The thesis deals with study of surface tension of liquids and measuring possibilities of this parameter. The paper is then focused on design of measuring apparatus based on pendant drop method. The apparatus is controlled with software written in Matlab. Several measurements are done at the end of this work, which confirm possibility to practical use of this apparatus for surface tension measurements. A part of this work is manual to use the apparatus and complete design documentation.

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The aim of this master’s thesis is to examine portraits of married couples from the Italian Renaissance. It is a study of how, and why, men and women are portrayed differently even though they are married to each other and painted by the same artist.The chosen portraits that will be examined and analyzed are:  Federico da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza by Piero della Francesca, Francesco Maria della Rovere and Eleonora Gonzaga della Rovere by Titian, Febo da Brescia and Laura da Pola by Lotto,Cosimo I de’ Medici and Eleonora Toledo Medici by Bronzino.  A historical theoretical perspective is used throughout with focus on Michael Baxandall’s theories of how visual identity was shaped by the society they were created in. How did they experience the paintings and is it different from how we see them today?Previous research has shown that the significance of many details in Renaissance portraits have become unknown for the modern viewer. This master’s thesis expresses that to unlock the entire meaning of Renaissance portraits, the viewer needs to acquire a considerable amount of information regarding the context the paintings were created in since we do not have the same cultural references today as the viewers of the artwork did during the Renaissance.  My analysis shows that when placing these portrait pairs in their socio-historical context it is possible to gather information hidden in the details and therefor understand the paintings more completely. The underlying meaning of fashion, jewelry, poses and gestures become evident when we study the portraits with the same perspective as during the Italian Renaissance.  By visually reuniting these pairs in art and marriage, it is possible to see the similarities in how they chose to portray themselves. The historical perspective gives clues as to why they have chosen all the details.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Step-growth polymerization enabled the synthesis of novel polyester regioisomers and pendant functionalized polyetherimides (PEI)s. Novel monomers incorporated at targeted mol % produced series of polyesters and PEIs, suitable for systematic analysis of key polymer properties. Subsequent compositional, thermal, mechanical, and rheological characterization forged structure-property relationships to further understand the influence of composition on performance. Altering regiochemistry is a subtle way to maintain the same polymer composition but tune desired properties. Similarly, introducing functional pendant groups expands the property profile of common industrial polymers and installs a handle for secondary chemistry after synthesizing the main polymer. Both altering regiochemistry and adding pendant groups alters polymer properties without the need for large changes in synthetic requirements or reaction conditions, ideal for industrial adoption. Incorporation of a kinked bibenzoate (BB)-based diester monomers into the commonly utilized linear regioisomer afforded processable amorphous and semi-aromatic (co)polyesters. BB-(co)polyesters with ethylene glycol (EG) possessed improved barrier performance compared to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) while improving on mechanical properties, including tensile and flexural modulus/strength, rivaling bisphenol-A polycarbonate (BPA-PC). Replacement of EG with 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) improved thermal properties closer to BPA-PC, while enabling melt rheological analysis due to its amorphous morphology. Time-temperature superposition (TTS) analysis produced master curves provided insight into the entanglement molecular weight (Me) and entanglement density. More kinked structures possessed a lower Me and more entanglements. Introducing kinked monomers posed the question of cyclic speices generation during polymerization, common in step-growth reactions. Thus, systematic incorporation of meta-substituted hydroxyethylresorcinol and para-substituted hydroxyethylhydroquinone regioisomers into PET analogues enabled the characterization of cyclic formation due to monomer regioisomers. Increased meta substitution produced increased amounts of cylic species, analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Adding functionality to high performance polyetherimides (PEI)s is difficult due to the high temperatures required for processing. The lack of thermal stability for commonly utilized H-bonding/reactive groups limits viable moieties. Utilizing the high temperture processing, PEIs incorporating pendant carboxylic acids reacted in the melt to form branched PEIs. These branched PEIs exhibited steeper shear thinning as well as improved flame resistance, limited in thin film commercial PEIs. / Doctor of Philosophy / My research focused on making new plastics (polymers) for use in consumer and performance markets. Typical applications utilizing these plastics include food packaging, consumer goods, automotive, aerospace, microelectronics, construction, and medical devices. Large changes such as intricate new chemicals used to make the plastics increase the difficulty in incorporating these new materials into existing synthesis and processing techniques and infrastructure. Thus, my research revolved around subtle changes to the chemical structure of the plastic, suitable for easy industrial adoption while also improving targeted properties necessary for the aforementioned applications. Polyesters are a class of polymers commonly used for food packaging and consumer goods. Thus, improving gas barrier performance and mechanical integrity/strength is crucial when designing new polyesters. Changing the bond angles through the linear versus kinked nature of the polymer chain imparts processability and improved gas barrier, compared to commercial poly(ethylene terepthalate) (PET), commonly used in food packaging applications. The density of the polyesters is also increased, which improves mechanical strength. The specific structures used also increased the thermal resistivity compared to PET. This higher thermal resistivity enables use in applications where high temperature cleaning such as steam sterilization and dish-washing could deform products or processing such as filling food packaging containers with hot foods. Similar types of polymers which possess much higher thermal resistivity are classified as high performance polymers. One class of these include polyetherimides (PEIs). The specific chemical structures and their high thermal resistance makes them great candidates for applications in automotive, aerospace, and microelectronic applications; although, these same properties make these polymers very difficult and expensive to process into the desired parts. Thus, adding functionality to the polymer by putting specific chemical groups off of the main chain enabled easier processing and improved other polymer properties. Adding the functionality to these polymers allowed them to react and change structure at high temperatures (during processing) to achieve a different shape, thus improving desired properties, such as how easy they flow like liquids at high temperatures and processing conditions. Another benefit realized from this change during processing was the improvement of flame resistance. Due to the chemical structure of the PEIs, they inherently possess resistance to catching on fire, remaining on fire, and dripping flaming material. Although PEIs typically possess good flame resistance, thin films or small parts made from these polymers do not possess the same flame resistance and can produce flaming drips, undesirable for applications requiring flame resistance. Chemically modifying these polymers with the aforementioned functionality and processing them increased the flame resistance to eliminate flaming drips and lessen the amount of time the polymer was on fire.

No laboratório de Análise, Processamento e Reologia de Materiais Poliméricos da Escola Politécnica da USP tem sido estudadas blendas de Poliamida-6 (PA-6) e filme de poli(vinil butiral) (PVB), como uma alternativa para reciclagem do filme de PVB oriundo do processo de separação dos componentes do vidro laminado pós-consumo. As propriedades mecânicas de uma blenda polimérica dependem da sua morfologia e, por sua vez, a morfologia depende das propriedades reológicas e da tensão interfacial entre os polímeros formadores da blenda, que para o caso de blendas envolvendo filme de PVB podem mudar em função da concentração de plastificante presente na composição do filme. Apesar da importância do seu conhecimento, a tensão interfacial entre PA-6 e filme de PVB não é conhecida. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a tensão superficial do filme de PVB e da PA-6. O método utilizado foi o da gota pendente. Também estudou-se a influência da adição de plastificante na tensão superficial do filme de PVB. Os resultados mostraram que a tensão superficial dos polímeros estudados decresce com o aumento da temperatura (temperatura variando entre 240 e 260ºC). Em particular, para o filme de PVB a entropia de superfície ( (d/dT) ) apresentou um valor acima dos normalmente encontrados para polímeros fundidos. Este comportamento foi atribuído à estabilidade térmica do filme. O filme de PVB utilizado nos ensaios de tensão superficial foi caracterizado por Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FTIR), Espectroscopia no Ultravioleta/Visível (UV-VIS), Espectroscopia Eletrônica para Análise Química (ESCA) e Análise Termogravimétrica (TG). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que há mudanças na estrutura do PVB durante sua exposição a temperaturas elevadas, por longo período de tempo (condições do ensaio de tensão superficial). Foi observado, primeiramente, a evaporação do plastificante, seguida por perda de grupos polares (-OH, C=O e C-O-C) presentes na estrutura do PVB. A tensão superficial da Poliamida-6 foi determinada para temperaturas de 250 e 260ºC. Os resultados mostraram que a PA-6 manteve-se estável durante os ensaios. / In the Rheology and Polymer Processing Laboratory of Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo, Polyamide-6 / poly(vinyl butiral) film blends have been studied as an alternative for the recycling of post-consumption laminated glasses. The mechanical properties of these blends were studied and explained in light of their morphology. The morphology of polymer blends strongly depends on the rheological behavior of the blend and on the interfacial tension between the polymers forming the blend. In the case of Poliamide-6 (PA-6)/poly(vinyl butiral) (PVB) film blends, the interfacial tension depends on the plasticizer concentration present in PVB film. However, to our knowledge neither the PA-6/PVB film interfacial tension nor the surface tension of PVB film at temperatures above softening temperatures have been evaluated. In this work, the surface tension of poly(vinyl butyral) and polyamide was evaluated using the pendant drop method. Also it was tried to evaluate the surface tension of PVB film as a function of plasticizer content. The surface tension values obtained were in the same range as the ones obtained for other molten polymers: the surface tension decreases with increasing temperature (for temperatures ranging from 240 to 260°C). However, the value of PVB film surface entropy ((d/dT) where is the surface tension and T is the temperature) was much larger than values reported for other molten polymers. This result was attributed to thermal stability of PVB film during the surface tension measurement. The drops of PVB film after surface tension analysis were examined for any change in their functional groups using infrared spectroscopy (FITIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV/VIS), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (XPS/ESCA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results showed that changes in the chemical structure of PVB film occur during surface tension measurement. First, the plasticizer within the PVB film evaporates and, then, the PVB suffers reduction of polar units and creation of C=C bonds. The surface tension of PA-6 was evaluated for temperatures of 250 and 260°C. The PA-6 remained stable during tests.

No laboratório de Análise, Processamento e Reologia de Materiais Poliméricos da Escola Politécnica da USP tem sido estudadas blendas de Poliamida-6 (PA-6) e filme de poli(vinil butiral) (PVB), como uma alternativa para reciclagem do filme de PVB oriundo do processo de separação dos componentes do vidro laminado pós-consumo. As propriedades mecânicas de uma blenda polimérica dependem da sua morfologia e, por sua vez, a morfologia depende das propriedades reológicas e da tensão interfacial entre os polímeros formadores da blenda, que para o caso de blendas envolvendo filme de PVB podem mudar em função da concentração de plastificante presente na composição do filme. Apesar da importância do seu conhecimento, a tensão interfacial entre PA-6 e filme de PVB não é conhecida. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a tensão superficial do filme de PVB e da PA-6. O método utilizado foi o da gota pendente. Também estudou-se a influência da adição de plastificante na tensão superficial do filme de PVB. Os resultados mostraram que a tensão superficial dos polímeros estudados decresce com o aumento da temperatura (temperatura variando entre 240 e 260ºC). Em particular, para o filme de PVB a entropia de superfície ( (d/dT) ) apresentou um valor acima dos normalmente encontrados para polímeros fundidos. Este comportamento foi atribuído à estabilidade térmica do filme. O filme de PVB utilizado nos ensaios de tensão superficial foi caracterizado por Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FTIR), Espectroscopia no Ultravioleta/Visível (UV-VIS), Espectroscopia Eletrônica para Análise Química (ESCA) e Análise Termogravimétrica (TG). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que há mudanças na estrutura do PVB durante sua exposição a temperaturas elevadas, por longo período de tempo (condições do ensaio de tensão superficial). Foi observado, primeiramente, a evaporação do plastificante, seguida por perda de grupos polares (-OH, C=O e C-O-C) presentes na estrutura do PVB. A tensão superficial da Poliamida-6 foi determinada para temperaturas de 250 e 260ºC. Os resultados mostraram que a PA-6 manteve-se estável durante os ensaios. / In the Rheology and Polymer Processing Laboratory of Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo, Polyamide-6 / poly(vinyl butiral) film blends have been studied as an alternative for the recycling of post-consumption laminated glasses. The mechanical properties of these blends were studied and explained in light of their morphology. The morphology of polymer blends strongly depends on the rheological behavior of the blend and on the interfacial tension between the polymers forming the blend. In the case of Poliamide-6 (PA-6)/poly(vinyl butiral) (PVB) film blends, the interfacial tension depends on the plasticizer concentration present in PVB film. However, to our knowledge neither the PA-6/PVB film interfacial tension nor the surface tension of PVB film at temperatures above softening temperatures have been evaluated. In this work, the surface tension of poly(vinyl butyral) and polyamide was evaluated using the pendant drop method. Also it was tried to evaluate the surface tension of PVB film as a function of plasticizer content. The surface tension values obtained were in the same range as the ones obtained for other molten polymers: the surface tension decreases with increasing temperature (for temperatures ranging from 240 to 260°C). However, the value of PVB film surface entropy ((d/dT) where is the surface tension and T is the temperature) was much larger than values reported for other molten polymers. This result was attributed to thermal stability of PVB film during the surface tension measurement. The drops of PVB film after surface tension analysis were examined for any change in their functional groups using infrared spectroscopy (FITIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV/VIS), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (XPS/ESCA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results showed that changes in the chemical structure of PVB film occur during surface tension measurement. First, the plasticizer within the PVB film evaporates and, then, the PVB suffers reduction of polar units and creation of C=C bonds. The surface tension of PA-6 was evaluated for temperatures of 250 and 260°C. The PA-6 remained stable during tests.

Cette thèse est un effort de plus pour analyser le « phénomène de la dévolution » pendant la période de mise en relation, prenant en compte les raisons évoquées par les adoptants pour rendre les enfants et les effets sur les enfants et les adolescents. Nous comprenons que la connaissance des risques et l'évaluation des différents niveaux du processus d'adoption peuvent permettre des interventions qui réduisent les échecs dans la construction des nouveaux liens de filiation. L'objectif est d'analyser le phénomène par le versant psychique, en tenant compte de la complexité de la filiation adoptive. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que l'adoption a tendance à échouer dans les cas suivants : il n’y a chez l'adoptant aucun désir légitime d'avoir un enfant (certaines demandes peuvent être qualifiées de perverses) ; l'enfant ne correspond pas à l'enfant imaginé et fantasmé par les parents (considérant une certaine tension entre le désir de procréer et celui d'adopter) ; il y a une recherche de réparation par l’adoption ; les imagos parentaux inscrits chez l’enfant interfèrent dans le processus de filiation ; les équipes institutionnelles ne parviennent pas à évaluer les requérants, à accompagner la période de mise en relation et / ou à préparer les enfants. Sur la base de la proposition méthodologique de la métapsychologie, nous avons guidé la recherche sur la construction de cas de 10 enfants et adolescents sur la base de dossiers, de procédures judiciaires (destitution, agrément et adoption) et d'entretiens avec des équipes des institutions d'accueil. Dans ce contexte, l'interface de la psychanalyse avec le droit a permis une meilleure compréhension et une réflexion plus large sur le thème. Nous nous appuyons dans notre étude sur l'enseignement de Lacan : le désir est essentiel pour nouer de liens avec l'autre. Il convient de noter que, malgré les nombreuses avancées dans le domaine de l’adoption, il reste encore beaucoup à faire, notamment en ce qui concerne la transformation des enfants et des adolescents en sujets de droit, comme changement de paradigme. / This thesis is one more effort to analyze the "return phenomenon" in the cohabitation stage, considering the reasons of the adopters for the return and its effects on children and adolescents. We understand that knowledge of risks and the evaluation of the different levels of the adoption process can provide interventions that reduce the failures in the construction of the new bonds. The objective is to analyze the phenomenon by the psychic view, taking into account the complexity of the adoptive filiation. We hypothetize that the adoption tends to fail in the following cases: there is no true desire on the part of the adopter to have a child (some demands may be characterized as perverse); the child does not correspond to the child imagined or fantasized by the parents (consider a certain tension between the desire of procreating and the one of adopting); there is a search for reparation by the adoption; the parental imagos inscribed in the child interfere in the process of filiation ; there is a failure on the part of the institutional teams in the evaluation of the applicants, in the follow up of the cohabitation stage and or in the preparation of the children. Based on the methodological proposition of metapsychology, we guided the research by the construction of 10 cases of children and adolescent based on the dossiers, on the juridical processes (dismissal, habilitation and adoption) and on the interviews with children's home teams. In that context, the interface of psychoanalysis with the law allowed for a better understanding and broad reflection on the subject. We have supported our study in Lacan's teaching : desire is essential in the construction of the link with the other. It should be pointed out that despite the many advances in the field of adoption, there is still much to be achieved, especially on the issue of transforming children and adolescents into subjects of rights, as a paradigm change.

No description available.

No description available.