Thesis (M.S.)--Youngstown State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-108). Also available via the World Wide Web in PDF format.

Orientador: Ubirajara Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T10:16:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_MarcoAntonioVazSampaio_M.pdf: 1310241 bytes, checksum: ac6a92f0c4fe14c350aed513bc1dd413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O câncer de pênis é uma doença rara potencialmente curável pela excisão da lesão primária em conjunto com metástases linfáticas. Devido à alta morbidade associada à linfadenectomia inguinal desenvolvemos um estudo prospectivo para avaliar a eficácia de um novo método diagnóstico de metástases ocultas, comparando-o à linfadenectomia inguinal, o padrão-ouro. No período compreendido entre agosto de 1999 a setembro de 2004, dezessete pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma espino celular invasivo do pênis, sem evidência de doença metastática em pelo menos uma das regiões inguinais, foram incluídos neste estudo. Um total de 13 pacientes apresentava regiões inguinais clinicamente negativas bilateralmente e 4 unilateralmente. Para localizar o linfonodo sentinela foi realizada a linfocintilografia com a injeção de fitato de tecnécio-99m, radiomarcado, em 4 pontos ao redor da lesão primária, duas horas antes da operação. A leitura dinâmica da distribuição do radiofármaco (RF) foi feita em gama câmara e a localização intra-operatória feita com auxílio de um detector portátil de radiação gama. A biópsia do linfonodo sentinela foi comparada com a análise histopatológica da linfadenectomia inguinal, esta última realizada bilateralmente em todos pacientes. Os pacientes foram seguidos ambulatorialmente, com seguimento médio de 20 meses (variando de 2 a 54 meses). O estadiamento tumoral foi pT1 em 5 pacientes, pT2 em 11 e pT3 em 1. O grau de diferenciação histológica foi I em 13 pacientes, grau II em 3 e grau III em 1. Quarenta e sete linfonodos sentinelas de 25 regiões inguinais de 17 pacientes foram ressecados, todos identificados pela linfocintilografia e pelo detector portátil de radiação gama. Em cinco regiões inguinais de 5 pacientes não houve detecção de linfonodos sentinelas. A linfocintilografia demonstrou drenagem bilateral em 9 pacientes e unilateral em 4. Um paciente dos quatro com estadiamento clínico N1, teve um linfonodo sentinela positivo para metástase do lado clinicamente negativo e outro não demonstrou qualquer distribuição do RF. A linfocintilografia identificou linfonodos sentinelas com metástases ocultas em 2 regiões inguinais de 2 pacientes. Três regiões inguinais de 2 pacientes apresentaram metástases, 2 em correspondência com as metástases detectadas pelos linfonodos sentinelas e 1 de uma região onde não se visibilizou distribuição do RF. Nenhum dos casos com biópsia negativa do linfonodo sentinela apresentou metástase. A linfadenectomia inguinal poderá ser dispensada quando o linfonodo sentinela for negativo para disseminação tumoral e deverá ser realizada sempre que houver falha na detecção desta estrutura pelo método. / Abstract: Penile cancer is a rare condition that is potentially cured by tumor excision and regional lymphadenectomy. Considering the great morbidity and mortality associated to inguinal lymphadenectomy, its indication is still controversial. We designed a prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of dynamic sentinel node biopsy in the detection of occult inguinal metastasis. From august 1999 to september 2004, seventeen consecutive patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and clinically node negative disease were prospectively entered in this study. A total of 13 patients had bilateral and 4 unilateral clinically node negative disease. All patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy with 99mTechnetium fitate injected intradermally in 4 points around the primary tumor two hours before the operation to locate the sentinel node. After obtaining dynamic images of the tracer distribution using a gamma camera, the sentinel node was identified intraoperatively by a gamma ray detection probe and then excised. Inguinal lymph node dissection was also performed bilaterally in all of the patients. The hystopathological result of the sentinel node was compared to the hystopathological result of the regional lymphadenectomy. Patients were seen at regular outpatient visits, with a mean follow-up of 20 months (range 2 to 54 months). Tumor stage was pT1 in 5 patients, pT2 in 11 and pT3 in 1. The differentiation grade was I in 13 patients, grade II in 3 and grade III in 1. Sentinel nodes from 25 inguinal regions of 17 patients were resected, all nodes were identified by scintigraphy and by the gamma ray detection probe. Five inguinal regions of 5 patients showed no sentinel node. Scintigraphy revealed bilateral drainage in 9 patients, unilateral in 4. One patient of 4 with unilateral clinical stage N1 disease had a tumor positive sentinel node at the clinically node negative side and other did not show any sentinel node at all. Sentinel node metastasis was found in 2 inguinal regions of 2 patients. Three regional lymphadenectomies of 2 patients showed metastasis, 2 corresponding to the tumor positive sentinel nodes and 1 from a groin that no sentinel node was found. No metastasis was found in inguinal regions with a tumor free sentinel node. The regional lymphadenectomy may not be done when a sentinel node is detected and negative for tumor spread and should be performed when a sentinel node is not detected. / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

Barnacles are mostly sessile, hermaphroditic, internal-fertilizing and usually non-selfing crustaceans. They have the longest penis length, relative to body length, among all organisms. Because of their immobility, barnacles have to extend penes to reach mates and transfer the sperm. The longer the penis the more mates they can reach. However, maintaining long penes may be costly. How do barnacles allocate the reproductive investment and adjust the length of penes? Previous researches indicated that wave actions influenced the penis length of barnacles. Here we explore if biological factors are also involved in determining the penis length. Our hypotheses are that the penis length of Balanus amphitrite may be determined by (1) the presence of neighbors, (2) neighbor numbers, and (3) neighbor distance. Experimental results indicate that the neighbor distance could influence the penis length of B. amphitrite, and the penis length increase with increasing distance of neighbors. The neighbor numbers were not found to influence the penis length. In the treatment of lone individuals, the penis lengths first increased and then decreased, and they are significantly shorter than those in the treatment with neighbors. When neighbors exist, B. amphitrite detects the density by distance of neighbors. The greater the distance to neighbors, the lower the densities of neighbors. Because of the mates are enough to mate, the penes length decrease with increasing density to save cost. When neighbors do not exist, B. amphitrite may save cost by decreasing or not investing pens length . Our result shows that the plasticity of the penis length of B. amphitrite is an adaptation by natural selection.

Barnacles have the longest penis length, relative to body length, among all organisms. It is common for their penis length to be several times that of their bodies¡¦. One reason is that barnacles are immobile and they rely on penis to reach mates. Thus the longer the penis the more mates there may be. How do barnacles balance mate numbers and penis cost? In this investigation, we studied the possible relationship between local densities and penis lengths of barnacles. Our goal is to explain the high intraspecific variation in penis lengths of barnacles. First, we measured the Nearest Neighbor Distance(NND) and Morphological Index (MI), both indices of local barnacle densities, of individuals of Amphibalanus amphitrite at Tainan, Tetraclita kuroshioensis at Keelung and Kenting, and Tetraclitella chinensis at Penghu. The cirrus lengths were used as indices of body sizes. A high percentage of penis length variation could not be explained by body sizes in these barnacles. In A. amphitrite and T. kuroshioensis, a positive correlation between residue penis length, i.e., after deducting the effect of body size, and MI was found. Assuming no sperm competition, we found, through simulation, that the optimal penis length, is not related to local densities, whereas in the presence of sperm competition, the longer penis length the lower fitness.In lab experiment, however, penis length of A. amphitrite was found to increase with increasing number of neighbors.Under high densities, the shell base become relatively small (high MI) and the shell becomes elongated. Investment in eggs may be limited by space available for brooding, thus more energy is available to invest in male functions. Under the assumption of no sperm competition, penis length remains the only option for effective investment. The preliminary result here suggests that the penis length of barnacles is plastic and is influenced by the local density. In Tetraclitella chinensis, no correlation between local densities and penis lengths was found; the very flat shell morphology of the species may have contributed to this phenomenon.

Orientador: Carlos Arturo Levi D'Ancona / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T19:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucena_RobertoGoncalvesde_M.pdf: 1790719 bytes, checksum: 1298469b972fd236ea9846307d8ab07c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O acometimento dos linfonodos inguinais no carcinoma epidennóide do pênis é um dos fatores prognósticos mais importantes. A não identificação de metástases em linfonodos inguinais diminui a sobrevida, mesmo após o resgate cirúrgico. A avaliação clínica dos linfonodos inguinais traz índices de falha variáveis, o que estimulou alguns autores a proporem diferentes procedimentos com o intuito de estadiar e tratar os linfonodos inguinais. Realizou-se um estudo clínico prospectivo no qual se comparou o estadiamento clínico e cirúrgico realizado através da linfadenectomia inguinal modificada com a preservação da veia safena magna , tendo como limite medial a musculatura adutora, limite lateral os vasos femurais e, superionnente, a arcada inguinal. O que foi realizado no mesmo ato da penectomia. Um total de 27 pacientes portadores de carcinoma espinocelular do pênis com estadiamento do tumor primário T2 e T3. O índice de falso-positivo e falso-negativo do estadiamento clínico em relação ao estadiamento cirúrgico foi de 12,96 e 5,55%, respectivamente. Após um seguimento médio de 24,70 meses, apenas um paciente apresentou recidiva em linfonodos inguinais. O índice de complicações nos pacientes submetidos à linfadenectomia modificada foi de 36,5%, significantemente inferior aos pacientes que realizaram a linfadenectomia radical(87 ,5%), sendo identificado o malor índice de complicações infecciosas quando comparados com a literatura. A liníadenectomia inguinal modificada é um método com menor morbidade operatória quando comparada com a liníadenectomia radical. Sendo discutível a sua realização no mesmo tempo operatório do tratamento do tumor primário / Abstract: The involvement of inguinal lymph nodes in epidermoid carcinoma of the penis is one of the most important prognostic factors. Survival is reduced when lymph nodes metastasis is not identified, even after surgical intervention. Clinical evaluation of inguinal lymph nodes offers varied degrees of failure. This has stimulated some authors to propose different approaches in order to stage inguinal lymph nodes. We designed a prospective clinical study where we compared clinical and surgical staging by means of a modified inguinal lymphadenectomy with preservation of the saphena magna vein, which had as medial limit the adductor musculature, laterally the femoral vas and superiorly the inguinal arch. The procedure was done at the same time as penectomy. Twenty-seven patients suffering from epidermoid carcinoma of the penis, with primary tumor staged as T2 and T3, were studied. False-negative and false-positive clinical stages, when related to surgical staging, were 5.55 and 12.96%, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 24.7 months only one patient presented with tumor recurrence in the inguinal lymph nodes. The complication rate in patients that were submitted to modified lymphadenectomy was 35.5%, which was significantly inferior to patients that had had radical lymphadenectomy (87.5%). Infectious complications occurred in a high number when compared to the literature. Modified lymphadenectomy is a method that offers lower surgical morbidity when compared to radical lymphadenectomy. Whether this procedure should be performed at the same time as the surgery of the primary tumor is debatable. The involvement of inguinal lymph nodes in epidermoid carcinoma of the penis is one of the most important prognostic factors. Survival is reduced when lymph nodes metastasis is not identified, even after surgical intervention. Clinical evaluation of inguinal lymph nodes offers varied degrees of failure. This hás stimulated some authors to propose different approaches in order to stage inguinal lymph nodes. We designed a prospective clinical study where we compared clinical and surgical staging by means of a modified inguinal lymphadenectomy with preservation of the saphena magna vein, which had as medial limit the adductor musculature, laterally the femoral vas and superiorly the inguinal arch. The procedure was done at the same time as penectomy. Twenty-seven patients suffering from epidermoid carcinoma of the penis, with primary tumor staged as T2 and T3, were studied. False-negative and false-positive clinical stages, when related to surgical staging, were 5.55 and 12.96%, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 24.7 months only one patient presented with tumor recurrence in the inguinal lymph nodes. The complication rate in patients that were submitted to modified lymphadenectomy was 35.5%, which was significantly inferior to patients that had had radical lymphadenectomy (87.5%). Infectious complications occurred in a high number when compared to the literature. Modified lymphadenectomy is a method that offers lower surgical morbidity when compared to radical lymphadenectomy. Whether this procedure should be performed at the same time as the surgery of the primary tumor is debatable / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

This study is focused on a bacular development in Microtus arvalis, histological sections in two species of voles for the detection of a presence of os clitoridis, and description of an os clitoridis in Sciurus vulgaris. in the last part, there is the penile morphology and bacular structure of one species of African mole rat (Heliophobius argenteocinereus) described.

Thesis (M.S.)--Youngstown State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-66). Also available via the World Wide Web in PDF format.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T04:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2013-07-16T20:05:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 239441.pdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / O tema central da presente dissertação é a premissa da universalidade do falo e o complexo de castração em Freud. O objetivo é formalizar sobre o modo como as operações inconscientes se dão em função do falo e da castração.

Orientador: Benedito Oliveira Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-21T02:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rego_EvandroJoseLima_M.pdf: 2167106 bytes, checksum: 6b5b4442c07aa7a3e5bf6b9480c2a233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995 / Mestrado / Genetica / Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador: Aloisio Jose Bedone / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T10:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago_DouglasBernal_M.pdf: 176374 bytes, checksum: 012b5e4384bc1f11ee55bbc7c7cfe435 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a prevalência, manifestações clínicas e subclínicas da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano, bem como a influência de alguns fatores de risco feminino e masculino sobre o resultado da peniscopia alargada. Realizou-se estudo descritivo de 257 parceiros sexuais de mulheres com infecção genital pelo papilomavírus humano, no período de setembro de 1997 a abril de 2000, atendidos no Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. A prevalência da infecção genital masculina comprovada histologicamente pela peniscopia foi de 60,4% dos casos examinados. A forma subclínica da doença foi predominante em 61,1% dos casos, sendo que em quatro casos houve a ocorrência de neoplasia intraepitelial peniana. Não se observou relação positiva entre os fatores de risco feminino estudados e o resultado da peniscopia. Contudo, a idade da primeira relação do homem até os 15 anos, a citologia peniana, os antecedentes de doença sexualmente transmissível e o tabagismo apresentaram significância estatística com o resultado da peniscopia. Os fatores de risco masculino, como idade do primeiro coito, hábito de fumar, resultado da citologia peniana e antecedentes de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, estão relacionados com os resultados positivos da peniscopia alargada para infecção pelo papilomavírus humano, não existindo qualquer relação dos fatores femininos sobre o resultado da peniscopia. A maioria dos indivíduos possuía doença subclínica, sugerindo-se que a peniscopia deve também ser indicada em indivíduos assintomáticos. Como as lesões são inespecíficas, a realização da biópsia é imperativa para o diagnóstico de lesões neoplásicas do pênis. A importância da peniscopia alargada no diagnóstico das infecções produzidas pelo papilomavírus humano poderá representar uma maneira simples e barata de rastrear o parceiro portador de infecção virótica, permitindo, desse modo, melhor propedêutica na prevenção do câncer de pênis devido às implicações da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano na carcinogênese genital / Abstract: To study the prevalence, clinical and subclinical manifestation of HPV infection, as well as the influence of some male and female risk factors over the result of the broad peniscopy. Subjects and methods: Descriptive study of 257 sexual partners of women with HPV genital infection, during the period of september 1997 to abril 2000, at Celso Pierro Hospital. Results: The prevalence of male genital infection histologic proven by peniscopy was 60,4%. The subclinic manifestation of the disease was predominant in 61,1% of the cases, being diagnosed the occurance of penile intra epithelium neoplasia. We did not observe a positive relationship between the female risk factors studied and the results of peniscopy. However, age at first sexual relationship before 15 years old, penis citology, history of sexual transmitted disease and cigarette smoke presented. Conclusion: Male risk factors such as age at the first sexual relatioship, smoking habits, results of penis citology and history of sexual transmitted desease are related to the postive results of peniscopy for HPV infection. There are no female factors related to the results of peniscopy. Since the majority of men present subclinic desease, peniscopy should be indicated for assimptomatic patients. Since the importance of considering peniscopy in the diagnoses of infections caused by human papilloma virus may represented a simple and cheap method to screen partners who carry the virus infection, offering better propedeutic on penile cancer prevention because of the association of human papilloma virus and genital cancer the lesions are inespecific, biopsy is essential for the diagnosis of penis neoplasia / Mestrado / Tocoginecologia / Mestre em Tocoginecologia