illiteracy. Furthermore, my work sheds light on how peasants reacted to this process of moralization of the law by promoting the "honor of the brigand" through violence and poetry. Finally, by focusing on the many petitions contained in the judicial files, my dissertation provides new insight into the development of a "vernacular" culture of the law that betrays the peasants' awareness of the highly political nature of the legal process. By presenting and analyzing an untapped wealth of Egyptian archives produced by the native courts, this research not only sheds invaluable light on the workings and hence the very nature of British colonial justice in Egypt, but also represents a significant advance in the knowledge of the origins of Egypt's current legal system. On a more theoretical level, this study also constitutes an important contribution to the reflection on the subaltern subject initiated by Rosalind O'Hanlon and Talal Asad, by showing how the peasants' agency paradoxically lies in their "disempowerment."

This dissertation explores the experiences of Egyptian peasants from the Delta province of Minufiyya who were tried for murder by newly created "native" or "national" courts between 1884 and 1914. Through the study of 2,000 pages of criminal files, I deconstruct how the colonial state used the modern techniques of judicial orality, writing, and performance, both to justify a series of reforms that turned the entire legal process into a parody of justice, and to develop a grand narrative that essentialized peasants as revengeful, greedy, and passionate and ultimately linked their alleged immorality to their illiteracy. Furthermore, my work sheds light on how peasants reacted to this process of moralization of the law by promoting the "honor of the brigand" through violence and poetry. Finally, by focusing on the many petitions contained in the judicial files, my dissertation provides new insight into the development of a "vernacular" culture of the law that betrays the peasants' awareness of the highly political nature of the legal process. By presenting and analyzing an untapped wealth of Egyptian archives produced by the native courts, this research not only sheds invaluable light on the workings and hence the very nature of British colonial justice in Egypt, but also represents a significant advance in the knowledge of the origins of Egypt's current legal system. On a more theoretical level, this study also constitutes an important contribution to the reflection on the subaltern subject initiated by Rosalind O'Hanlon and Talal Asad, by showing how the peasants' agency paradoxically lies in their "disempowerment."

Egypt witnesses an increasing population growth concomitant with limited water and agricultural land resources. The objectives of this study were to utilize remotely sensed data for the inventory of agricultural lands in the Nile Delta, monitoring spatial and temporal variations in agricultural lands and quantifying agricultural land losses due to urbanization. Inventory of agricultural lands was designed using two approaches: thresholding and linear mixture analysis. We utilized 12 images from the Landsat satellite: 4 from Multi-Spectral Scanner (1972), 4 from Thematic Mapper (1984) and 4 from Thematic Mapper (2003) covering the entire Nile Delta. In addition, a set of 480 NDVI images were obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor that cover the period 1984-2003. Landsat images were subjected to atmospheric, radiometric and geometric corrections as well as image mosaicking. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied and thresholding for agricultural land cover revealed that the areal extent of agricultural lands was 3.68, 4.32 and 4.95 million acres (one acre = 0.96 Egyptian Feddan) in 1972, 1984 and 2003, respectively. Linear mixture analysis of the AVHRR-NDVI with the TM-NDVI images showed that agricultural lands approached 4.11 and 5.24 million acres in 1984 and 2003, respectively. Using multitemporal Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the TM and AVHRR images proved that reclamation activities were mostly along the western margins of the Nile Delta. Spatio-temporal analysis showed that middle delta has the highest agricultural vigor compared with the margins. Agricultural land loss was estimated in some cities within the delta as well as in Greater Cairo area. We studied the land cover classification and change in Greater Cairo area based on 5 Landsat images acquired in 1972, 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2003. Agricultural lands lost 28.43% (32,236 acres) between 1972 and 2003 with an annual loss of 1040 acres. Agricultural lands on the peripheries of Cairo and its satellite towns were the most vulnerable areas. Soil salinization was another limiting factor for land reclamation. The main conclusion confirms that remote sensing is an accurate, efficient and less expensive tool for the inventory and monitoring agricultural land change in Egypt.

Land subsidence and coastal erosion are worldwide problems, particularly in densely populated deltas. The Nile Delta is no exception. Currently, it is undergoing land subsidence and is simultaneously experiencing retreat of its coastline. The impacts of these long-term interrelated geomorphic problems are heightened by the economic, social and historical importance of the delta to Egypt. Unfortunately, the current measures of the rates of subsidence and coastal erosion in the delta are rough estimates at best. Sustainable development of the delta requires accurate and detailed spatial and temporal measures of subsidence and coastal retreat rates. Radar interferometry is a unique remote sensing approach that can be used to map topography with 1 m vertical accuracy and measure surface deformation with 1 mm level accuracy. Radar interferometry has been employed in this dissertation to measure urban subsidence and coastal change in the Nile Delta. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of 5.66 cm wavelength acquired by the European Radar Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS- 2) spanning eight years (1993-2000) have been used in this investigation. The ERS data have been selected because the spatial and temporal coverage, as well as the short wavelength, are appropriate to measure the slow rate of subsidence in the delta. The ERS tandem coherence images are also appropriate for coastal change detection. The magnitude and pattern of subsidence are detected and measured using Permanent Scatterer interferometry. The measured rates of subsidence in greater Cairo, Mansura, and Mahala are 7, 9, and 5 mm yr-1, respectively. Areas of erosion and accretion in the eastern side of the delta are detected using the ERS tandem coherence and the ERS amplitude images. The average measured rates of erosion and accretion are -9.57 and +5.44 m yr-1, respectively. These measured rates pose an urgent need of regular monitoring of subsidence and coastline retreat in the delta. This study highlighted the feasibility of applying Permanent Scatterer interferometry in inappropriate environment for conventional SAR interferometry. The study addressed possibilities and limitations for successful use of SAR interferometry within the densely vegetated delta and introduced alternative strategies for further improvement of SAR interferometric measurements in the delta.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17876号 / 工博第3785号 / 新制||工||1579(附属図書館) / 30696 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 教授 堀 智晴, 准教授 田中 賢治, 准教授 Sameh Ahmed Kantoush / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Mud volcanoes constitute an important component of petroliferous basins and their understanding is essential for successful exploration and development of hydrocarbon fields. They occur in both extensional and compressive tectonic settings, along with passive and active continental margins. Although extensive research exists on the geochemistry, geomorphology and stratigraphic evolution of these localized fluid flow structures, little is known about their geomechanical characteristics. This research investigates the geomechanics of mud volcanoes from the South Caspian Basin and West Nile Delta. This is achieved by establishing a workflow for geomechanical assessment of mud volcanoes using a P-wave velocity dataset from across the mud volcano within the offshore South Caspian Basin. This objective is developed further with the availability of seismic and wellbore data from around the Giza mud volcano, offshore West Nile Delta. Preliminary results of this study from the South Caspian Basin enable confidence in estimating the realistic magnitudes of elastic rock properties, stresses and fluid pressures from empirical and analytical correlations. Moreover, analysis of the variations in fluid pressures allow the fluid flow models around the mud volcano to be constrained and their gradients provide preliminary estimates of the drilling window. Structural and stratigraphic analysis around the Giza mud volcano offers insight into the formation of the mud volcano during the Quaternary and how the fault networks on the hanging wall of the arcuate tectonic fault have acted as conduits for primarily the pre-Pliocene fluids exploiting the areas of weakness along the hanging wall of the fault by entraining the Pliocene sediments. Fluid pressure evaluation reveals small overpressures caused by disequilibrium compaction. Further analysis offers insight into the critical fluid pressures that control fault movement, the stresses responsible for rock deformation around the wellbore and the width of the drilling window constrained by the fracturing of the strata. Analysis presented here provides details on the geomechanical significance of mud volcano environments, with implications for engineering practices. Overall, findings contribute to a systematic understanding of mud volcano settings not only from a field exploration and development point of view, but also at a wider scale for basin analysis and relatively small scale for play analysis.

Die hier vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die architektonischen Überreste des von Nektanebos II. um die Mitte des vierten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. in Bubastis (östliches Nildelta) errichteten Tempelkomplexes. Das Gebäude wurde vor etwa 2000 Jahren, vermutlich durch ein Erdbeben, zerstört und die heute an der Oberfläche liegenden ca. 1500 Blöcke (zumeist Rosengranit) bilden die materielle Grundlage dieser Arbeit. Mittels einer Analyse der dekorierten und/oder architektonisch relevanten Blöcke wird versucht, den ursprüngliche Grundriss des Tempels sowie sein Dekorationsprogramm zu rekonstruieren. Darüberhinaus sollen grundsätz¬lichere Fragen nach der Funktion der Baustruktur und der Bedeutung der Ikonographie dieser Anlage im Lichte spätzeitlicher Sakralarchitektur, geklärt werden. Der Grundriss des Tempels läßt bereits den in der folgenden Ptolemäerzeit kanonischen Bauplan erahnen, der den Schutz des Götterbildes in den Vordergrund stellt. Das zentrale Kapitel der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Rekonstruktion der mindestens 11 Naoi, die im Tempelhaus untergebracht waren. Die Wände des Tempels und der Naoi geben ikonograhische Elemente, wie bspw. eine Inventarliste, eine kulttopograpjhische Liste, kryptographische Kartuschen, eine monographische Inschrift oder kosmologische Abbildungen, wieder. Hier wird eine der wesentlichen Grundtendenzen spätzeitlichen Tempelbaus greifbar, nämlich das scheinbar starke Bedürfnis, geographisch, kosmologisch, theologisch und mythologisch relevantes Wissen zu kodifizieren. Letztenendes scheinen diese Entwicklungen im spätzeitlichen Tempelbau- und dekor die politische Realität der 30. Dynastie widerzuspiegeln, in der Ägypten permanent von Angriffen der Perser bedroht war und die Tempel, v.a. im Ostdelta, zu einer architektonischen, zugleich aber auch rituell-magischen Festung des Göttlichen wurden. / This work analyses the architectural remains of the temple erected in Tell Basta/Bubastis (Eastern Nile delta) by Nekhthorheb/Nectanebo II around the middle of the 4th century BC. It collapsed, probably due to an earthquake, about 2000 years ago and today ca. 1500 (mainly granite) blocks cover the surface of the ancient temple area. Based on the analysis of decorated and/ or architecturally diagnostic blocks (ca. 300) this study aims at retracing the original layout of the temple, its decoration and inscriptions and tries to contextualise the building within broader themes of Late Period sacred architecture. The layout of the temple already foreshadows the canonic temple layout for the later Ptolemaic temples where the protection of the cult image of a god inside the temple became paramount. The core chapter of the book deals with the reconstruction of the altogether at least eleven naoi that were housed in the building. The walls of the temple and the shrines feature iconographic elements such as an inventory lists, a culttopographical list, cryptographic cartouches, a monographic inscription or cosmological depictions, reflecting an apparently strong need to codify theologically, cultic and mythologically relevant knowledge and might be interpreted in the light of daily cult activities and the annual festival in honour of the goddess Bastet. Ultimately, the developments in Late Period temple architecture and decoration seem to reflect the political reality of the 30th dynasty – a time where Egypt was under the constant threat of a(nother) Persian invasion which shaped Egyptian identity and self-awareness, and the country’s temples, especially in the Eastern Nile delta, became not only an architectural, but more so a religious fortresses for the protection of Ancient Egyptian beliefs.