Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:17:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moacir Couto.pdf: 1480768 bytes, checksum: 4fb4ab95fcee8af72518a1e8af1c3f37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O cúbio (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) é um fruto com elevado potencial agroindustrial devido à sua alta produtividade anual e características nutricionais (alto teor em fibras dietéticas). Além disso, as fibras estão contidas nos alimentos vegetais e têm funções preventivas de doenças crônico-degenerativas, a exemplo do diabetes mellitus e (ou) das dislipidemias, o que as situa na categoria de alimentos funcionais ou nutracêuticos. Não obstante, se, por um lado, algum conhecimento acerca do ciclo de vida do cúbio já foi desvendado (sobretudo no estádio de fruto maduro), assim como de sua utilidade na produção de diversos gêneros alimentícios (bebidas, geléias), por outro lado, há precariedade nos conhecimentos científicos relativos tanto à sua maturação fisiológica pré- e pós-colheita, quanto ao seu potencial toxicológico (produção de glicoalcalóides). Deste modo, neste trabalho pretendeu-se, primeiramente, verificar outros estádios de maturação viáveis do cúbio e, com isso, aumentar o seu potencial de utilização alimentar, com base em parâmetros abióticos (temperatura), na aparência (coloração em especial) dos frutos, em índices físicos de maturação (peso do fruto, diâmetros), e na manutenção, ou não, de seu frescor, utilizando frutos verdes provenientes da área de plantio da Estação Experimental de Olericultura Tropical (EEOT) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), em Manaus, AM, Brasil, com características geológicas de terra firme. Uma segunda etapa experimental foi constituída de análises físico-químicas: umidade, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), relação Brix/acidez, carotenóides totais, açúcares redutores e não-redutores, lipídios, proteínas, cinza, fibras totais, sólidos insolúveis em álcool e pectina, com frutos oriundos de outra área de plantio situada no Ariaú, município de Iranduba, AM, Brasil, pertencente ao INPA e com características geológicas de várzea. Objetivou-se, então, verificar as mudanças dos índices físico-químicos de maturação de quatro estádios dos frutos colhidos (verde, de vez, maduro e muito maduro). Considerando que a textura dos frutos é grandemente influenciada pela atividade das enzimas pectinolíticas pectinesterases (EC 3.1.1.11) e poligalacturonases (EC 3.2.1.15), sobre os constituintes da parede celular substâncias pécticas, como a pectina sua análise constituiu uma parcela de grande interesse no presente trabalho. Enfim, uma análise qualitativa preliminar do teor de alcalóides totais nos diferentes estádios de maturação do cúbio serviu para melhor avaliar a relação risco/benefício de seu consumo diário. Os modelos de análise de regressão foram padronizados para 95% de confiança ou P (0,05). O formato predominante do cúbio foi cordiforme (1,2), mostrando-se um fruto resistente em atmosfera ambiente sem fatores estressantes no período pós-colheita, dado ter perdido o frescor só no sexto dia e mudado de cor a partir do sétimo dia. O estádio de fruto verde não se mostrou, todavia, adequado para a colheita, demonstrando ser o cúbio um fruto inteiramente dependente da planta para o seu perfeito amadurecimento em atmosfera ambiente. O fruto maduro mostrou-se crítico na manutenção da umidade, considerando que a partir desse estádio a perda de água tornou-se evidente (91,72% no fruto maduro para 91,42% no fruto muito maduro). Todos os índices físico-químicos de sabor mostraram tratar-se de um fruto ácido com baixo grau de doçura. Os carotenóides totais alcançaram um valor máximo de 0,217 mg% no estádio de fruto muito maduro. Os açúcares redutores alcançaram o maior nível (2,91 g por 100 g) no estádio de vez, justificando a classificação do cúbio dentre os frutos hipocalóricos (açúcares ≤ 5 g por 100 g). As outras macromoléculas com valor energético, como os lipídios e proteínas, elevaram-se do fruto verde ao muito maduro, sem, no entanto, atingirem um valor dietético significativo ≥ 1 g por 100 g. Os sólidos solúveis em álcool mostraram os níveis mais elevados nos estádios de fruto verde e de vez (4,0 g por 100 g), com um perfil paralelo àquele da pectina, cujo nível máximo situou-se no fruto verde de 2,54 g por 100 g, diminuindo até o muito maduro (1,57 g por 100 g), correlacionando-se fortemente com a atividade da pectinesterase (100%) e com aquela da poligalacturonase (100%). O pico de atividade da pectinesterase situou-se no estádio de fruto de vez, ao passo que o pico da poligalacturonase situou-se no estádio de fruto muito maduro, assemelhando-se esse perfil de atividade enzimática àquele de outras solanáceas muito consumidas, como o pimentão (Capsicum annum L.). As análises qualitativas dos alcalóides totais, com solução de MAYER, mostraram a resposta maior (+++/3) no fruto verde do que em outros estádios, confirmando o consenso da literatura especializada, segundo o qual a maior produção de alcalóides se encontra nas partes imaturas da planta. Com esse conjunto de informações correlatas pretendeu-se fornecer as bases bioquímicas que caracterizam a maturação do cúbio e, por conseguinte, a sua qualidade pós-colheita, com a finalidade de aprimorar o seu aproveitamento alimentar.

Chez l’homme, la dégradation des fibres alimentaires est une des fonctions principales du microbiote colique. Elles ont de nombreux effets bénéfiques en santé humaine et pourtant les mécanismes microbiens mis en jeu dans leur dégradation restent encore largement méconnus. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’approfondir les connaissances sur la dégradation des polysaccharides pariétaux (hémicelluloses et pectines) par une espèce bactérienne prédominante du côlon de l’homme, Bacteroides xylanisolvens. L’analyse du transcriptome de B. xylanisolvens XB1AT a révélé l’existence de six et deux loci génomiques respectivement dédiés à la dégradation des pectines et des xylanes. Ces loci ou PULs (« Polysaccharide Utilization Loci ») sont connus chez Bacteroides pour coder pour des systèmes enzymatiques spécifiques d’un polysaccharide en particulier. L’analyse des CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes) codées par les PULs « pectinolytiques » a permis de proposer une cible polysaccharidique (homogalacturonane, rhamnogalaturonane de type I et II, arabinane) à cinq des six PULs identifiés. Les deux PULs « xylanolytiques » cibleraient les xylanes de faible complexité. La mutation du gène susC-like dans le PUL 49 et du gène HTCS (Hybrid Two-Component System) dans le PUL 43 a démontré l’importance respective de ces deux loci dans la fonction pectinolytique et xylanolytique de la bactérie. Le mutant HTCS a aussi permis de montrer pour la première fois que deux PUL peuvent être liés au niveau transcriptionnel. En présence de xylane, les données de protéomique ont souligné la surproduction par la bactérie d’une endo-xylanase possédant deux CBMs (Carbohydrate-Binding Modules). Cette enzyme modulaire pourrait être considérée comme un marqueur fonctionnel de la xylanolyse dans l’écosystème microbien intestinal. En conclusion, B. xylanisolvens déploie une machinerie enzymatique qui reflète la complexité des polysaccharides pariétaux de plantes. La plasticité métabolique de B. xylanisolvens vis-à-vis des fibres alimentaires contribue certainement à sa survie et son maintien dans le côlon humain. Des études d’écologie fonctionnelle ciblant la communauté fibrolytique intestinale sont encore nécessaires afin de mieux décrypter l’impact des fibres alimentaires et en particuliers des polysaccharides pariétaux sur le métabolisme microbien intestinal et par conséquent sur la santé humaine. / Dietary fiber degradation is a key function of the human gut microbiota. They have many beneficial effects on human health and yet microbial mechanisms involved in their degradation remain largely unknown. The aim of this thesis was to increase our knowledge on the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins) by a prominent human gut bacterial species, Bacteroides xylanisolvens. The transcriptome analysis of B. xylanisolvens XB1AT revealed the existence of six and two genomic loci dedicated to the degradation of pectins and xylan, respectively. These loci or PUL ("Polysaccharide Utilization Loci") are known to encode enzyme systems in Bacteroides that are specific to a particular polysaccharide. Analysis of the CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes) encoded by the "Pectinolytic" PULs allowed us to propose a polysaccharide target (homogalacturonan, type I and type II rhamnogalaturonane, arabinan) to five of the six identified PULs. The two identified "xylanolytic" PULs would target low complexity xylan. Mutation of the susC-like gene of PUL 49 and of the HTCS gene (Hybrid Two-Component System) of PUL 43 showed the importance of these two loci in pectinolytic and xylanolytic functions of the bacterium, respectively. The HTCS mutant also revealed for the first time that two PULs can be linked at the transcriptional level. With xylan, proteomic data highlighted the overproduction by the bacterium of an endo-xylanase with two CBMs (Carbohydrate-Binding Modules). This modular enzyme could be considered as a functional marker of xylan breakdown in the intestinal microbial ecosystem. In conclusion, B. xylanisolvens harbors an enzymatic machinery that reflects the complexity of plant cell wall polysaccharides. The metabolic plasticity of B. xylanisolvens towards dietary fibers certainly contributes to its fitness in the human gut. Functional and ecological studies targeting the intestinal fibrolytic community are still necessary to better understand the impact of dietary fibers and in particular plant cell wall polysaccharides on the intestinal microbial metabolism and consequently on human health.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.

In this thesis, the effects of simple shear flow on macromolecular structure and interactions are investigated in detail via a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheology, namely Rheo-NMR. A specially designed NMR couette shear cell and benchtop shear cell, developed in-house, demonstrated that the direct measurement of the above phenomena is possible. First, to determine whether the shear cells were creating simple shear flow, results were reproduced from literature studies of liquid crystal systems which report shear effects on: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in deuterium oxide, and Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in m-cresol. Next, the possible conformational changes to protein structure brought about by shear were investigated by applying shear to Bovine -lactogobulin ( -Lg). As the protein was sheared, a small, irreversible conformational change was observed by means of one-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H NMR with reasonable reproducibility. However, no observable change was detected by means of light scattering. A large conformational change was observed after shearing a destabilized -Lg sample containing 10% Trifluoroethanol (TFE) (v/v). From an NMR point of view, the sheared state was similar to the structure of -Lg containing large amounts of -helices and, interestingly, similar to the structure of -Lg containing -sheet amyloid fibrils. Gel electrophoresis tests suggested that the changes were caused by hydrophobic interactions. Unfortunately, this proved to be difficult to reproduce. The effect of shear on an inter-macromolecular interaction was investigated by applying shear during an enzyme reaction of pectin methylesterase (PME) on pectin. Experimental method and analysis developments are described in detail. It was observed that under the conditions studied, shear does not interfere with the de-esterification of pectin with two types of PME, which have different action mechanisms at average shear rates up to 1570 s-1.