L'alcool est une des principales causes de maladie du foie en Europe avec peu d'options thérapeutiques. Parmi les consommateurs d'alcool, seul certains patients vont évoluer vers des formes sévères d'atteinte hépatique et le microbiote intestinal a été identifié comme cofacteur de cette susceptibilité individuelle. Il interagit avec le foie notamment via la production de métabolites bactériens tels que les acides biliaires secondaires.L'objectif de ce travail a été dans un premier temps d'analyser le microbiote intestinal, au sein d’une cohorte de patients alcooliques à différents stades de la maladie alcoolique du foie, et d’étudier sa relation avec les acides biliaires. Dans un deuxième temps, ce projet avait pour but d’étudier s’il était possible d'améliorer l'atteinte hépatique liée à l'alcool, en modulant le microbiote intestinal, dans un modèle animal de maladie alcoolique du foie.Les patients avec une atteinte hépatique sévère liée à l'alcool ont un profil d’acides biliaires plus hydrophobe, et donc plus toxique, associé à une dysbiose et à des modifications des fonctions bactériennes. Ces modifications des fonctions bactériennes participent à la gravité de la maladie. La modulation du microbiote par la pectine, un prébiotique, permet de prévenir mais également de faire régresser les lésions hépatiques chez la souris. Les effets protecteurs de la pectine sont corrélés avec le métabolisme du tryptophane.Ce travail de thèse montre que le microbiote intestinal et ses métabolites sont une cible thérapeutique potentielle dans la maladie alcoolique du foie. Il ouvre la porte à la réalisation d'essais cliniques chez l'homme dans lesquels nous pourrions limiter la progression des lésions hépatiques liées à l'alcool en contrôlant le microbiote intestinal grâce à l’utilisation de la pectine ou du métabolisme du tryptophane. / Alcohol is one of the main causes of alcoholic liver disease in Europe with few therapeutic options. Among alcohol consumers, only a part of these patients will develop severe liver lesions. This individual susceptibility is driven by intestinal microbiota. Intestinal microbiota interacts with the liver through the production of bacterial metabolites including the secondary bile acids.The aim of my project, was firstly to study the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the bile acids composition depending on the severity of alcoholic liver disease in a cohort of alcoholic patients. Secondly, I assessed the improvement of alcohol induced liver lesions by changing the intestinal microbiota in a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease.Patients with a severe form of alcoholic liver disease display a higher hydrophobic bile acid pool, more toxic, associated with a specific dysbiosis and changes in the bacterial functions. Changing the intestinal microbiota by using pectin, a prebiotic, prevents and reverts alcohol induced liver injury in mice. These protective effects of pectin involve changes in the tryptophan metabolism.In conclusion, these studies highlight that the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites are potential therapeutic targets for alcoholic liver disease. Moreover, pectin as an alimentary product could be proposed in the management of alcoholic liver disease in humans.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Pectin obtained from cocoa husks has recently been investigated because of its gelling and stabilizing properties that have great potential for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, its production at the industrial level has not been studied or developed in Peru. A fundamental part of the extraction process is the stage of hydrolysis and filtering of the cocoa shell. Because of this, an automated system for acid-thermal hydrolysis and shell filtration is proposed. The control of both processes is of great importance because the quality and efficiency of the extracted pectin will depend on it. The tests will be carried out in a cylindrical taper with a 100 L capacity which is adapted to contain a 20 L cylindrical filter, both made of AISI 304 stainless steel. The filter has a motor to homogenize the temperature and pH of the mix. The pH of the process is 2 and the temperature is 90 ± 2 °C, since in these ranges the pectin is released more easily from the cocoa shell. The method consists of the structural design of the tank and the filter, and in the design of the pH regulator and the heating system. The yield of the extraction process was achieved by 10%. / Revisión por pares

Les aérogels sont des matériaux nano-structurés ultralégers, hautement poreux et présentant une surface spécifique élevée. Les bio-aérogels sont une nouvelle génération d'aérogels entièrement bio-sourcés, offrant de ce fait de grands potentiels pour des applications à l’interface avec le vivant tout en valorisant la biomasse. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, la pectine a été utilisée pour produire des bio-aérogels. Deux principaux objectifs ont été atteints : • Le premier était de déterminer et de maîtriser les corrélations existantes entre les caractéristiques de la pectine et les conditions de préparation d’une part, avec la structure interne de l'aérogel et ses propriétés physico-chimiques d’autre part. • Le second était d’évaluer et développer les aérogels de pectine pour deux applications distinctes : l'isolation thermique et la libération de médicaments. Il a été établi que les différents mécanismes de formation du réseau, la gélification et la séparation de phase, jouaient un rôle majeur sur la morphologie et les propriétés finales de l'aérogel. La conductivité thermique des aérogels de pectine s'est révélée très faible, de l'ordre de 0,015 à 0,020 W/(m.K), et a présenté une courbe de dépendance en forme de U avec leurs densités. Les aérogels ont également été utilisés en tant que matrices supports de médicament. Les cinétiques de libération du médicament en milieu liquide ont été corrélées aux structures et densités des aérogels de pectine. Des aérogels composites, de type cellulose-pectine et silice-pectine, ont été préparés et utilisés comme supports de médicament menant à une libération prolongée du principe actif dans le temps. Dans cette thèse, nous avons mis en évidence le potentiel élevé des aérogels de pectine utilisés en tant que biomatériaux avancés, versatiles et aux fonctionnalités ajustables. / Aerogels are ultra-light, highly porous and nano-structured materials with high specific surface area. Bio-aerogels are a new generation of aerogels that are fully biomass-based, which opens up a lot of potentials in biomass valorization and life science applications. In this work pectin was used to produce bio- aerogels. Two main objectives were achieved : • The first was to understand and correlate the characteristics of pectin and the preparation conditions with the internal structure of aerogel and its physico-chemical properties. • The second was to evaluate and develop pectin aerogels as advanced bio-materials for the two different applications : thermal insulation and drug delivery. Various mechanisms of network formation, gelation and non-solvent induced phase separation, were demonstrated to play a very important role in aerogel morphology and properties. Thermal conductivity of pectin aerogels was very low, around 0.015 - 0.020 W/(m.K), and showing U-shape dependence on density. When used as drug delivery matrices, the kinetics of drug release was correlated with pectin aerogels’ structure and density. Composite cellulose-pectin and silica-pectin aerogels were synthesized and also used as drug carriers; a prolonged release was recorded. A high potential of pectin aerogels to be used as versatile bio-materials with advanced tunable functionalities was demonstrated.

The development of structured macroporous hydrogels are of great interest in many industries due to their high permeabilities, large surface areas and large pore volumes. In drug delivery and wound healing applications, these macropores may theoretically be utilized as large drug reservoirs to deliver anti-inflammatory drugs to a wound site, while simultaneously absorbing exudate and maintaining a hydrated environment in which the wound may heal. However, current methods of generating macroporous structured hydrogels are low-throughput, expensive, and require the use of organic solvents, salts, and other additives that are difficult to remove from the crosslinked hydrogel scaffold. In contrast, the Pressurized Gas eXpanded liquid (PGX) processing technology, patented by the University of Alberta and licensed for all industrial applications by Ceapro Inc., has been shown to generate purified and exfoliated biopolymer scaffolds in a less expensive and more efficient way. Herein, the tunability of the PGX processing method was investigated in depth, varying solvent/anti-solvent ratios, nozzle mixing volume, polymer molecular weight, and polymer concentration to examine the resulting effects on produced polymer morphologies. PGX-processed chitosan and alginate scaffolds were stabilized as bulk hydrogels through post-processing crosslinking methods using anti-solvents, solid-state chemistries, and/or rapid gelation kinetics. The mechanical strength, swelling/degradation kinetics, affinity for protein uptake, and cytotoxicity of these stabilized scaffolds were subsequently examined and compared to hydrogels produced without the use of PGX processing. Furthermore, in situ crosslinking methods were explored, in which alginate and poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) polymers were shown to form stable aerogels during the standard PGX processing method. Finally, the PGX apparatus was reconfigured to enable the impregnation of a model hydrophobic drug into pre-processed polymer scaffolds via circulation of supercritical CO2. The total loading was calculated and the release kinetics from loaded-scaffolds examined. In conclusion, this work outlines a novel method of creating structured macroporous hydrogels from PGX processed biopolymers with the potential to provide improved drug loadings and sustained release profiles. It is expected that this work will provide a basis for a great deal of research into the further stabilization of scaffolds for use in other applications, the investigation of a larger range of bioactive molecules for impregnation and release, and the exploration of PGX hydrogel scaffolds for in vivo wound healing. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Les substances pectiques, polysaccharides du groupe des fibres alimentaires, sont largement utilisées comme agents gélifiants et stabilisants dans l'industrie alimentaire. Le principal procédé industriel pour l’obtention de la pectine est basé sur la solubilisation de la protopectine du marc du pomme ou du péricarpe d‘agrumes, réalisée dans des conditions faiblement acide à chaud. Des travaux récents ont montré l'extraction de pectine de nouvelles matières premières et en utilisant différentes conditions, qui influencent le rendement et la qualité du produit final. Le Brésil est le plus grand producteur et consommateur mondial de fruit de la passion et les résidus de l'industrie du jus sont encore sous-utilisées. Ces écorces pourraient être une matière première alternative pour l’extraction de pectine. La quantité de ce sous-produit par année pourrait atteindre 300 mille tonnes, avec un potentiel de production de 2 mille tonnes de pectine. Le principal objectif de ce travail était d’établir un protocole d’extraction permettant de produire des pectines de qualité à partir d’écorce de fruit de la passion jaune. La caractérisation du résidu produit par les industries est la clé pour augmenter la valeur de ces produits. Ainsi, la composition des différentes fractions tissulaires de l'écorce de fruit de la passion jaune a été mesurée, ainsi que celle de la pectine extraite. Les fibres alimentaires sont le principal composant du péricarpe de fruit de la passion jaune, avec des valeurs proches de 60%, sauf pour la fraction endocarpe, la plus riche en protéines de toutes les fractions analysées. En ce qui concerne la qualité de la pectine extraite, c’est le mésocarpe qui donne les rendements les plus élevés (136 g Kg-1) avec une viscosité plus forte et une teneur en composés phénoliques totaux résiduels la plus faible (15%). La composition moyenne de cette fraction était de 3,1% de protéines; 0,6% de matières grasses ; 7,1% de cendres; 66,1% de fibres alimentaires totales ; 127 g Kg-1 de composées phénoliques, 23% de carbohydrates disponibles, 6,10% d'humidité et une valeur calorique de 242 Kcal par 100 g de produit. Les principaux composants des polysaccharides y sont le glucose (297 mg g-1), l'acide galacturonique (210 mg g-1), le xylose (32 mg g-1), le mannose (32 mg g-1) et le galactose (28 mg g-1). La pectine extraite à 80 ºC pendant 20 minutes avec 50 mm d'acide nitrique, pour un rapport liquide:solide de 1:50 (w/v) présente un degré d'estérification de 79% et de méthylation de 82%. Les pectines ont été extraites dans ces mêmes conditions de péricarpe de fruit de la passion commercial ou préparé au laboratoire, d’écorce d’agrumes et de marc du pomme. Les résultats montrent une forte influence de la matière première sur la pectine résultante et ses propriétés rhéologiques. Les caractéristiques moléculaires ont été affectées négativement quand les farines des écorces ont été soumises à de hautes températures. Des farines blanchies des fruits de la passion jaune donnent des rendements de pectine de 203,4 g kg-1 avec une teneur en acide galacturonique de 681 mg g-1, des degrés d’estérification et de méthylation de 80, une viscosité réduite de 6,8 dL g-1 et une viscosité apparente de 13,4 Pa s 103 pour une solution aqueuse à 10 g L-1. L'autoclavage et la macération avec éthanol chaud ont conduit à une réduction significative de la masse molaire (environ de trois fois) et une légère réduction du degré d’estérification (proche 20%). Des traitements thermiques sévères de matière première affectent donc la qualité de la pectine extraite. Par contre, l’absence de traitement thermique de la matière première favorise la dégradation de la pectine, par la présence d’activités pectolytiques résiduelles, mises en évidence par une libération de méthanol dans un mésocarpe fraîche lyophilisé remis en suspension aqueuse. Un blanchiment de la matière première est donc indispensable. Dans les conditions d'extraction définies ci-dessus, la pectine de pomme a présenté le rendement d’extraction le plus faible mais le degré d’estérification le plus élevé, la viscosité et la masse molaire les plus fortes. La pectine extraite de farine de fruit de la passion jaune montre des caractéristiques proches de celles de la pectine de pomme, bien que légèrement plus faibles. Cette similitude est confirmée par une analyse en composantes principales, qui a permit la discrimination entre les pectines analysées, à partir des compositions en oses neutres. La pectine extraite avec de l‘eau et à froid à partir de mésocarpe de fruit de la passion jaune a des compositions en oses et un degré d’estérifications semblables à celle extraite en milieu acide à chaud, mais une masse molaire et une viscosité plus faibles. Ultérieurement, un plan d’expérience centré composite de 23 a été utilisée pour déterminer l'effet des variables indépendantes, continues et opérantes que sont la durée, la température et la concentration d'acide dans le processus d'extraction de pectine sur les variables dépendantes: rendement, degré d’estérification, teneurs et composition osidique des polysaccharides, ainsi que leur comportement rhéologique, afin de maximiser la qualité de la pectine. Les variables indépendantes étaient la durée (5-45 min), la température (63-97 ºC) et la concentration d'acide nitrique (8-92 mM). Le rendement de l'extraction et la viscosité apparent en solution saline ont été influencés significativement (> 5%) dans les essais. Les conditions idéales pour l’extraction de pectine avec la plus haute viscosité apparente et contenant les polysaccharides présentant un profil de masse molaire élevée ont été une duréecourte (5 min), une température moyenne (80 ºC) et une concentration moyenne d'acide nitrique (50 mM). Dans ces conditions, le rendement a été de 196 g kg-1 d'une pectine hautement méthylée avec une masse molaire apparent de 166.000 g mol-1, 78% d'acide galacturonique et 43 mg g-1 de sucres neutres. Néanmoins, cette pectine ne donnait pas un gel plus ferme (70% de saccharose, teneur en pectine 30 g L-1 dans un tampon citrate pH 3) que les autres échantillons analysés. Des échantillons des pectines avec des degrés d'estérification proches ont présenté des caractéristiques rhéologiques et des profils moléculaires différents. Les conditions d'extraction plus douces ont permis l'extraction de pectine des chaînes avec masse molaire plus élevée et en conséquence une viscosité plus élevée. Pour une utilisation industrielle du mésocarpe, le processus de séparation devrait inclure des opérations supplémentaires, en augmentant à la fois le coût et la durée du procédé. Cependant, étant donnée la haute valeur économique ajoutée de la pectine extraite, un traitement approprié du résidu pour l’obtention de matière première de qualité paraît primordial. Dans la mesure où il semble que le mésocarpe doive être préféré pour l’obtention d’une pectine avec une pureté et une viscosité élevées, cette fraction a été sélectionnée comme matière première pour suivre les études. Les écorces de fruit de la passion jaune, un résidu industriel du traitement de jus, peuvent constituer une matière première alternative pour extraction de pectine de haute qualité et ou une utilisation comme ingrédient fonctionnel naturel / Pectic substances, polysaccharides from group of dietary fiber, are widely as a gelling agent and stabilizer in the food industry. The main industrial processing to obtain pectin is based on the solubilization of protopectin from apple pomace and citrus peel, which is done in mild acid and heat conditions. Recent studies have reported the extraction of pectin from new raw materials and using different extraction conditions, which influence the yield and quality of final product. Brazil is the world's main producer and consumer of yellow passion fruit and the wastes from the passion fruit juice processing industry are still sub valued. The rinds, which comprise much of this waste, could be used as an alternative raw material for extracting pectin. The amount of this by-product per year could reach 300,000 metric tons, with the potential to produce 2,000 metric tons of pectin. The main goal of this trial was to produce high standard quality pectin from yellow passion fruit and the establishment of an extraction proper protocol. The characterization of waste generated by fruit processing industry is the key to increase the value of its products. The central composite experimental design of 23 was used to verify the influence of different extraction conditions on pectin extracted. The independent variables were time (5-45 min), temperature (63-97 ºC) and HNO3 concentration (8-92 mM). The conditions of extraction to compare characteristics and rheological behavior of pectin were 20 minutes, 80 ºC and 50 mM nitric acid, ratio solute/solvent 1:50 w/v. The pectins of both commercially available and prepared passion fruit peel, as weel as citrus peel and apple pomace were extracted in the same conditions to comparative analyses. It was done the relative fractions compositions of the yellow passion fruit’s rind and extracted pectin and the most abundant component of pericarp was total dietary fiber. The results showed that the highest content of pectin with higher viscosity occurred in the mesocarp fraction, which also showed the lowest phenolic compound retention. They suggest that there is a clear influence of the raw material quality on resultant pectin and rheological properties. The macromolecular characteristics were negatively affected when the rind flours were submited to high temperatures. Pectin methyl esterase activity was detected in the freeze-dried, unblanched raw material. The apple pomace pectin had lowest extraction yield however highest degree of esterification, viscosity and molar weight. The passion fruit rind pectin showed similar composition to apple pectin, confirmed by multivariate analysis that allowed the discrimination of pectins in groups using neutral sugars amount. The extraction yield and the apparent and reduced viscosity were significantly influenced (>5%) in the trials. The ideal conditions for extracting pectin with the highest apparent viscosity and with polysaccharide profile of high molar mass were obtained with short time (5 min), medium temperature (80 ºC) and medium HNO3 concentration (50 mM). In these conditions, the yield was 196 g kg-1 of a pectin with high methoxylation, a molar weight of 166.000 g mol-1, 78% GalA and 43 mg g-1 of neutral sugars. Yellow passion fruit rinds, an industrial waste from the juice processing, can constitute an alternative raw material for the extraction of high quality pectin and use as functional natural ingredient / As substâncias pécticas, polissacarídeos do grupo das fibras dietéticas, são amplamente utilizadas como agentes geleificantes e estabilizantes na indústria de alimentos. O principal processo industrial para obtenção de pectina está baseado na solubilização da protopectina, realizada em condições fracamente ácida a quente. Estudos recentes têm reportado a extração de pectina de novas matérias-primas sob diferentes condições, com influência sobre a qualidade e sobre o rendimento do produto final. O Brasil é o maior produtor e consumidor mundial de maracujá e os resíduos do processamento da indústria de suco são ainda subaproveitados. As cascas, que compreendem a maior parte do resíduo, poderiam ser usadas como matéria-prima alternativa para extração de pectina. A quantidade de subproduto por ano poderia alcançar 300 mil toneladas, com potencial de produzir 2 mil toneladas de pectina. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir pectina de alto padrão de qualidade e estabelecer um protocolo próprio de extração. Um planejamento central composto de 23 foi usado para determinar o efeito de variáveis independentes, contínuas e atuantes na extração de pectina de albedo de maracujá sobre variáveis dependentes a fim de maximizar a qualidade reológica da pectina. As variáveis independentes foram tempo (5-45 min), temperatura (63-97 ºC) e concentração de ácido nítrico (8-92 mM). As condições de extração para comparar as características e comportamento reológico da pectina foram 20 ou 25 minutos, 80 ºC e 50 mM de ácido nítrico, razão soluto/solvente 1:50 p/v. A pectina do pericarpo de maracujá, tanto comercial quanto preparado em bancada, como da casca cítrica e do bagaço de maçã, foram extraídas sob iguais condições para análises comparativas. A composição das frações relativas da casca de maracujá-amarelo foi determinada, bem como da pectina extraída, e o componente mais abundante do pericarpo foi fibra dietética total. Os resultados mostraram que o maior conteúdo de pectina foi encontrado na fração mesocarpo, com alta viscosidade e com baixa retenção de compostos fenólicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma evidente influência da matéria prima sobre a pectina resultante e suas propriedades reológicas. As características moleculares da pectina de maracujá foram afetadas negativamente quando as farinhas das cascas de maracujá haviam sido submetidas a altas temperaturas. Atividade da pectina metil esterase foi detectada em matéria-prima liofilizada quando não houve tratamento térmico. A pectina do bagaço de maçã teve o menor rendimento de extração, entretanto o mais alto grau de esterificação, viscosidade e massa molar. A pectina do maracujá mostrou composição similar à pectina da maçã, confirmada por análise multivariada que permitiu a discriminação em grupos utilizando os teores de açúcares neutros. O rendimento da extração e a viscosidade aparente foram significativamente influenciados nos ensaios. As condições ideais para extração de pectina com a mais alta viscosidade aparente e elevada massa molar foram tempo curto (5 min), temperatura média (80 ºC) e concentração média de ácido nítrico (50 mM). Nessas condições o rendimento foi de 196 g kg-1 de uma pectina com alta metoxilação, massa molar de 166.000 g mol-1, 78% de ácido galacturônico e 43 mg g-1 de açúcares neutros. As cascas de maracujá amarelo podem ser utilizadas como matéria-prima alternativa para extração de pectina de alta qualidade e uso como ingrediente funcional natural

A cocção é uma característica importante na seleção de um cultivar de mandioca para uso culinário, tanto pelo consumidor como pela indústria de produtos processados. No entanto, existem épocas em que raízes de mandioca apresentam problemas no cozimento, como o de textura da massa, ou ainda, cultivares com melhores ou piores características de cozimento, independente de quanto tempo dure o processamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar o cultivar IAC 576-70, o mais utilizado no Estado de São Paulo para fins culinários, em diferentes idades, quanto ao tempo de cocção das raízes e à qualidade das mesmas quando cozidas. Estes parâmetros foram relacionados com composição química e características histológicas das raízes e também com características físicas e físico-químicas do amido. As raízes desse cultivar, nas condições do estudo, apresentaram variabilidade no tempo de cocção com a idade ou período fisiológico do vegetal. As raízes de plantas com 12 meses, colhidas no mês de fevereiro (período vegetativo) apresentaram menor tempo de cocção que as raízes de plantas com 15 meses, colhidas no mês de maio (repouso fisiológico). Quanto à composição as raízes de plantas aos 12 meses apresentaram menores teores de amido e de fibras e maiores teores de carboidratos redutores, de pectina total, de proteínas e de lipídeos na massa seca que as plantas de 15 meses. Nas raízes de plantas aos 12 meses o amido apresentou grânulos de menor tamanho e com menor pico de viscosidade. A textura das raízes aos 12 meses apresentou menor resistência ao cisalhamento, maior percentual de desintegração e maior aceitabilidade pelos provadores na avaliação sensorial. Os testes histoquímicos das raízes de ambas as idades não revelaram diferenças entre si. / Cooking is an important characteristic for the selection of cassava cultivars, not only by end consumers, but also by food processing companies. Cassava roots present some cooking problems, such as poor texture characteristics, when harvested in certain periods of the year. Cultivars also show different cooking characteristics, regardless of the processing time. The present study was aimed at characterizing cassava roots, IAC 576-70 cultivar, the most used for cooking in Sao Paulo State, at different ages, as regards cooking times and quality after cooking. These two parameters were related to the chemical composition and histological characteristics of roots, as well as to physical and physicochemical characteristics of the starch. Under the conditions of the study, roots showed differences in cooking times, which varied with age or with the physiological stage of plants. Roots of 12-month-old plants harvested in February (vegetative period) showed shorter cooking times than roots of 15-month-old plants harvested in May (physiological rest). Roots of 12-month -old plants showed lower amounts of starch and fibers and larger contents of reducing carbohydrates, total pectin, protein and lipids in the dry matter than roots of 15-month-old plants. Twelve-month-old plants yielded roots with smaller starch granules, lower viscosity peak. Such roots also showed lower shear strength, higher disintegration percentage and higher approval by tasters during sensory tests. Histochemcial tests revealed no differences between 12-month-old and 15-month-old roots.

Este trabalho, buscou comparar a biodisponibilidade do &#946;-caroteno sintético e de fonte natural (couve-manteiga), e verificar os efeitos da fibra alimentar (pectina cítrica) sobre a biodisponibilidade do &#946;-caroteno, dentro de 2 experimentos diferentes (ratos e coelhos). No Experimento I (ratos), um grupo de animais recebeu ração com &#946;-caroteno e isenta de pectina cítrica (GC) e outro recebeu ração com &#946;-caroteno e adição de pectina cítrica (GE). No Experimento II (coelhos), um grupo de animais recebeu ração com &#946;-caroteno sintético (GCP), outro recebeu &#946;-caroteno de fonte natural (couve-manteiga) (GV) e ainda outro não recebeu de &#946;-caroteno (GCN); todos os grupos de coelhos receberam pectina cítrica. Após 30 dias de experimento, os animais foram sacrificados para determinações plasmáticas e hepáticas de vitamina A e &#946;-caroteno, por HPLC. Dos resultados obtidos no estudo em ratos pode-se verificar que o grupo de animais que recebeu pectina (GE), apresentou menor (p<0,05) concentração hepática total de vitamina A (&#181;g/peso de fígado) (retinol: GC =47,61 ± 24,24 e GE =23,44 ± 9,68 e palmitato de retinila: GC =935,30 ± 428,19 e GE =282,34 ± 98,86) e &#946;-caroteno (&#181;g/peso de fígado) (GC =9,64 ± 3,07 e GE =1,01 ± 0,66) que o grupo que não recebeu pectina (GC). E dos resultados obtidos no experimento em coelhos, verificou-se que o grupo que recebeu &#946;-caroteno de fonte natural (GV), obteve concentração hepática total de vitamina A (mg/peso de fígado) (retinol: GV = 2,30 ± 0,67, GCP =2,07 ± 0,57 e GCN = 0,11 ± 0,08; palmitato de retinila: GV =4,42 ± 2,17, GCP =2,77 ± 0,73 e GCN =0,04 ± 0,02) e &#946;-caroteno (mg/peso de fígado) (GV =0,04 ± 0,01, GCP =0,03 ± 0,01 e GCN =não detectado), maior (p<0,05) que o grupo que recebeu &#946;-caroteno sintético (GCP). Conclui-se que no Experimento I (ratos), a pectina cítrica provavelmente interferiu na absorção do p-caroteno, e no Experimento II (coelhos), que o &#946;-caroteno de fonte natural (GV), foi melhor absorvido comparando-se com o &#946;-caroteno sintético, na presença de pectina cítrica. / This work, looked for to compare the bioavailability of synthetic p-carotene and of natural source (kale), and to verify the effects of the alimentary fiber (citrus pectin) on the bioavailability of &#946;-carotene, inside of 2 different experiments (rats and rabbits). In the Experiment I (rats), a group of animals received diet with &#946;-carotene and it exempts of citrus pectin (CG) and another received diet with &#946;-carotene and addition of citrus pectin (EG). In the Experiment II (rabbits), a group of animals received diet with synthetic &#946;-carotene (PCG), another received &#946;-carotene of natural source (kale) (VG) and still another didn\'t receive from &#946;-carotene (NCG); all the groups of rabbits received citrus pectin. After 30 days of experiment, the animals were sacrificed for determinations plasmatics and vitamin liverworts A and &#946;-carotene, by HPLC. Of the results obtained in the study in rats it can be verified that the group of animals that received pectin (EG), it presented smaller (p <0,05) concentration hepatic vitamin total A (liver mg/weight) (retinol: CG = 47.61 ± 24.24 and EG = 23.44 ± 9.68 and retinyl palmitate: CG = 935.30 ± 428.19 and EG = 282.34 ± 98.86) and &#946;-carotene (liver mg/weight) (CG = 9.64 ± 3.07 and EG = 1.01 ± 0.66) that the group that didn\'t receive pectin (CG). And of the results obtained in the experiment in rabbits, it was verified that the group that received &#946;-carotene of natural source (VG), obtained concentration hepatic vitamin total A (liver mg/weight) (retinol: VG = 2.30 ± 0.67, PCG = 2.07 ± 0.57 and NCG = 0.11 ± 0.08; retinyl palmitate: VG = 4.42 ± 2.17, PCG = 2.77± 0.73 and NCG = 0.04 ± 0.02) and &#946;-carotene (liver mg/weight) (VG = 0.04 ± 0.01, PCG = 0.03 ± 0.01 and NCG = not detected), larger (p <0,05) that the group that received synthetic &#946;-carotene (PCG). Ended that in the Experiment I (rats), the citrus pectin probably interfered in the absorption of the p-carotene, and in the Experiment II (rabbits), the &#946;-carotene of natural source (VG), it was absorbed being compared with the synthetic &#946;-carotene better, in the presence of citrus pectin.

Qualität wird nach ISO 8402 als Gesamtheit von Eigenschaften und Merkmalen eines Produktes, die sich auf deren Eignung zur Erfüllung festgelegter oder vorausgesetzter Erfordernisse beziehen, definiert. Produkte mit hohem Wassergehalt und großer Atmungsrate können erhebliche Qualitätsbeeinträchtigungen in der Nachernteperiode bis zum Verkauf bzw. Verzehr erleiden. Am Beispiel des Spargels, also junger und physiologisch sehr aktiver Pflanzensprosse, werden äußere und innere Qualitätsmerkmale sowie deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch züchterisch- pflanzenbauliche Maßnahmen und Lagerverfahren einschließlich Vorkühlung und Lagerdauer aufgezeigt. Das im Land Brandenburg gewachsene Untersuchungsmaterial wurde aus einem 2- faktoriellen Parzellenfeldversuch, einem Praxis- Sortenvergleichsversuch und durch Zukauf gewonnen. Bonituren und Sortierung nach äußerlich erfassbaren, Qualitätskriterien sowohl von frisch geerntetem als auch von zwei bzw. fünf Wochen unter Kühl- und CA- Lagerbedingungen (verschiedene Gaszusammensetzungen) gelagerten Grün- und Bleichspargels der männlichen Hybridsorte `Gijnlim` sowie der gemischtgeschlechtlichen, anthocyanfreien Sorte `Huchels Schneewittchen` ergaben differenzierte Aussagen zur äußeren Qualität. Untersuchungen von Brix/ Zuckergehalt, Gehalt an Apfel-, Zitronen- und Weinsäure sowie proteinogenen Aminosäuren ( speziell essentielle und halbessentielle AS) und Gesamtpektin in den verschiedenen Spargelproben zeigten bei diesen wert- und geschmacksgebenden Inhaltsstoffen die Dynamik in ihrem Auftreten vom Erntezeitpunkt bis zum Auslagerungstermin auf. In diesem Zeitraum wurden auch der Frischgewichtsverlust erfasst und alle Untersuchungswerte stets vergleichend bei beiden Spargelanbauformen sowie beiden Sortentypen betrachtet. Dem bisherigen Kenntnisstand konnten einige neue Ergebnisse zur unterschiedlichen Qualitätsbildung und Qualitätserhaltungsmöglichkeit bei Grün- und Bleichspargel in Abhängigkeit von Sortenwahl, Bestandesdichte, Lagerverfahren und- dauer hinzugefügt werden. Sie bedürfen aber teilweise noch weiterer modifizierter Bearbeitung bzw. längerer Bearbeitungsdauer. / The quality is defined according to ISO 8402 as a whole of characteristics and significations of a product, which refer to their suitability for the fulfilment of fixed or presupposed requirements. Products with high water content and large breathing rate can suffer substantial quality impairments in the post-harvest period up to the time for selling and/or consumption. By the example of the asparagus, a rather young and physiologically very active plant rung, we register both external and internal breeding and plant-structural measures and storage procedures including precooling and duration of storage. The investigation material gathered in the Federal State of Brandenburg was won from a 2-factorial plot-field-test, a practice sort comparison test and by additional purchase. Bonitures and assortment after outwardly detectable, quality criteria both of freshly harvested and of two and/or five weeks under cool and APPROX. storage conditions (different gas compositions) of stored green and bleached Asparagus of the male hybrid sort ` Gijnlim` as well as the mixed-gender; Anthocyan-free sort ` Huchels Schneewittchen` resulted in differentiated statements to the outside quality. Investigations of Brix/ sugar content, content of apple -, lemon and tartaric acid as well as proteinogenen amino acids (particularly essential and halfessential AS) and total Pectin in the different asparagus samples pointed the dynamics in their occurrence from the harvest time to the paging date to taste-giving contents materials out with this worth and. In this period also the fresh decrease in weight and all investigation values always comparatively with both forms of cultivation of asparagus as well as both sort types were seized were regarded. The past level of knowledge could some new results for different quality formation and quality preservation possibility with green and bleaching asparagus as a function of sort choice, inventory density, camp procedure and duration be added. They require however partly still further modified treatment and/or longer machining time.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adeline Chaicouski Meneguzzo.pdf: 1276340 bytes, checksum: 02b7c8e69340d28ceb45b8fabb4d2651 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The pectic substances, carbohydrates found in plant cell wall, are involved in the change of texture in the ripening process under action of pectinolytic enzymes, among which pectinmethylesterase. The production and consumption have increased the passion, also indicating an increase in the amount of waste generated, among which the albedo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic activity of the crude extract obtained pectinametileserase albedo yellow passion fruit. The sequence of experiments was to determine the extraction protocol of the enzyme and characterization of the enzyme activity in the crude extract obtained from the albedo of yellow passion fruit, as the stage of maturation, NaCl concentration and substrate storage time, pH and temperature. When comparing the level of passion fruit in green and ripe, fresh and lyophilized maturation, the best result was found in green lyophilized samples. Among the five extraction methods used, two of them stood out and were adapted, and made the triple rinsing the material with cold water to remove soluble substances, followed by extraction with pectinmethylesterase PVPP and NaCl. The best salt concentration for higher activity obtained with NaCl 1,0 mol L- 1, both in the extraction, as in the determination of pectin methyl esterase activity. The best substrate concentration found was 1,0 % citrus pectin. The influence of the storage period of raw material showed that the freeze-dried fruit enzyme activity remained for a longer period, followed by the frozen sample and then refrigerated. The optimum pH was found to be 8 and the optimum temperature of 50 °C. The enzyme was heat-stable. The ideal range of precipitation with ammonium sulphate was 40-60 % of the salt. With the studies was possible to detect and study the pectinmethylesterase in extracts obtained from samples of albedo yellow passion fruit, with influence of various factors such as salt concentration and pH. / As substâncias pécticas, carboidratos presentes na parede celular de vegetais, estão envolvidas na mudança da textura no processo de amadurecimento, sob atuação das enzimas pectinolíticas, dentre as quais a pectinametilesterase. A produção e o consumo do maracujá têm aumentado, indicando também aumento na quantidade de resíduos gerados, dentre os quais o albedo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade enzimática da pectinametileserase em extrato bruto obtido do albedo de maracujá-amarelo. A sequência dos experimentos foi determinação do protocolo de extração da enzima e caracterização da atividade enzimática em extrato bruto obtido do albedo de maracujá-amarelo, quanto ao estádio de maturação, concentração de NaCl e substrato, período de armazenamento, pH e temperatura. Quando comparados os maracujás em estádio de maturação verde e maduro, fresco e liofilizado, o melhor resultado foi encontrado em amostras verdes liofilizadas. Dentre os cinco métodos de extração utilizados, dois deles se destacaram e foram adaptados, sendo realizada a tripla lavagem do material com água gelada para remoção de substâncias solúveis, seguida da extração da pectinametilesterase com PVPP e NaCl. A melhor concentração salina para maior atividade foi obtida com NaCl 1,0 mol L-1, tanto na extração, quanto na determinação da atividade da pectinametilesterase. A melhor concentração de substrato encontrada foi 1,0 % de pectina cítrica. A influência do período de armazenamento da matéria-prima mostrou que o fruto liofilizado manteve a atividade enzimática por um período maior, seguido da amostra congelada e depois a refrigerada. O pH ótimo encontrado foi de 8 e a temperatura ótima de 50 ºC. A enzima mostrou-se termoestável. A faixa ideal de precipitação com sulfato de amônio foi de 40-60 % do sal. Com os estudos realizados foi possível detectar e estudar a pectinametilesterase em extratos obtidos de amostras de albedo de maracujá-amarelo, com influência de vários fatores tais como concentração de NaCl e pH do meio.

Lors d’infections vaginales, divers pathogènes se développent au détriment de la flore locale. L’utilisation de lactobacilles en traitement prophylactique et/ou curatif pourrait pallier ce problème. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de développer des microparticules mucoadhésives à base de pectine et d’acide hyaluronique (HA) pour la libération intravaginale de probiotiques. Quatre souches probiotiques ont été associées à des prébiotiques afin d’obtenir un effet symbiotique. Les microparticules ont été formulées par émulsification-gélification ionique. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de l’influence de différents paramètres de procédé et de formulation a permis de définir les conditions opératoires pour l’obtention de microparticules d'environ 140 µm de diamètre encapsulant des probiotiques viables. Puis, les propriétés mucoadhésives des microparticules ont été évaluées in-vitro et ex-vivo par des mesures rhéologiques en mode dynamique et par des tests d’indentation. La présence d’HA entraine une augmentation importante du pouvoir bioadhésif des particules. Enfin, ces microparticules ont été incorporées dans des comprimés par un procédé de granulation humide. L’encapsulation des bactéries permet leur protection lors du procédé de compression. De plus, contrairement aux formes classiques d'administration des probiotiques, les microparticules permettent d'obtenir un profil de libération prolongée des bactéries sur environ 10h contre 1h dans le cas d’un comprimé comportant des probiotiques non encapsulés. Un début de prolifération bactérienne s’opère entre 16 et 24 heures. Le comprimé ainsi développé est tout-à-fait adapté à une application vaginale / More than 300 millions of women around the world have urinary or vaginal infections, including yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. Vaginal use of probiotics offers a potential alternative approach to health restoration and maintenance of the vaginal microflora. Moreover, prebiotics may be combined with probiotics to obtain a symbiotic effect. The aim of this work was to develop pro- and pre-biotics-loaded bioadhesive microparticles by using pectin and hyaluronic acid (HA). Four probiotic strains classically used in vaginal applications and one prebiotic have been selected. Microparticles were produced by emulsification/gelation method using calcium as cross-linking agent. The study of process and formulation parameters allowed obtaining microparticles with a mean diameter of 140 µm which encapsulated between 1010 to 1011 cfu/g of microparticles. Their mucoadhesive properties have been proved both by rheological and indentation measurements in in-vitro and ex-vivo conditions. Moreover, results have shown that HA addition in pectin solutions enhanced the bioadhesive properties of the gel-based microparticles. Afterwards, microparticles have been incorporated inside tablet by wet granulation. Microencapsulation of probiotics allowed protecting them during the compression process. The kinetic release of probiotics studies in in-vitro conditions exhibited a sustained release profile for 10 hours against 1h for unencapsulated probiotics. A beginning of probiotic strain proliferation was observed between 16 to 24 hours. The developed tablet is well-suited to vaginal application