Este trabalho tem o objetivo de propor uma modificação técnica e conceitual no sistema de segurança dos geradores e condutos forçados nos 1 e 2 da Usina Henry Borden, em Cubatão São Paulo, com a finalidade de reduzir os golpes de aríete no conduto forçado. Inicia-se com uma breve revisão sobre turbinas hidráulicas, com ênfase nos tipos mais comuns no Brasil. Faz um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento das turbinas, prossegue com uma explanação sobre turbinas de ação tipo Pelton, e sobre os fundamentos teóricos envolvidos nos componentes auxiliares, como, por exemplo, injetores, defletores, agulhas de segurança e conduto forçado. Apresenta sucintamente a história e a descrição técnica da Usina Henry Borden. Ao final, aborda o efeito do golpe de aríete no conduto forçado e as implicações que esse fenômeno causa na operação do gerador. A seguir, o estudo propõe uma modificação técnica e conceitual no funcionamento das agulhas de segurança, com as premissas de operação e sincronismo dos injetores principais e auxiliares. Comenta sobre a utilização de reguladores de velocidade digitais que foram utilizados na modernização dos reguladores de velocidade dos geradores 11 a 16 da usina subterrânea, e também na usina Henry Borden. O trabalho conclui com uma discussão sobre a perturbação ocorrida no conduto forçado n 1, e como a modificação técnica apresentada pode minimizar as oscilações dinâmicas nos condutos forçados. / This study aims to propose a technical and conceptual modification in the safety system of generators and forced ducts n 1 and 2 of Henry Borden hydroelectric power plant, in Cubatão - Sao Paulo, with the main objective of reducing the water hammer in the forced ducts. This work starts with a concise review on hydraulic turbines, with emphasis on the most common turbines in Brazil industry. The study in the improvement of turbines shows an introduction with an explanation about Pelton turbine as well as the theoretical foundations involved in the auxiliary components, such as injectors, deflectors, safety needles and forced ducts. The study shows a historical and a technical description of the Henry Borden hydroelectric power plant. At the end, a detailed effect of water hammer in forced duct shown as well as the implications that this phenomenon affects the operation of the generators. After that, the work reveals a proposal to a technical modification and shows a new concept in the operation of safety needles, with the premises of operation and synchronism of the main and auxiliary injectors. The following is a short comment on the use of digital speed regulators, which were used in the innovation of the speed regulators of the generating 11 to 16 of the underground plant, also in Henry Borden plant. In conclusion, there is a technical discussion about the effect of the phenomenon observed inside the forced ducts Number 1 shown as a well as proposal for technical modification, that would minimize dynamic oscillations in the forced ducts and reduce maintenance costs.

Ingeniera Civil Mecánica / Diversificar la matriz energética y reducir los costos medioambientales en la generación de energía, son problemas que está enfrentando Chile actualmente, por lo que es urgente comenzar a estudiar nuevas formas de generación de energías que no sean contaminantes, eficientes y sostenibles. En este contexto el Centro de Energías de la Universidad de Chile está desarrollando un proyecto de microgeneración hidráulica llamado Microcentral Hidroeléctrica Inteligente, este proyecto contempla la utilización de una turbina tipo Turgo importada desde China, la cual carece de especificaciones técnicas y presenta inconvenientes técnicos como un rendimiento de 49 %, considerado bajo para este tipo de tecnología. Ante este proyecto de innovación tecnológica es muy importante que el principal órgano de la turbina, el rodete, tenga un mayor rendimiento, y sean conocidas sus características técnicas y alta calidad. El objetivo de este trabajo de titulación es el diseño de un rodete de turbina tipo Pelton, con el fin de obtener un mayor rendimiento y calidad que con la actual turbina Turgo. Para esto se procederá de la siguiente manera, se realizará un diseño preliminar utilizando la teoría hidráulica. Luego, se modelará el rodete diseñado en el programa Ansys variando los parámetros relevantes para obtener el rodete con mejor rendimiento. El desarrollo de este trabajo será realizado para un recurso hídrico con las siguientes características: altura neta (Hn) de 40 [m] y caudal (Q) de 35 [l/s], considerando lo anterior la potencia hídrica es de 13,72 [kW]. Tras el diseño y modelación del rodete se obtienen los principales resultados que son el diámetro Pelton de 36 [cm], diámetro de puntas de 45 [cm] y para la cuchara un ancho de 12 [cm] y el largo de 11 [cm]. Se compara la fuerza del agua en la cuchara para el caso optimizado y el caso base, se obtiene que la fuerza es de un 0,1 % por ciento mayor. Con esto se espera un aumento del rendimiento teórico del rodete que en el caso base es de un 89 %, valor considerablemente mayor al obtenido en el estudio de la turbina Turgo china de un 49%. Finalmente se entrega el rodete dibujado en Autodesk Inventor.

This diploma thesis deals with hydraulic optimization of distribution pipeline for 5 nozzle Pelton’s turbine by using CFD. The thesis is a follow-up to a previous diploma thesis which deals with the possibilities to simplify existing distribution pipeline. A few simplified versions of distribution pipelines were solved and the results show which way we should proceed towards the right solution. The simplified distribution pipeline arises from given parameters and retains the same procedure of evaluation to give us the opportunity of comparing achieved results. Two new geometries of distribution pipeline were created. They were then modified to achieve optimal distribution of discharge in each nozzle. Other criteria used for comparison were static pressure and Coriolis’ number in specific slices inside pipeline. Last but not least a simple economical analysis for selected version of distribution pipeline was carried out on the basis of which we can see the manufacturing costs of the pipeline.

With huge demands for potable water in regions lacking fresh water sources such as surface or ground water, various potential technologies have been explored for eliminating water shortage. Seawater emerged as a potential source and a major lifeline for such water-deprived areas. The development of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) technology proved to be a groundbreaking innovation, making it easier to extract pure water from seawater. Ever since its inception, SWRO technology has taken many leaps towards the development of energy efficient and high yielding systems. The reduction in energy consumption of desalination plants that were based on the SWRO technology emerged as a major driver of the technology revolution in this field. The improvement of membrane life and salt rejection, increase in recovery, and decrease in energy consumption has been the primary criteria for sifting through available technologies for incorporation in desalination plants. Many developments have, ever since, occurred in this direction. The membrane life has multiplied and the Total Dissolved Solids in the product are now as low as 100 mg/L. In addition, recoveries of 40-50% have been achieved. By recycling energy, many SWRO desalination plants have significantly lowered their total energy consumption. With the help of energy recovery devices (ERDs), it is now possible to decrease power consumption and increase efficiency of the seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant. The first large-scale municipal SWRO plant was installed in 1980 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This plant consumed 8 kilowatt-hours energy per cubic meter of water produced. This consumed energy was less than half of what was usually consumed by other conventional distillation processes. However, the SWRO desalination technology has one disadvantage. The seawater, which is to be desalinated, is pressurized with the help of high-pressure pumps. A large amount of energy is consumed during this process. Once the desalination is complete, the remaining reject water has to be eliminated as waste. Since the brine reject produced in this process has a high pressure, simply dumping it back into the sea is a waste of energy. This pressure can be reused and thus, the energy could be recycled. This idea led to the innovation of energy recovery devices (ERDs) that prevent the wastage of energy in the SWRO process. The hydraulic energy in the highly pressurized reject brine can be re-used with the help of ERDs, and energy consumption can thus be reduced by significant high amounts. The development of ERDs helped in the set-up and operation of large-scale SWRO plants, and facilitated the economic viability of the desalination process. The energy requirements of conventional SWRO plants are presently as low as 1.6 kWh/m3, making the process more cost effective and energy efficient than other technologies. About 80% of the total cost of desalinated water is due to energy consumption and capital amortization. The remaining costs are associated with other maintenance operations such as replacement of membranes and other components, labor associated costs etc. Since energy consumption is the main determinant of final costs of the product, increasing energy efficiency of the plants is of primary concern. This paper deals with various energy recovery devices such as the Francis turbine, Pelton wheel, turbocharger, Recuperator, DWEER and Pressure Exchanger, used in SWRO desalination plants along with case studies associated with each of these. Special focus is given to the energy efficiency and costs associated with these devices. A brief discussion of the devices that are currently under investigation is also provided in the conclusion. An analysis of isobaric versus centrifugal devices is also conducted in this work. A comparison between the energy recovery turbine (ERT) manufactured by Pump Engineering Inc. (PEI) and the pressure exchanger (PX) manufactured by Energy Recovery Inc. (ERI) energy recovery systems is performed using collected data from provided water analyses and respective manufacturers' device specifications. The different configurations used for this comparison were applied to the Jeddah SWRO desalination plant for a total productivity of 240,000 m³/day. As a result of this analysis, the specific energy consumption of the ERT and PX configurations were 2.66 kWh/m3 and 2.50 kWh/m3 respectively. Analysis shows however that although the PX configuration achieved the best specific energy consumption, the ERT was favored over it due to its lower capital and maintenance costs. Therefore, the final conclusion of this work, in this special case, is that the ERT configuration is more economical than the PX configuration.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to determine the torque momentum of the jet deflector of the Pelton turbine using a two-phased CFD simulation. The reason for determining the moments is the inaccurate formula according to a standard, whose results are assumed to be too excessive. The first part is devoted to theory of Pelton turbine and its main components. The second part contains the design of deflector, explanation of the used k- turbulence method and the Volume of Fluid two-phased flow modeling method. The results of the simulation are presented at the end of the thesis.

De nos jours, les processus industriels se doivent d’être efficaces, en particulier au niveau de leur production et/ou consommation énergétique.Ce travail vise à améliorer l’efficacité des processus en analysant l’influence des perturbations sur leur comportement, de la phase de conception à la synthèse des contrôleurs/observateurs, ceci dans une approche intégrée.Le problème du Rejet de Perturbation est introduit ainsi que différents types de contrôles permettant d’atténuer et/ou rejeter ces perturbations. Le système de Barre de Torsion est présenté. Une loi de commande basée sur le concept d’état dérivé est présentée et ensuite validée avec comme application le rejet de perturbation. Il est nécessaire d’estimer les grandeurs physiques utilisées dans les différentes expressions de loi de commande. Un observateur à entrées inconnues basé sur la représentation bond graph est rappelé et ensuite étendu au cas multi-variable. C’est la première contribution théorique de ce travail de recherche.Nous comparons ensuite l’efficacité de différentes techniques de commandes pour le rejet de perturbation par simulation sur le système barre de torsion et analysons ainsi l’efficacité de la technique proposée. Une extension théorique au problème du découplage entrée-sortie nous permet de généraliser le problème du rejet de perturbation dans une même démarche intégrée d’analyse et de synthèse. Enfin, ces techniques sont exploitées et analysées sur le système réel. Nous validons ainsi expérimentalement nos résultats.Un modèle très simplifié de centrale hydroélectrique est développé afin d’appliquer les résultats de nos travaux. Un modèle bond graph simplifié est validé par simulation. / Nowadays, industrial processes must be efficient, particularly at the production level and/or energy consumption.This research work aims at improving the process efficiency by analysing the influences of disturbances on their behaviour, from the conception phase to the synthesis of controller/observer, in an integrated approach.The disturbance rejection problem is first introduced as well as different control laws allowing attenuate/reject these disturbances. A control law based on the concept of derivative state variable is presented and validated while applied as disturbance rejection.In order to reject the disturbance, different physical variables must be estimated, such as state variables, derivative state variables as disturbance variables. An unknown input observer based on the bond graph representation is recalled and extended in the multivariable case. It is the first theoretical contribution of this work.We thus compare the efficiency of different so-called «modern control laws» for the disturbance rejection problems by simulation with the Torsion-Bar system example. We analyse the efficiency of our approach. One extension to the Input-Output decoupling problem allows us to extend the disturbance rejection problem to other control law type in an integrated approach. At least, these techniques are applied on the real Torsion-Bar system and compared. We validate our approach.Since this work aims at analysing and developing efficient control laws for industrial processes, a simplified model of a hydroelectric plant is developed, in order to apply our results. A simplified bond graph model is validated with simulations.

Resumo: A proposta desta dissertação foi a de apresentar o desempenho de uma microcentral hidrelétrica, instalada no Centro de Energias Renováveis da Unesp, Campus Guaratinguetá. As análises apresentadas são de desempenho elétrico e mecânico. A microcentral hidrelétrica utiliza roda Pelton com 0,4m de diâmetro no ponto de incidência do jato de água. O gerador utilizado foi com rotor de ímãs permanentes de ferrite. Tanto o gerador quanto a microusina são de baixo custo de aquisição e instalação. Foram feitos os testes em bancada com o gerador aproximando o máximo possível das condições ideais de funcionamento. Também foram realizadas algumas alterações físicas na microhidrelétrica para manter a rotação constante com a variação de carga. Utilizaram-se cargas resistivas e não-lineares. Os resultados contribuíram para a melhoria da qualidade da energia e o controle do fluxo de água no processo de geração de energia. O conjunto composto de gerador e a turbina Pelton, durante o experimento, apresentaram rendimentos eletromecânicos da ordem de 20% a 30% comparados com a teoria. / Abstract: This proposal of this work is to demonstrate the performance of a Micro- Hydroelectrical Powerplant (MHP), which has been installed at the UNESP – FEG - Renewable Energy Center, in Guaratinguetá-SP. The present analysis refers to the electrical and mechanical performances. The micro-hydroelectrical powerplant employs a Pelton turbine with a diameter of 0,4m at the incidence of water flow. The generator is provided with permanent ferrite magnet rotor. Costs were low for both the acquisition of parts and installation of the generator and the micro-hydroelectrical powerplant. Bench tests carried out with the generator reached the maximum possible ideal functioning conditions. Some physical modifications were necessary to maintain constant rotation with load variations. Resistive and non-linear loads were used in the essays. The results contributed for an improvement in the quality of energy and the control of water flow in the process of generating energy. The assembly composed of the generator and the Pelton turbine presented an electro-mechanical revenue between 20% to 30%. / Orientador: Teófilo Miguel de Souza. / Coorientador: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho. / Banca: Samuel Euzedice de Lucena. / Banca: Osiris Cancigliere Junior. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_jlcn_me_guara.pdf: 1246383 bytes, checksum: bca809ae8bb8fe32b7de24055d2e53d7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A proposta desta dissertação foi a de apresentar o desempenho de uma microcentral hidrelétrica, instalada no Centro de Energias Renováveis da Unesp, Campus Guaratinguetá. As análises apresentadas são de desempenho elétrico e mecânico. A microcentral hidrelétrica utiliza roda Pelton com 0,4m de diâmetro no ponto de incidência do jato de água. O gerador utilizado foi com rotor de ímãs permanentes de ferrite. Tanto o gerador quanto a microusina são de baixo custo de aquisição e instalação. Foram feitos os testes em bancada com o gerador aproximando o máximo possível das condições ideais de funcionamento. Também foram realizadas algumas alterações físicas na microhidrelétrica para manter a rotação constante com a variação de carga. Utilizaram-se cargas resistivas e não-lineares. Os resultados contribuíram para a melhoria da qualidade da energia e o controle do fluxo de água no processo de geração de energia. O conjunto composto de gerador e a turbina Pelton, durante o experimento, apresentaram rendimentos eletromecânicos da ordem de 20% a 30% comparados com a teoria. / This proposal of this work is to demonstrate the performance of a Micro- Hydroelectrical Powerplant (MHP), which has been installed at the UNESP FEG - Renewable Energy Center, in Guaratinguetá-SP. The present analysis refers to the electrical and mechanical performances. The micro-hydroelectrical powerplant employs a Pelton turbine with a diameter of 0,4m at the incidence of water flow. The generator is provided with permanent ferrite magnet rotor. Costs were low for both the acquisition of parts and installation of the generator and the micro-hydroelectrical powerplant. Bench tests carried out with the generator reached the maximum possible ideal functioning conditions. Some physical modifications were necessary to maintain constant rotation with load variations. Resistive and non-linear loads were used in the essays. The results contributed for an improvement in the quality of energy and the control of water flow in the process of generating energy. The assembly composed of the generator and the Pelton turbine presented an electro-mechanical revenue between 20% to 30%.

Wave energy is a promising renewable resource with a higher energy density than both wind and solar. Waves can travel thousands of kilometers with minimal energy loss, making them more reliable than the previously mentioned alternatives. A device that utilizes wave energy to generate electricity is calleda Wave Energy Converter. The converter studied in this thesis is a non-resonant point absorber, a floating device that absorbs energy through its displacement in the water. An incident wave approaching the converter combined with a latching strategy transforms the wave into a water jet, which emerges as a pulse wave and varies from zero to maximum velocity. The kinetic energy of the water jet gets converted to electricity through a Pelton turbine and a permanent magnet synchronous motor that acts as a generator. The thesis investigates three generator velocity control strategies and two deadtime strategies and aims to answer which strategy yields the best efficiency for the selected wave fields. The strategies strive to maximize the efficiency of the Pelton turbine while minimizing the frictional and electrical losses. The first velocity control approach relies on historical data and computes the average based on the previous wavefield. The second approach maintains a predetermined turbine velocity based on the average jet velocity of each incident wave. Lastly, the third strategy continuously adapts the speed during each jet pulse to maximize the Pelton turbine efficiency. The dead-time strategies refer to the approaches employed between waves. The first approach maintainsa constant generator velocity, reducing the necessary acceleration to match the next incident wave. The second approach freewheels the generator, allowing it to decelerate due to friction losses. During the deceleration, the generator draws no current, but as the next wave arrives it must instead accelerate. Consequently, drawing more current but during a shorter period. The results reveal that there is no significant difference between the two deadtime strategies, but there is a significant difference between the velocity control strategies. Furthermore, the results illustrate the effectiveness of the local averaging method and the adaptive control method, which result in the highest system efficiency. / Vågenergi är en lovande energiresurs som har högre energidensitet än både vind- och solkraft. Vågor kan färdas tusentals kilometer med minimal energiförlust,vilket gör dem mer tillförlitliga än de tidigare nämnda alternativen. En anordning som kan nyttja vågors energi för att generera elektricitet kallas för vågenergiomvandlare. Omvandlaren som studerats i detta arbete är en icke-resonant punktabsorbent,vilket är en flytande anordning som absorberar energi genom dess förflyttning i vattnet. När en kommande våg närmar sig omvandlaren transformeras vågen till en vattenstråle, som framträder som en pulsvåg och varierar mellan noll och maxhastighet, via en styrstrategi vid namn ”latching”. Den kinetiska energin från vattenstrålen omvandlas till elektrisk energi via en Peltonturbin och en synkronmotor som agerar som generator. Det här arbetet undersöker tre hastighetsstyrstrategier samt två mellantidsstrategier för generatorn, och ämnar besvara vilken som är den mest effektiva strategin för en uppsättning vågor. Målet med dessa strategier är att maximera effektiviteten hos Peltonturbinen medan friktions- samt elektriska förluster minimeras. Den första hastighetsstyrstrategin håller en konstant hastighetbaserad på ett medelvärde från ett tidigare vågfält. Den andra strategin hålleren konstant hastighet, vilken anpassas till varje inkommande våg. Den tredje strategin anpassar hastigheten kontinuerligt under pulsvågen för att maximera turbineffektiviteten. Med mellantidsstrategierna menas de styrstrategier som nyttjas mellan vattenpulserna. I den första mellantidsstrategin körs generatorn som motor och håller konstant hastighet, vilket minskar de nödvändiga accelerationerna för att möta kommande vågs referenshastighet. Den andra strategin låter generatorn frihjula, vilket gör att hastigheten faller på grund av friktionsförluster. Under hastighetsminskningen drar generatorn ingen ström, men den måste då istället accelerera när kommande våg anländer. Detta innebär att generatorn kommer att dra mer ström, men under en kortare period. Resultaten avslöjade att det inte var någon signifikant skillnad mellan de två mellantidsstrategierna och att det var en signifikant skillnad mellan hastighetsstyrstrategierna. Resultatet visade att de två metoderna med variabel hastighet gav högre systemeffektivitet än metoden med konstant hastighet.